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1. AccessLab: Workshops to broaden access to scientific research.

Author

Amber G F Griffiths, Ivvet Modinou, Clio Heslop, Charlotte Brand, Aidan Weatherill, Kate Baker, Anna E Hughes, Jen Lewis, Lee de Mora, Sara Mynott, Katherine E Roberts, and David J Griffiths

Subjects
Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

AccessLabs are workshops with two simultaneous motivations, achieved through direct citizen-scientist pairings: (1) to decentralise research skills so that a broader range of people are able to access/use scientific research, and (2) to expose science researchers to the difficulties of using their research as an outsider, creating new open access advocates. Five trial AccessLabs have taken place for policy makers, media/journalists, marine sector participants, community groups, and artists. The act of pairing science academics with local community members helps build understanding and trust between groups at a time when this relationship appears to be under increasing threat from different political and economic currents in society. Here, we outline the workshop motivations, format, and evaluation, with the aim that others can build on the methods developed.

Published
2019
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2. Expanding Aquatic Observations through Recreation

Author

Robert J. W. Brewin, Kieran Hyder, Andreas J. Andersson, Oliver Billson, Philip J. Bresnahan, Thomas G. Brewin, Tyler Cyronak, Giorgio Dall'Olmo, Lee de Mora, George Graham, Thomas Jackson, and Dionysios E. Raitsos

Subjects
aquatic, observations, sampling, recreation, citizen science, Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract

Accurate observations of the Earth system are required to understand how our planet is changing and to help manage its resources. The aquatic environment—including lakes, rivers, wetlands, estuaries, coastal and open oceans—is a fundamental component of the Earth system controlling key physical, biological, and chemical processes that allow life to flourish. Yet, this environment is critically undersampled in both time and space. New and cost-effective sampling solutions are urgently needed. Here, we highlight the potential to improve aquatic sampling by tapping into recreation. We draw attention to the vast number of participants that engage in aquatic recreational activities and argue, based on current technological developments and recent research, that the time is right to employ recreational citizens to improve large-scale aquatic sampling efforts. We discuss the challenges that need to be addressed for this strategy to be successful (e.g., sensor integration, data quality, and citizen motivation), the steps needed to realize its potential, and additional societal benefits that arise when engaging citizens in scientific sampling.

Published
2017
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4. On the Potential of Surfers to Monitor Environmental Indicators in the Coastal Zone.

Author

Robert J W Brewin, Lee de Mora, Thomas Jackson, Thomas G Brewin, and Jamie Shutler

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

The social and economic benefits of the coastal zone make it one of the most treasured environments on our planet. Yet it is vulnerable to increasing anthropogenic pressure and climate change. Coastal management aims to mitigate these pressures while augmenting the socio-economic benefits the coastal region has to offer. However, coastal management is challenged by inadequate sampling of key environmental indicators, partly due to issues relating to cost of data collection. Here, we investigate the use of recreational surfers as platforms to improve sampling coverage of environmental indicators in the coastal zone. We equipped a recreational surfer, based in the south west United Kingdom (UK), with a temperature sensor and Global Positioning System (GPS) device that they used when surfing for a period of one year (85 surfing sessions). The temperature sensor was used to derive estimates of sea-surface temperature (SST), an important environmental indicator, and the GPS device used to provide sample location and to extract information on surfer performance. SST data acquired by the surfer were compared with data from an oceanographic station in the south west UK and with satellite observations. Our results demonstrate: (i) high-quality SST data can be acquired by surfers using low cost sensors; and (ii) GPS data can provide information on surfing performance that may help motivate data collection by surfers. Using recent estimates of the UK surfing population, and frequency of surfer participation, we speculate around 40 million measurements on environmental indicators per year could be acquired at the UK coastline by surfers. This quantity of data is likely to enhance coastal monitoring and aid UK coastal management. Considering surfing is a world-wide sport, our results have global implications and the approach could be expanded to other popular marine recreational activities for coastal monitoring of environmental indicators.

Published
2015
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6. The Physical Climate at Global Warming Thresholds as Seen in the U.K. Earth System Model

Author

Douglas I. Kelley, Robert J. Parker, Ranjini Swaminathan, Richard P. Allan, Lee de Mora, Jeremy Walton, Tristan Quaife, and Colin Jones

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, Atmospheric Science, Meteorology and Climatology, Arctic, Amazon rainforest, Climatology, Global warming, Environmental science, Climate change, Mean radiant temperature, Radiative forcing, Monsoon
Abstract

A key goal of the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement is to keep global mean temperature change at 2°C and if possible under 1.5°C by the end of the century. To investigate the likelihood of achieving this target, we calculate the year of exceedance of a given global warming threshold (GWT) temperature across 32 CMIP6 models for Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) and radiative forcing combinations included in the Tier 1 ScenarioMIP simulations. Threshold exceedance year calculations reveal that a majority of CMIP6 models project warming beyond 2°C by the end of the century under every scenario or pathway apart from the lowest emission scenarios considered, SSP1–1.9 and SSP1–2.6, which is largely a function of the ScenarioMIP experiment design. The U.K. Earth System Model (UKESM1) ScenarioMIP projections are analyzed in detail to assess the regional and seasonal variations in climate at different warming levels. The warming signal emerging by midcentury is identified as significant and distinct from internal climate variability in all scenarios considered and includes warming summers in the Mediterranean, drying in the Amazon, and heavier Indian monsoons. Arctic sea ice depletion results in prominent amplification of warming and tropical warming patterns emerge that are distinct from interannual variability. Climate changes projected for a 2°C warmer world are in almost all cases exacerbated with further global warming (e.g., to a 4°C warmer world).

Published
2022

7. Impacts of Climate Change on the Ascension Island Marine Protected Area and its ecosystem services

Author

Lee de Mora, Giovannni Galli, Yuri Artioli, Stefanie Broszeit, Diane Baum, Sam Weber, and Jerry Blackford

Abstract

This is the first forecast of marine circulation and biogeochemistry for the Ascension Island Marine Protected Area (MPA). MPAs are a key management tools used to safeguard ocean biodiversity from human impacts, but their efficacy is increasingly threatened by anthropogenic climate change. To assess the vulnerability of individual MPAs to climate change and predict biological responses, it is first necessary to forecast how local marine environments will change. We found that the MPA will become warmer, more saline, more acidic, with less nutrients, less chlorophyll and less primary production by the mid-century. A weakening of the Atlantic equatorial undercurrent is forecast in all scenarios. In most cases, these changes are more extreme in the scenarios with higher greenhouse gases emissions and more significant climate change. The mean rise in temperature is between 0.9 \degree C and 1.2 \degree C over the first half of the 21st century. The integrated primary production and nutrients are forecast to decline in the MPA, but there is less consistency between models in projections of salinity, surface chlorophyll, and dissolved oxygen concentration at 500m depth. The combined effects of these projections may lead to changes in ecosystem services around Ascension Island. The effects of the model outputs were interpreted for three key ecosystem service providing habitats: biogenic deep sea habitats, intertidal sand and intertidal rocky shores. The outcomes were then used to assess potential effects on eight marine and coastal ecosystem services and information was compared to current ecosystem service levels.

