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We assessed the impact of improving glove using on the hand hygiene (HH) compliance in a multicenter study including 9 chronic care settings. If gloves had been used correctly during the evaluation, the overall compliance with HH measured after contacts with patients or environment would have only increased from 66.3% to 68.7%. This weak impact suggests that improving glove usage is not in itself an alternative strategy to improve HH compliance., (Copyright © 2011 Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

We monitored hand hygiene and gloving practices by direct observation in 8 health care settings for elderly persons in western France. Compliance with hand hygiene was better than that reported by previous studies, was better for single contacts and before or after a series of successive contacts than inside series, and was closely related to gloving practices. Practices differed among the settings., (Copyright © 2011 Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Since 1999, inside the framework of the European research project--FAIR5 CT97--3898 'Durable Apple Resistance in Europe'--a monitoring of scab infection on Leaves on 25 apple cuttivars (cvs)--including 10 differential hosts for scab races and European old cvs with partial scab resistance--was carried on trees in an unsprayed scab trap orchard planted at Gembloux, Belgium. The occurrence of scab races was determined by the use of a global assessment scale from 1 (no symptom) to 9 (maximum susceptibility) taking into account of both incidence and severity of the disease. Since 2004, scab was also scored according to a second evaluation scale based on qualitative symptoms. On the basis of the occurrence of symptoms on the various differential cvs, seven described physiological races of V. inaequalis were progressively identified in the orchard. During this period, important differences in incidence and severity of scab were observed on the different cvs. The susceptible cvs 'Golden Delicious', 'Gala' and 'Fiesta' were the most infected. On 13 polygenic varieties, sporulation was more or less important according to the disease pressure and their degree of susceptibility. The presence of race 7 on trees of Malus floribunda 821 has already been reported since 2000 year. Races 5, 6, 7 and 13 sporulated rather abundantly on their specific hosts according to the season's conditions although races 2 and 4 incited limited infection on their differential hosts and only under high disease pressure. First occurrence of race 3 in Belgium was observed in 2008.

In 1988, the Department of Biological Control and Plant Genetic Resources at the Walloon Agricultural Research Centre started an apple-breeding programme using local genetic resources and modern varieties. Our objective is to create high quality commercial cultivars with durable resistance to scab (Venturia inaequalis), powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) and canker (Nectria galligena). The breeding strategy is based on crossing old apple cultivars and landraces selected as parents for low disease susceptibility and possessing other desirable horticultural characteristics. The programme aims to develop an early and efficient selection methodology adapted to partial disease resistance. One of the objectives is to define the optimal screening limit for discarding individuals after artificial scab inoculation tests. Working with large populations of seedlings entails spacing the seedling scab tests throughout the year. In order to work during winter, seedlings were grown in controlled cabinet conditions and in a glasshouse with supplementary lighting. To assess the bias introduced by these conditions, two trials were conducted: the first one to compare the influence of both environments on the results of scab inoculation tests, and the second one to assess the influence of the duration of supplementary lighting. The results enabled us to evaluate the limits of artificial cultural systems.

Our project aimed to develop an effective selection methodology for partial disease resistance. One of its objectives was to define the optimal selection threshold for discarding individual seedlings after artificial scab inoculation tests. Working with large populations of seedlings, it was necessary to conduct the scab tests at intervals throughout the season, with the risk of powdery mildew infection of the young plantlets during the summer. Because Podosphaera leucotricha symptoms prevent breeders from properly evaluating scab symptoms, a trial was conducted to assess the effect of specific anti-mildew fungicides on the results of the scab inoculation test. The results allowed the active ingredient and the optimum time for application in relation to the inoculation date to be determined.

Scab is the most important fungal disease of apple throughout the world. The main breeding programmes are focused on scab resistance conferred by monogenic sources of resistance, specifically the Vf gene originated from Malus floribunda 821. Since 1993, evidence of the breakdown of this resistance mechanism appeared in different countries like United Kingdom, Germany, The Netherlands and France. In 1997, a first evidence of the Vf gene breakdown in Belgium was observed on the cultivar 'Judeline' planted in an untreated orchard at Aubel where a cider making company, with our collaboration, search for cultivars adapted for juice and cider processing. Therefore, a glasshouse experiment was planned in order to characterize which scab race was present. In 1999, the artificial inoculation of some cultivars in controlled conditions showed that the scab race collected the year before at Aubel presented the same characteristics than race 7 described by other works. At the same time, an orchard was established by our Department as planned in an European FAIR project named 'Durable Apple Resistance in Europe' (D.A.R.E) with the aim to study the resistance durability of some partial scab resistant apple cultivars inside an European orchard network. Sixteen repetitions of 20 different cultivars are planted and are originating from 8 participating countries. Five apple clones with specific host resistance towards 4 specific scab races are also present. Incidence and severity assessments of the disease are made 3 times a year on the whole tree according to two international standardized scales. For the first time in 2000, a specific scab race was observed on Malus floribunda 821 which caused very serious injuries. Those results confirm that new breeding strategies must be developed for reducing the risk of scab resistance breakdown in the future.