Published
2023

8. Choice of Forecast Scenario Impacts the Carbon Allocation at the Same Global Warming Levels

Author

Lee de Mora, Ranjini Swaminathan, Richard P. Allan, Jeremy Blackford, Douglas I. Kelley, Phil Harris, Chris D. Jones, Colin G. Jones, Spencer Liddicoat, Robert J. Parker, Tristan Quaife, Jeremy Walton, and Andrew Yool

Abstract

The anthropogenic carbon distribution between the atmosphere, land surface and ocean varies significantly with the choice of scenario for identical changes in mean global surface temperature. Moving to a lower CO2 emissions scenario means that warming levels occur later, and with significantly less carbon in the three main carbon reservoirs. After 2 °C of warming, the multi-model mean ocean allocation can be up to 3 % different between scenarios, or 36 Pg in total with an even larger difference in some single model means. For the UKESM1 model, the difference between the minimum and maximum atmospheric fraction at the 2 °C Global Warming Level (GWL) is 3.6 %. This is equivalent to 50 Pg of additional carbon in the atmosphere, or the equivalent of five years of our current global total emissions. In the lower CO2 concentration scenarios, SSP1-1.9 and SSP1-2.6, the ocean fraction grows over time while the the land surface fraction remains constant. In the higher CO2 concentration scenarios, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5, the ocean fraction remains constant over time while the the land surface fraction decreases over time. Higher equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) models reach the GWLs sooner, and with lower atmospheric CO2 than lower sensitivity models. However, the choice of scenario has a much larger impact on the percentage carbon allocation at a given warming level than the individual model's ECS.

Published
2023

10. Comparison of Two Methods for Measuring Sea Surface Temperature When Surfing

Author

Dan A. Smale, Oliver Billson, Robert J. W. Brewin, Tyler Cyronak, Katherine Hammond, Lee de Mora, Andreas J. Andersson, Philip J. Bresnahan, Thomas Jackson, Giorgio Dall'Olmo, and Jon Richard

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Sunlight, Surfboard fin, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Surface ocean, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Climatic variables, coastal, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, ocean temperature, Mean difference, Sea surface temperature, citizen science, Environmental science, Recreational sports, surfers, Regional differences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Nearshore coastal waters are among the most dynamic regions on the planet and difficult to sample from conventional oceanographic platforms. It has been suggested that environmental sampling of the nearshore could be improved by mobilising vast numbers of citizens who partake in marine recreational sports, like surfing. In this paper, we compared two approaches for measuring sea surface temperature (SST), an Essential Climate Variable, when surfing. One technique involved attaching a commercially-available miniature temperature logger (Onset UTBI-001 TidbiT v2) to the leash of the surfboard (tether connecting surfer and surfboard) and the second, attaching a surfboard fin (Smartfin) that contained an environmental sensor package. Between July 2017 and July 2018, 148 surfing sessions took place, 90 in the southwest UK and 58 in San Diego, California, USA. During these sessions, both Smartfin and leash sensors were deployed simultaneously. On the leash, two TidbiT v2 sensors were attached, one with (denoted LP) and one without (denoted LU) a protective boot, designed to shield the sensor from sunlight. The median temperature from each technique, during each surfing session, was extracted and compared along with independent water temperature data from a nearby pier and benthic logger, and matched with photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) data from satellite observations (used as a proxy for solar radiation during each surf). Results indicate a mean difference ( &delta, ) of 0.13 ∘ C and mean absolute difference ( ϵ ) of 0.14 ∘ C between Smartfin and LU, and a &delta, of 0.04 ∘ C and an ϵ of 0.06 ∘ C between Smartfin and LP. For UK measurements, we observed better agreement between methods ( &delta, = 0 . 07 ∘ C and ϵ = 0 . 08 ∘ C between Smartfin and LU, and &delta, = 0 . 00 ∘ C and ϵ = 0 . 03 ∘ C between Smartfin and LP) when compared with measurements in San Diego ( &delta, = 0 . 22 ∘ C and ϵ = 0 . 23 ∘ C between Smartfin and LU, and &delta, = 0 . 08 ∘ C and ϵ = 0 . 11 ∘ C between Smartfin and LP). Surfing SST data were found to agree well, in general, with independent temperature data from a nearby pier and benthic logger. Differences in SST between leash and Smartfin were found to correlate with PAR, both for the unprotected (LU) and protected (LP) TidbiT v2 sensors, explaining the regional differences in the comparison (PAR generally higher during US surfing sessions than UK sessions). Considering that the Smartfin is sheltered from ambient light by the surfboard, unlike the leash, results indicate the leash TidbiT v2 sensors warm with exposure to sunlight biasing the SST data positively, a result consistent with published tests on similar sensors in shallow waters. We matched all LU data collected prior to this study with satellite PAR products and corrected for solar heating. Results highlight the need to design temperature sensor packages that minimise exposure from solar heating when towed in the surface ocean.

Published
2020

15. Implementation of U.K. Earth system models for CMIP6

Author

Jamie Kettleborough, Nathan Luke Abraham, Harry Shepherd, Jonny Williams, Timothy Andrews, Irina Linova-Pavlova, Chris D. Jones, Sungbo Shim, Alistair Sellar, Alexander T. Archibald, L. K. Gohar, Mark Elkington, Erica Neininger, Steven C. Hardiman, Olaf Morgenstern, Harold Dyson, Colin Jones, Jon Seddon, Jeremy Walton, Lee de Mora, Jean-Christophe Rioual, Martin B. Andrews, Eddy Robertson, Jeff Ridley, Alan Iwi, Paul T. Griffiths, Ben Johnson, Douglas I. Kelley, Jeff Knight, Richard Wood, Emma Hogan, Malcolm J. Roberts, Spencer Liddicoat, Piotr Florek, Richard J. Ellis, Andy Wiltshire, Ruth Petrie, Till Kuhlbrodt, Stephen Haddad, Jane Mulcahy, Peter Good, Miroslaw Andrejczuk, Joao C. Teixiera, Ag Stephens, Fiona M. O'Connor, S. T. Rumbold, Yongming Tang, Matthew S. Mizielinski, and Marcus O. Köhler

Subjects
Scheme (programming language), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Computer science, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Ecology and Environment, Atmospheric Sciences, Interpretation (model theory), lcsh:Oceanography, Environmental Chemistry, lcsh:GC1-1581, Boundary value problem, Robustness (economics), lcsh:Physical geography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, computer.programming_language, Global and Planetary Change, Coupled model intercomparison project, Forcing (recursion theory), Industrial engineering, Earth system science, 13. Climate action, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tropopause, lcsh:GB3-5030, computer
Abstract

We describe the scientific and technical implementation of two models for a core set of\ud experiments contributing to the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6).\ud The models used are the physical atmosphere-land-ocean-sea ice model HadGEM3-GC3.1 and the\ud Earth system model UKESM1 which adds a carbon-nitrogen cycle and atmospheric chemistry to\ud HadGEM3-GC3.1. The model results are constrained by the external boundary conditions (forcing data)\ud and initial conditions.We outline the scientific rationale and assumptions made in specifying these.\ud Notable details of the implementation include an ozone redistribution scheme for prescribed ozone\ud simulations (HadGEM3-GC3.1) to avoid inconsistencies with the model's thermal tropopause, and land use\ud change in dynamic vegetation simulations (UKESM1) whose influence will be subject to potential biases in\ud the simulation of background natural vegetation.We discuss the implications of these decisions for\ud interpretation of the simulation results. These simulations are expensive in terms of human and CPU\ud resources and will underpin many further experiments; we describe some of the technical steps taken to\ud ensure their scientific robustness and reproducibility.

Published
2020

16. Earth System Music: music generated from the first United Kingdom Earth System model

Author

Lee de Mora, Colin Jones, Robin S. Smith, Jeremy Blackford, Julien Palmieri, Robert J. Parker, Andrew Yool, Jeremy Walton, Till Kuhlbrodt, and Alistair Sellar

Subjects
Earth system science, Kingdom, Engineering, Meteorology, business.industry, Earth system model, business
Abstract

With the ever-growing interest from the general public towards understanding climate science, it is becoming increasingly important that we present this information in ways accessible to non-experts. In this pilot study, we use time series data from the first United Kingdom Earth System model (UKESM1) to create six procedurally generated musical pieces and use them to explain the process of modelling the earth system and to engage with the wider community. Scientific data is almost always represented graphically either in figures or in videos. By adding audio to the visualisation of model data, the combination of music and imagery provides additional contextual clues to aid in the interpretation. Furthermore, the audiolisation of model data can be employed to generate interesting and captivating music, which can not only reach a wider audience, but also hold the attention of the listeners for extended periods of time.Each of the six pieces presented in this work was themed around either a scientific principle or a practical aspect of earth system modelling. These pieces demonstrate the concepts of a spin up, a pre-industrial control run, multiple historical experiments, and the use of several future climate scenarios to a wider audience. They also show the ocean acidification over the historical period, the changes in circulation, the natural variability of the pre-industrial simulations, and the expected rise in sea surface temperature over the 20th century. Each of these pieces were arranged using different musical progression, style and tempo. All six pieces were performed by the digital piano synthesizer, TiMidity++, and were published on the lead author's YouTube channel. The videos all show the progression of the data in time with the music and a brief description of the methodology is posted alongside the video. To disseminate these works, links to each piece were published on the lead author's personal and professional social media accounts. The reach of these works was also analysed using YouTube's channel monitoring toolkit for content creators, YouTube studio.

Published
2020

17. ESMValCore: analyzing CMIP data made easy

Author

Bouwe Andela, Lisa Bock, Björn Brötz, Faruk Diblen, Laura Dreyer, Niels Drost, Paul Earnshaw, Veronika Eyring, Birgit Hassler, Nikolay Koldunov, Axel Lauer, Bill Little, Saskia Loosveldt-Tomas, Lee de Mora, Valeriu Predoi, Mattia Righi, Manuel Schlund, Javier Vegas-Regidor, and Klaus Zimmermann

Abstract

The Earth System Model Evaluation Tool (ESMValTool) is a free and open-source community diagnostic and performance metrics tool for the evaluation of Earth system models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). Version 2 of the tool (Righi et al. 2019, www.esmvaltool.org) features a brand new design, consisting of ESMValCore (https://github.com/esmvalgroup/esmvalcore), a package for working with CMIP data and ESMValTool (https://github.com/esmvalgroup/esmvaltool), a package containing the scientific analysis scripts. This new version has been specifically developed to handle the increased data volume of CMIP Phase 6 (CMIP6) and the related challenges posed by the analysis and the evaluation of output from multiple high-resolution or complex Earth system models. The tool also supports CMIP5 and CMIP3 datasets, as well as a large number of re-analysis and observational datasets that can be formatted according to the same standards (CMOR) on-the-fly or through scripts currently included in the ESMValTool package.At the heart of this new version is the ESMValCore software package, which provides a configurable framework for finding CMIP files using a “data reference syntax”, applying commonly used pre-processing functions to them, running analysis scripts, and recording provenance. Numerous pre-processing functions, e.g. for data selection, regridding, and statistics are readily available and the modular design makes it easy to add more. The ESMValCore package is easy to install with relatively few dependencies, written in Python 3, based on state-of-the-art open-source libraries such as Iris and Dask, and widely used standards such as YAML, NetCDF, CF-Conventions, and W3C PROV. An extensive set of automated tests and code quality checks ensure the reliability of the package. Documentation is available at https://esmvaltool.readthedocs.io.The ESMValCore package uses human-readable recipes to define which variables and datasets to use, how to pre-process that data, and what scientific analysis scripts to run. The package provides convenient interfaces, based on the YAML and NetCDF/CF-convention file formats, for running diagnostic scripts written in any programming language. Because the ESMValCore framework takes care of running the workflow defined in the recipe in parallel, most analyses run much faster, with no additional programming effort required from the authors of the analysis scripts. For example, benchmarks show a factor of 30 speedup with respect to version 1 of the tool for a representative recipe on a 24 core machine. A large collection of standard recipes and associated analysis scripts is available in the ESMValTool package for reproducing selected peer-reviewed analyses. The ESMValCore package can also be used with any other script that implements it’s easy to use interface. All pre-processing functions of the ESMValCore can also be used directly from any Python program. These features allow for use by a wide community of scientific users and developers with different levels of programming skills and experience.Future plans involve extending the public Python API (application programming interface) from just preprocessor functions to include all functionality, including finding the data and running diagnostic scripts. This would make ESMValCore suitable for interactive data exploration from a Jupyter Notebook.

Published
2020

18. ESMValTool - introducing a powerful model evaluation tool

Author

Valeriu Predoi, Bouwe Andela, Lee De Mora, and Axel Lauer

Abstract

The Earth System Model eValuation Tool (ESMValTool) is a powerful community-driven diagnostics and performance metrics tool. It is used for the evaluation of Earth System Models (ESMs) and allows for routine comparisons of either multiple model versions or observational datasets. ESMValTool's design is highly modular and flexible so that additional analyses can easily be added; in fact, this is essential to encourage the community-based approach to its scientific development. A set of standardized recipes for each scientific topic reproduces specific diagnostics or performance metrics that have demonstrated their importance in ESM evaluation in the peer-reviewed literature. Scientific themes include selected Essential Climate Variables, a range of known systematic biases common to ESMs such as coupled tropical climate variability, monsoons, Southern Ocean processes, continental dry biases and soil hydrology-climate interactions, as well as atmospheric CO3 budgets, tropospheric and stratospheric ozone, and tropospheric aerosols. We will outline the main functional characteristics of ESMValTool Version 2; we will also introduce the reader to the current set of diagnostics and the methods they can use to contribute to its development.

Published
2020

19. Earth System Music: the methodology and reach of music generated from the United Kingdom Earth System Model

Author

Robin S. Smith, Julien Palmieri, Lee de Mora, Robert J. Parker, Andrew Yool, Jeremy Walton, Till Kuhlbrodt, Alistair Sellar, Colin Jones, and Jeremy Blackford

Subjects
Earth system science, Scientific law, Science outreach, Enthusiasm, History, media_common.quotation_subject, Piano, Social media, Musical, media_common, Test (assessment), Visual arts
Abstract

Scientific data is almost always represented graphically either in figures or in videos. With the ever-growing interest from the general public towards understanding climate science, it is becoming increasingly important that we present this information in ways accessible to non-experts. In this pilot study, we use time series data from the first United Kingdom Earth System model (UKESM1) to create six procedurally generated musical pieces and use them to test whether we can use music to engage with the wider community. Each of these pieces is based around a unique part of UKESM1's ocean component model, either in terms of a scientific principle or a practical aspect of modelling. In addition, each piece is arranged using a different musical progression, style and tempo. These pieces were performed by the digital piano synthesizer, TiMidity++, and were published on the lead author's YouTube channel. The videos all show the time progression of the data in time with the music and a brief description of the methodology is posted below the video. To disseminate these works, a link to each piece was published on the lead authors personal and professional social media accounts. The reach of these works was analysed using YouTube's channel monitoring toolkit for content creators, YouTube studio. In the first ninety days after the first video was published, the six pieces reached at least 251 unique viewers, and have 553 total views. We found that most of the views occurred in the fourteen days immediately after each video was published. In effect, once the concept had been demonstrated to an audience, there was reduced enthusiasm from that audience to return to it immediately. This suggests that to use music effectively as an science outreach tool, the works needs to reach new audiences or new and unique content needs to be delivered to a returning audience.

Published
2020

20. Earth System Model Evaluation Tool (ESMValTool) v2.0 – an extended set of large-scale diagnostics for quasi-operational and comprehensive evaluation of Earth system models in CMIP

Author

Veronika Eyring, Lisa Bock, Axel Lauer, Mattia Righi, Manuel Schlund, Bouwe Andela, Enrico Arnone, Omar Bellprat, Björn Brötz, Louis-Philippe Caron, Nuno Carvalhais, Irene Cionni, Nicola Cortesi, Bas Crezee, Edouard L. Davin, Paolo Davini, Kevin Debeire, Lee de Mora, Clara Deser, David Docquier, Paul Earnshaw, Carsten Ehbrecht, Bettina K. Gier, Nube Gonzalez-Reviriego, Paul Goodman, Stefan Hagem

Published
2020
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21. Environmental Modelling & Software

Author

Matthew R. Hipsey, George B. Arhonditsis, Cayelan C. Carey, Gideon Gal, Lee de Mora, Marieke A. Frassl, Barbara J. Robson, J. Alex Elliott, J.H. Janse, Biological Sciences, and Aquatic Ecology (AqE)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, State variable, Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Computer science, Process (engineering), 01 natural sciences, CSPS, Ecology and Environment, Freshwater, Range (statistics), System validation, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Ecological modelling, Hierarchy, Marine, business.industry, AEM, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Ecological Modeling, Aquatic ecosystem, Environmental resource management, Uncertainty, Great barrier reef, Structure and function, Water quality, international, business, Software
Abstract

In this paper, we introduce the CSPS framework for the hierarchical assessment of aquatic ecosystem models built on a range of metrics and characteristic signatures relevant to aquatic ecosystem condition. The framework is comprised of four levels: 0) conceptual validation; 1) comparison of simulated state variables with observations ('state validation'); 2) comparison of fluxes with measured process rates ('process validation'); and 3) assessment of system-level emergent properties, patterns and relationships ('system validation'). Of these, only levels 0 and 1 are routinely undertaken at present. To highlight a diverse range of contexts relevant to the aquatic ecosystem modelling community, we present several case studies of improved validation approaches using the level 0-3 assessment hierarchy. We envision that the community-driven adoption of these metrics will lead to more rigorously assessed models, ultimately accelerating advances in model structure and function, and improved confidence in model predictions. Australian Research CouncilAustralian Research Council [DP130104078, DP170104832, LP130100756, LP150100451]; National Science FoundationNational Science Foundation (NSF) [NSF1753639] MRH received support from the Australian Research Council [DP130104078, DP170104832, LP130100756, LP150100451]. CCC received support from the National Science Foundation [NSF1753639].

Published
2020

22. UKESM1: description and evaluation of the U.K. Earth System Model

Author

Douglas I. Kelley, Ranjini Swaminathan, Yongming Tang, Nicola Gedney, Ben Johnson, Colin E. Johnson, Valeriu Predoi, Chris D. Jones, Gerd A. Folberth, Alexander T. Archibald, Julien Palmieri, Guang Zeng, Fiona M. O'Connor, Jane Mulcahy, John M. Edwards, Eleanor J. Burke, Martin B. Andrews, S. T. Rumbold, Timothy Andrews, Mohit Dalvi, S. Woodward, Eddy Robertson, Lee de Mora, Matthew T. Woodhouse, Jeremy Walton, Richard Hill, Andrew Jones, Maggie A. Hendry, Paul T. Griffiths, Andy Wiltshire, Olaf Morgenstern, Colin Jones, Ségolène Berthou, Robin S. Smith, Andrew Yool, Kenneth S. Carslaw, Rich Ellis, Robert J. Parker, Ed Blockley, Spencer Liddicoat, James Keeble, Nathan Luke Abraham, Antony Siahaan, Alan J. Hewitt, Anna B. Harper, Till Kuhlbrodt, Alistair Sellar, Marc Stringer, and M. Zerroukat

Subjects
Global and Planetary Change, Biogeochemical cycle, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Biogeochemistry, Radiative forcing, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Ecology and Environment, Carbon cycle, Atmosphere, Earth system science, lcsh:Oceanography, Meteorology and Climatology, 13. Climate action, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental Chemistry, Climate sensitivity, lcsh:GC1-1581, lcsh:GB3-5030, lcsh:Physical geography, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

We document the development of the first version of the United Kingdom Earth System Model UKESM1. The model represents a major advance on its predecessor HadGEM2‐ES, with enhancements to all component models and new feedback mechanisms. These include: a new core physical model with a well‐resolved stratosphere; terrestrial biogeochemistry with coupled carbon and nitrogen cycles and enhanced land management; tropospheric‐stratospheric chemistry allowing the holistic simulation of radiative forcing from ozone, methane and nitrous oxide; two‐moment, five‐species, modal aerosol; and ocean biogeochemistry with two‐way coupling to the carbon cycle and atmospheric aerosols. The complexity of coupling between the ocean, land and atmosphere physical climate and biogeochemical cycles in UKESM1 is unprecedented for an Earth system model. We describe in detail the process by which the coupled model was developed and tuned to achieve acceptable performance in key physical and Earth system quantities, and discuss the challenges involved in mitigating biases in a model with complex connections between its components. Overall the model performs well, with a stable pre‐industrial state, and good agreement with observations in the latter period of its historical simulations. However, global mean surface temperature exhibits stronger‐than‐observed cooling from 1950 to 1970, followed by rapid warming from 1980 to 2014. Metrics from idealised simulations show a high climate sensitivity relative to previous generations of models: equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) is 5.4 K, transient climate response (TCR) ranges from 2.68 K to 2.85 K, and transient climate response to cumulative emissions (TCRE) is 2.49 K/TtC to 2.66 K/TtC.

Published
2019

23. The Assimilation of Phytoplankton Functional Types for Operational Forecasting in the Northwest European Shelf

Author

Lee de Mora, David Ford, Susan Kay, Jozef Skákala, Benjamin H. Taylor, Robert J. W. Brewin, Robert McEwan, and Stefano Ciavatta

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Model representation, Biogeochemistry, Operational forecasting, Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Free run, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geophysics, Data assimilation, chemistry, Space and Planetary Science, Geochemistry and Petrology, Chlorophyll, Phytoplankton, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Environmental science, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Model bias
Abstract

This paper proposes the use of assimilation of phytoplankton functional types (PFTs) surface chlorophyll for operational forecasting of biogeochemistry on the North‐West European (NWE) Shelf. We explicitly compare the 5‐day forecasting skill of three runs of a physical‐biogeochemical model: (a) a free reference run, (b) a run with daily data assimilation (DA) of total surface chlorophyll (ChlTot), and (c) a run with daily PFTs DA. We show that small total chlorophyll model bias hides comparatively large biases in PFTs chlorophyll, which ChlTot DA fails to correct. This is because the ChlTot DA splits the assimilated total chlorophyll into PFTs by preserving their simulated ratios, rather than taking account of the observed PFT concentrations. Unlike ChlTot DA, PFTs DA substantially improves model representation of PFTs chlorophyll. During forecasting the DA reanalysis skill in representing PFTs chlorophyll degrades toward the free run skill; however, PFTs DA outperforms free run within the whole 5‐day forecasting period. We validated our results with in situ data, and we demonstrated that (in both DA cases) the DA substantially improves the model representation of CO2 fugacity (PFTs DA more than ChlTot DA). ChlTot DA has a positive impact on the representation of silicate, while the PFTs DA seems to have a negative impact. The impact of DA on nitrate and phosphate is not significant. The implications of using a univariate assimilation method, which preserves the phytoplankton stochiometry, and the impact of model biases on the nonassimilated variables are discussed.

Published
2018

24. Evaluating operational AVHRR sea surface temperature data at the coastline using surfers

Author

Thomas G. Brewin, Paul Russell, Jamie D. Shutler, Thomas Jackson, Robert J. W. Brewin, Benjamin H. Taylor, Oliver Billson, Peter I. Miller, Timothy J Smyth, Lee de Mora, and James R Fishwick

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Earth observation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Advanced very-high-resolution radiometer, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Climatic variables, Sampling (statistics), Pelagic zone, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Sea surface temperature, Range (statistics), Environmental science, Submarine pipeline, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Sea surface temperature (SST) is an essential climate variable that can be measured routinely from Earth Observation (EO) with high temporal and spatial coverage. To evaluate its suitability for an application, it is critical to know the accuracy and precision (performance) of the EO SST data. This requires comparisons with co-located and concomitant in situ data. Owing to a relatively large network of in situ platforms there is a good understanding of the performance of EO SST data in the open ocean. However, at the coastline this performance is not well known, impeded by a lack of in situ data. Here, we used in situ SST measurements collected by a group of surfers over a three year period in the coastal waters of the UK and Ireland, to improve our understanding of the performance of EO SST data at the coastline. At two beaches near the city of Plymouth, UK, the in situ SST measurements collected by the surfers were compared with in situ SST collected from two autonomous buoys located ∼7 km and ∼33 km from the coastline, and showed good agreement, with discrepancies consistent with the spatial separation of the sites. The in situ SST measurements collected by the surfers around the coastline, and those collected offshore by the two autonomous buoys, were used to evaluate the performance of operational Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) EO SST data. Results indicate: (i) a significant reduction in the performance of AVHRR at retrieving SST at the coastline, with root mean square errors in the range of 1.0 to 2.0 °C depending on the temporal difference between match-ups, significantly higher than those at the two offshore stations (0.4 to 0.6 °C); (ii) a systematic negative bias in the AVHRR retrievals of approximately 1 °C at the coastline, not observed at the two offshore stations; and (iii) an increase in the root mean square error at the coastline when the temporal difference between match-ups exceeded three hours. Harnessing new solutions to improve in situ sampling coverage at the coastline, such as tagging surfers with sensors, can improve our understanding of the performance of EO SST data in coastal regions, helping inform users interested in EO SST products for coastal applications. Yet, validating EO SST products using in situ SST data at the coastline is challenged by difficulties reconciling the two measurements, which are provided at different spatial scales in a dynamic and complex environment.

Published
2017

25. Net primary productivity estimates and environmental variables in the Arctic Ocean: An assessment of coupled physical-biogeochemical models

Author

Morgane Dessert, Vincent Le Fouest, Charles A. Stock, M. Manizza, Ekaterina Popova, Jinlun Zhang, Vincent S. Saba, Coralie Perruche, Olivier Aumont, Ingrid H. Ellingsen, Roland Séférian, Lee de Mora, Jonathan Lawrence, Meibing Jin, Anastasia Romanou, P. A. Matrai, Jasmin G. John, Marion Gehlen, Erik T. Buitenhuis, Christophe E. Menkès, John P. Dunne, Jerry Tjiputra, L. Bruno Tremblay, Doron Feldman, Marjorie A. M. Friedrichs, Andrew Yool, Kyozo Ueyoshi, Robert Frouin, Thomas Gorgues, Jörg Schwinger, Tatiana Ilyina, Matthieu Chevallier, Marcello Vichi, Younjoo Lee, Annette Samuelsen, and Marcel Babin

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mixed layer, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Deep sea, Geophysics, Arctic, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Geochemistry and Petrology, Phytoplankton, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Sea ice, Environmental science, Photic zone, 14. Life underwater, Sea ice concentration, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Canada Basin
Abstract

The relative skill of 21 regional and global biogeochemical models was assessed in terms of how well the models reproduced observed net primary productivity (NPP) and environmental variables such as nitrate concentration (NO3), mixed layer depth (MLD), euphotic layer depth (Zeu), and sea ice concentration, by comparing results against a newly updated, quality-controlled in situ NPP database for the Arctic Ocean (1959–2011). The models broadly captured the spatial features of integrated NPP (iNPP) on a pan-Arctic scale. Most models underestimated iNPP by varying degrees in spite of overestimating surface NO3, MLD, and Zeu throughout the regions. Among the models, iNPP exhibited little difference over sea ice condition (ice-free versus ice-influenced) and bottom depth (shelf versus deep ocean). The models performed relatively well for the most recent decade and toward the end of Arctic summer. In the Barents and Greenland Seas, regional model skill of surface NO3 was best associated with how well MLD was reproduced. Regionally, iNPP was relatively well simulated in the Beaufort Sea and the central Arctic Basin, where in situ NPP is low and nutrients are mostly depleted. Models performed less well at simulating iNPP in the Greenland and Chukchi Seas, despite the higher model skill in MLD and sea ice concentration, respectively. iNPP model skill was constrained by different factors in different Arctic Ocean regions. Our study suggests that better parameterization of biological and ecological microbial rates (phytoplankton growth and zooplankton grazing) are needed for improved Arctic Ocean biogeochemical modeling.

Published
2016

26. ESMValTool v2.0 – Extended set of large-scale diagnostics for quasi-operational and comprehensive evaluation of Earth system models in CMIP

Author

Javier Vegas-Regidor, Christopher Kadow, Birgit Hassler, Mattia Righi, Bouwe Andela, Nicola Cortesi, Federico Serva, Paul Earnshaw, Carsten Ehbrecht, Irene Cionni, Núria Pérez-Zanón, Klaus Zimmermann, François Massonnet, Paul J. Goodman, Axel Lauer, Clara Deser, Benjamin Müller, Valerio Lucarini, Omar Bellprat, Lee de Mora, Nikolay Koldunov, Nube Gonzalez-Reviriego, Louis-Phillippe Caron, Alasdair Hunter, Paolo Davini, Quentin Lejeune, Valerio Lembo, Adam S. Phillips, Veronika Eyring, Stefan Hagemann, Kevin Debeire, Valeriu Predoi, Tomas Lovato, Bettina K. Gier, Ranjini Swaminathan, Steven C. Hardiman, Verónica Torralba, Bas Crezee, Alistair Sellar, David Docquier, Sujan Koirala, Edouard Davin, Björn Brötz, Manuel Schlund, Stephan Kindermann, Enrico Arnone, Lisa Bock, Katja Weigel, Amarjiit Pandde, Tobias Stacke, Nuno Carvalhais, Joellen L. Russell, and Jost von Hardenberg

Subjects
Coupled model intercomparison project, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Computer science, Climate system, Climate change, Python (programming language), 01 natural sciences, Earth system science, 13. Climate action, 0103 physical sciences, Systems engineering, Earth system model, Earth System Grid, 010306 general physics, computer, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, computer.programming_language
Abstract

The Earth System Model Evaluation Tool (ESMValTool) is a community diagnostics and performance metrics tool designed to improve comprehensive and routine evaluation of Earth System Models (ESMs) participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). It has undergone rapid development since the first release in 2016 and is now a well-tested tool that provides end-to-end provenance tracking to ensure reproducibility. It consists of an easy-to-install, well documented Python package providing the core functionalities (ESMValCore) that performs common pre-processing operations and a diagnostic part that includes tailored diagnostics and performance metrics for specific scientific applications. Here we describe large-scale diagnostics of the second major release of the tool that supports the evaluation of ESMs participating in CMIP Phase 6 (CMIP6). ESMValTool v2.0 includes a large collection of diagnostics and performance metrics for atmospheric, oceanic, and terrestrial variables for the mean state, trends, and variability. ESMValTool v2.0 also successfully reproduces figures from the evaluation and projections chapters of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) and incorporates updates from targeted analysis packages, such as the NCAR Climate Variability Diagnostics Package for the evaluation of modes of variability the Thermodynamic Diagnostic Tool (TheDiaTo) to evaluate the energetics of the climate system, as well as parts of AutoAssess that contains a mix of top-down performance metrics. The tool has been fully integrated into the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) infrastructure at the Deutsches Klima Rechenzentrum (DKRZ) to provide evaluation results from CMIP6 model simulations shortly after the output is published to the CMIP archive. A result browser has been implemented that enables advanced monitoring of the evaluation results by a broad user community at much faster timescales than what was possible in CMIP5.

Published
2019

27. Supplementary material to 'ESMValTool v2.0 – Technical overview'

Author

Mattia Righi, Bouwe Andela, Veronika Eyring, Axel Lauer, Valeriu Predoi, Manuel Schlund, Javier Vegas-Regidor, Lisa Bock, Björn Brötz, Lee de Mora, Faruk Diblen, Laura Dreyer, Niels Drost, Paul Earnshaw, Birgit Hassler, Nikolay Koldunov, Bill Little, Saskia Loosveldt Tomas, and Klaus Zimmermann

Published
2019

28. ESMValTool v2.0 – Technical overview

Author

Lisa Bock, Nikolay Koldunov, Bill Little, Axel Lauer, Javier Vegas-Regidor, Birgit Hassler, Paul Earnshaw, Manuel Schlund, Mattia Righi, Saskia Loosveldt Tomas, Faruk Diblen, Veronika Eyring, Laura Dreyer, Niels Drost, Björn Brötz, Klaus Zimmermann, Lee de Mora, Valeriu Predoi, and Bouwe Andela

Subjects
Data processing, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, business.industry, Computer science, Interface (computing), 0211 other engineering and technologies, Software development, 02 engineering and technology, computer.software_genre, 01 natural sciences, Software quality, Set (abstract data type), Scripting language, Factor (programming language), Preprocessor, Software engineering, business, computer, 021101 geological & geomatics engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, computer.programming_language
Abstract

This paper describes the second major release of the Earth System Model Evaluation Tool (ESMValTool), a community diagnostic and performance metrics tool for the evaluation of Earth System Models (ESMs) participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). Compared to version 1.0, released in 2016, ESMValTool version 2.0 (v2.0) features a brand new design, with an improved interface and a revised preprocessor. It also features a significantly enhanced diagnostic part that is described in three companion papers. The new version of the ESMValTool has been specifically developed to target the increased data volume of CMIP Phase 6 (CMIP6) and the related challenges posed by the analysis and the evaluation of output from multiple high-resolution or complex ESMs. The new version takes advantage of state-of-the-art computational libraries and methods to deploy an efficient and user-friendly data processing. Common operations on the input data (such as regridding or computation of multi-model statistics) are centralized in a highly optimized preprocessor, which allows applying a series of preprocessing functions before diagnostics scripts are applied for in-depth scientific analysis of the model output. Performance tests conducted on a set of standard diagnostics show that the new version is faster than its predecessor by about a factor of three. The performance can be further improved, up to a factor of more than 30, when the newly-introduced task-based parallelization options are used, which enable the efficient exploitation of much larger computing infrastructures. ESMValTool v2.0 also includes a revised and simplified installation procedure, setting of user configurable options based on modern language formats, and high code quality standards following the best practices for software development.

Published
2019

29. BGC-val: a model- and grid-independent Python toolkit to evaluate marine biogeochemical models

Author

Till Kuhlbrodt, Lee de Mora, J. Icarus Allen, Alistair Sellar, Julien Palmieri, Colin Jones, Andrew Yool, and Ekaterina Popova

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Biogeochemical cycle, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, business.industry, Computer science, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Usability, Python (programming language), Grid, computer.software_genre, 01 natural sciences, Software framework, lcsh:Geology, 13. Climate action, Co2 concentration, Climate model, 14. Life underwater, business, Software engineering, computer, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Codebase, computer.programming_language
Abstract

The biogeochemical evaluation toolkit, BGC-val, is a model- and grid-independent Python toolkit that has been built to evaluate marine biogeochemical models using a simple interface. Here, we present the ideas that motivated the development of the BGC-val software framework, introduce the code structure, and show some applications of the toolkit using model results from the Fifth Climate Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). A brief outline of how to access and install the repository is presented in Appendix A, but the specific details on how to use the toolkit are kept in the code repository. The key ideas that directed the toolkit design were model and grid independence, front-loading analysis functions and regional masking, interruptibility, and ease of use. We present each of these goals, why they were important, and what we did to address them. We also present an outline of the code structure of the toolkit illustrated with example plots produced by the toolkit. After describing BGC-val, we use the toolkit to investigate the performance of the marine physical and biogeochemical quantities of the CMIP5 models and highlight some predictions about the future state of the marine ecosystem under a business-as-usual CO2 concentration scenario (RCP8.5).

Published
2019

30. Marine regime shifts in ocean biogeochemical models: a case study in the Gulf of Alaska

Author

I. Totterdell, Erik T. Buitenhuis, Harriet Cole, Andrew Yool, J. Icarus Allen, Thomas R. Anderson, Claudie Beaulieu, Stephanie A. Henson, Lee de Mora, and Momme Butenschön

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Biogeochemical cycle, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, lcsh:QE1-996.5, lcsh:Life, Biogeochemistry, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, Sea surface temperature, Oceanography, Productivity (ecology), 13. Climate action, lcsh:QH540-549.5, Marine ecosystem, Regime shift, lcsh:Ecology, 14. Life underwater, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Primary productivity, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Trophic level
Abstract

Regime shifts have been reported in many marine ecosystems, and are often expressed as an abrupt change occurring in multiple physical and biological components of the system. In the Gulf of Alaska, a regime shift in the late 1970s was observed, indicated by an abrupt increase in sea surface temperature and major shifts in the catch of many fish species. This late 1970s regime shift in the Gulf of Alaska was followed by another shift in the late 1980s, not as pervasive as the 1977 shift, but which nevertheless did not return to the prior state. A thorough understanding of the extent and mechanisms leading to such regime shifts is challenged by data paucity in time and space. We investigate the ability of a suite of ocean biogeochemistry models of varying complexity to simulate regime shifts in the Gulf of Alaska by examining the presence of abrupt changes in time series of physical variables (sea surface temperature and mixed layer depth), nutrients and biological variables (chlorophyll, primary productivity and plankton biomass) using change-point analysis. Our study demonstrates that ocean biogeochemical models are capable of simulating the late 1970s shift, indicating an abrupt increase in sea surface temperature forcing followed by an abrupt decrease in nutrients and biological productivity. This predicted shift is consistent among all the models, although some of them exhibit an abrupt transition (i.e. a significant shift from one year to the next), whereas others simulate a smoother transition. Some models further suggest that the late 1980s shift was constrained by changes in mixed layer depth. Our study demonstrates that ocean biogeochemical can successfully simulate regime shifts in the Gulf of Alaska region, thereby providing better understanding of how changes in physical conditions are propagated from lower to upper trophic levels through bottom-up controls.

Published
2016

33. BGC-val: a model and grid independent python toolkit to evaluate marine biogeochemical models

Author

Lee de Mora, Andrew Yool, Julien Palmieri, Alistair Sellar, Till Kuhlbrodt, Ekaterina Popova, Colin Jones, and J. Icarus Allen

Abstract

The biogeochemical evaluation toolkit, BGC-val, is a model and grid independent python toolkit that has been built to evaluate marine biogeochemical models using a simple interface. Here, we present the ideas that motivated the development of the BGC-val software framework, introduce the code structure, and show some applications of the toolkit using model results from the Fifth Climate Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). The key ideas that directed the toolkit design were model and grid independence, front loading analysis functions and regional masking, interuptabililty, and ease of use. We present each of these goals, why they were important and what we did to address them. We also present an outline of the code structure of the toolkit, illustrated with example plots produced by the toolkit. After describing BGC-val, we use the toolkit to investigate the performance of the marine circulate and biogeochemical parts of the CMIP5 models, and highlight some predictions about the future state of the marine ecosystem under a business as usual CO2 concentration scenario (RCP 8.5).

Published
2018

34. ERSEM 15.06: a generic model for marine biogeochemistry and the ecosystem dynamics of the lower trophic levels

Author

Sévrine F. Sailley, Jorn Bruggeman, Lee de Mora, Sonja M. van Leeuwen, Gennadi Lessin, Momme Butenschön, James R. Clark, Ricardo Torres, Julian Icarus Allen, Susan Kay, Yuri Artioli, Johan van der Molen, Stefano Ciavatta, Nicholas Stephens, P Cazenave, J. N. Aldridge, Luca Polimene, and Jeremy Blackford

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Microbial food web, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecology, Computer science, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Biogeochemistry, Pelagic zone, 01 natural sciences, Food web, lcsh:Geology, Oceanography, Benthic zone, Marine ecosystem, Ecosystem, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Trophic level
Abstract

The European Regional Seas Ecosystem Model (ERSEM) is one of the most established ecosystem models for the lower trophic levels of the marine food web in the scientific literature. Since its original development in the early nineties it has evolved significantly from a coastal ecosystem model for the North Sea to a generic tool for ecosystem simulations from shelf seas to the global ocean. The current model release contains all essential elements for the pelagic and benthic parts of the marine ecosystem, including the microbial food web, the carbonate system, and calcification. Its distribution is accompanied by a testing framework enabling the analysis of individual parts of the model. Here we provide a detailed mathematical description of all ERSEM components along with case studies of mesocosm-type simulations, water column implementations, and a brief example of a full-scale application for the north-western European shelf. Validation against in situ data demonstrates the capability of the model to represent the marine ecosystem in contrasting environments.

Published
2015
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35. Monitoring of offshore geological carbon storage integrity: Implications of natural variability in the marine system and the assessment of anomaly detection criteria

Author

Jerry Blackford, Lee de Mora, James R. Clark, and Yuri Artioli

Subjects
Pollution, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, Extrapolation, Soil science, 010501 environmental sciences, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, 01 natural sciences, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, chemistry.chemical_compound, 14. Life underwater, Seabed, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Continental shelf, Biogeochemistry, General Energy, Oceanography, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Carbonate, Anomaly detection, Submarine pipeline
Abstract

The design of efficient monitoring programmes required for the assurance of offshore geological storage requires an understanding of the variability and heterogeneity of marine carbonate chemistry. In the absence of sufficient observational data and for extrapolation both spatially and seasonally, models have a significant role to play. In this study a previously evaluated hydrodynamic-biogeochemical model is used to characterise carbonate chemistry, in particular pH heterogeneity in the vicinity of the sea floor. Using three contrasting regions, the seasonal and short term variability are analysed and criteria that could be considered as indicators of anomalous carbonate chemistry identified. These criteria are then tested by imposing a number of randomised DIC perturbations on the model data, representing a comprehensive range of leakage scenarios. In conclusion optimal criteria and general rules for developing monitoring strategies are identified. Detection criteria will be site specific and vary seasonally and monitoring may be more efficient at periods of low dynamics. Analysis suggests that by using high frequency, sub-hourly monitoring anomalies as small as 0.01 of a pH unit or less may be successfully discriminated from natural variability – thereby allowing detection of small leaks or at distance from a leakage source. Conversely assurance of no leakage would be profound. Detection at deeper sites is likely to be more efficient than at shallow sites where the near bed system is closely coupled to surface processes. Although this study is based on North Sea target sites for geological storage, the model and the general conclusions are relevant to the majority of offshore storage sites lying on the continental shelf.

Published
2017

36. AccessLab: Workshops to broaden access to scientific research

Author

Aidan Weatherill, Clio Heslop, Charlotte Olivia Brand, David Griffiths, Jen Lewis, Amber G. F. Griffiths, Katherine E Roberts, Ivvet Modinou, Anna E. Hughes, Kate Baker, Lee de Mora, and Sara Mynott

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Research Validity, Science and Technology Workforce, Research Quality Assessment, Social Sciences, Careers in Research, Open Science, Learning and Memory, 0302 clinical medicine, Sociology, Open access publishing, Community Page, Psychology, Biology (General), General Neuroscience, Research Assessment, Public relations, Research skills, Research Personnel, Professions, Open Access Publishing, Workshops, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Human learning, QH301-705.5, Science Policy, Science, Biology, Research and Analysis Methods, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Education, Human Learning, 03 medical and health sciences, Politics, Learning, Scientific Publishing, General Immunology and Microbiology, business.industry, Research, Cognitive Psychology, Biology and Life Sciences, Congresses as Topic, Local community, 030104 developmental biology, People and Places, Cognitive Science, Scientists, Population Groupings, Scientific publishing, business, Publication Practices, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Neuroscience
Abstract

AccessLabs are workshops with two simultaneous motivations, achieved through direct citizen-scientist pairings: (1) to decentralise research skills so that a broader range of people are able to access/use scientific research, and (2) to expose science researchers to the difficulties of using their research as an outsider, creating new open access advocates. Five trial AccessLabs have taken place for policy makers, media/journalists, marine sector participants, community groups, and artists. The act of pairing science academics with local community members helps build understanding and trust between groups at a time when this relationship appears to be under increasing threat from different political and economic currents in society. Here, we outline the workshop motivations, format, and evaluation, with the aim that others can build on the methods developed., This Community Page article describes AccessLabs: workshops involving direct citizen-scientist pairings, with the aims of decentralising research skills to a broader range of people and exposing science researchers to the difficulties of using their research as an outsider, creating new open access advocates.

Published
2019

37. Modelling the effects of climate change on the distribution and production of marine fishes: accounting for trophic interactions in a dynamic bioclimate envelope model

Author

Lee de Mora, Momme Butenschön, William W. L. Cheung, Alastair Grant, Manuel Barange, Simon Jennings, Jose A. Fernandes, and Thomas L. Frölicher

Subjects
Climate Change, Population Dynamics, Fisheries, Climate change, Fish stock, Models, Biological, Species Specificity, Abundance (ecology), Effects of global warming, Environmental Chemistry, Animals, Biomass, Atlantic Ocean, Ecosystem, General Environmental Science, Trophic level, Global and Planetary Change, Biomass (ecology), Ecology, Fishes, Temperature, Pelagic zone, Interspecific competition, Environmental science, Animal Distribution
Abstract

Climate change has already altered the distribution of marine fishes. Future predictions of fish distributions and catches based on bioclimate envelope models are available, but to date they have not considered interspecific interactions. We address this by combining the species-based Dynamic Bioclimate Envelope Model (DBEM) with a size-based trophic model. The new approach provides spatially and temporally resolved predictions of changes in species' size, abundance and catch potential that account for the effects of ecological interactions. Predicted latitudinal shifts are, on average, reduced by 20% when species interactions are incorporated, compared to DBEM predictions, with pelagic species showing the greatest reductions. Goodness-of-fit of biomass data from fish stock assessments in the North Atlantic between 1991 and 2003 is improved slightly by including species interactions. The differences between predictions from the two models may be relatively modest because, at the North Atlantic basin scale, (i) predators and competitors may respond to climate change together; (ii) existing parameterization of the DBEM might implicitly incorporate trophic interactions; and/or (iii) trophic interactions might not be the main driver of responses to climate. Future analyses using ecologically explicit models and data will improve understanding of the effects of inter-specific interactions on responses to climate change, and better inform managers about plausible ecological and fishery consequences of a changing environment.

Published
2013

38. Measurement of upsilon production in 7 TeV pp collisions at ATLAS

Author

Yasuyuki Okumura, A. Palma, D. T. Pignotti, J. Lundquist, Tohru Takeshita, Iskander Ibragimov, Uwe Bratzler, Pierre-Antoine Delsart, Anton Kravchenko, Patrick Fassnacht, I. Ludwig, Victor Bobrovnikov, A. D. Doxiadis, Jolanta Olszowska, A. Nikiforov, Olivier Simard, Georges Azuelos, Nick Barlow, Barry King, Enrico Pasqualucci, I. J. Watson, N. Grau, Marina Cobal, Jiri Masik, Lawrence Lee, Oleg Fedin, Robin Eamonn Long, Unki Yang, Isabel Marian Trigger, Mauro Villa, T. C. Rave, Amir Farbin, D. Banfi, V. Ferrara, C. Wang, Harvey Jonathan Maddocks, Giovanni Mirabelli, Mario Campanelli, Gerald Oakham, David Saxon, A. Gemmell, Tord Ekelof, Monica Verducci, Stefan Simion, K. Ellis, R. Dhullipudi, Sascha Caron, Vladimir Sulin, Stewart Martin-Haugh, J. E. Brau, Christopher Bee, Petr Vokac, Eduard Simioni, J. Antos, Xabier Anduaga, Miroslav Myska, Vakhtang Tsulaia, Michal Suk, Stephen Cole, Siegfried Bethke, Caterina Doglioni, Stanislav Tokár, J. Ocariz, Van Nguyen Thi Hong, Geraldine Conti, Jean-Baptiste De Vivie De Regie, Michiel Sanders, Sarah Livermore, Tobias Flick, Val O'Shea, A. Nagarkar, Richard Mount, Matthew Fisher, Pawel Klimek, Y. Doi, Marek Tasevsky, Diana Scannicchio, Oleg Zenin, Goetz Gaycken, O. Silbert, V. Lavorini, Katarina Pajchel, Stavros Maltezos, Adrian Lewis, Bernd Stelzer, M. D. Baker, Josu Cantero, K. M. Chan, Christian Zeitnitz, N. B. Sinev, Bogdan Malaescu, Dhiman Chakraborty, Valentina Santina Gallo, Borut Paul Kerševan, Byeong Rok Ko, Arthur Moraes, Djamel Eddine Boumediene, E. B. Klinkby, A. Succurro, Guilherme Nunes Hanninger, S. Klous, Andy Parker, Antonio Passeri, Michel Trottier-McDonald, Oxana Smirnova, T. Todorov, Lidia Smirnova, Laurent Chevalier, Tetiana Hryn'ova, A. Gibson, Shih-Chieh Hsu, Philip Phillips, Samuel Silverstein, Stephane Willocq, J. D. Price, H. H. Williams, Robin Middleton, S. Youssef, Noam Hod, R. Prabhu, Pavel Tsiareshka, Vlastimil Kus, Francis Anghinolfi, Kerim Suruliz, K. W. Glitza, Dave Sankey, Monika Wielers, Adam Edward Barton, Eric Lancon, Mohamed Ouchrif, Givi Sekhniaidze, Till Nattermann, Konstantin Belotskiy, Leszek Adamczyk, F. Kohn, G. Rudolph, Silvia Franchino, Konstantinos Bachas, John Parsons, E. Auge, Almut Pingel, Teresa Spreitzer, Catrin Bernius, Andre Schoening, C. Dallapiccola, Philippe Farthouat, Giacinto Piacquadio, Sebastian Pedraza Lopez, M. J. Shochet, Alexandre Rozanov, Naoki Kimura, Lucie De Nooij, Jemal Khubua, Edmund Dawe, Claudio Santoni, Pascal Pralavorio, A. Christov, Sigve Haug, Joern Grosse-Knetter, Sergio Grancagnolo, Maciej Trzebinski, G. Cortiana, Miriam Watson, Kerstin Jon-And, C. Cuthbert, I. Koletsou, Josh Mcfayden, Andrei Akimov, Yi Yang, Julien de Graat, Steinar Stapnes, Ludovico Pontecorvo, L. Yao, L. L. Ma, Christina Potter, Michele Bianco, R. Yoshida, Masahiro Kuze, Pawel Malecki, Gabriella Sciolla, Benedetto Giacobbe, Michael Schernau, A. E. Nuncio-Quiroz, Stephen Maxfield, Sebastian Schmitt, Kiyotomo Kawagoe, Halasya Siva Subramania, Daniel Ventura, Claus Gössling, Benedetto Gorini, L. Tremblet, Raymond Veness, Diedi Hu, Alessia Bruni, Tommaso Colombo, Sahal Yacoob, Josh Moss, Enrique Kajomovitz, Ingrid-Maria Gregor, J. Nadal, Daniel Eriksson, Gianfranco Sciacca, Shih-Chang Lee, M. Werth, Thilo Pauly, Muhammad Saleem, David-leon Pohl, Giacomo Artoni, Louis Helary, Stephen Hillier, Luis Hervas, N. Möser, G. Susinno, Y. Suzuki, J. A. Strong, G. Gorfine, Pavel Shatalov, Jochen Dingfelder, Paolo Morettini, Francesco Ragusa, Vit Vorobel, Zhenwei Yang, Vadim Bednyakov, S. M. Consonni, Alex Kastanas, R. Duxfield, Masato Aoki, Philippe Schune, Daniel Turecek, Erich Varnes, Haichen Wang, Ryuichi Takashima, Jean-Pierre Martin, B. Pinto, Anna Mastroberardino, M. J. Woudstra, Hideki Okawa, Luciano Mandelli, Bernard Aubert, Vishnu Zutshi, Christian Bohm, Sebastien Franz, A. J. Lowe, Victor Solovyev, Louis Fayard, K. Perez, E. A. Ouellette, Barbro Åsman, Bertrand Martin dit Latour, Soumya Mohapatra, J. Ginzburg, C. P. Paleari, Takashi Kubota, Alaettin Serhan Mete, N. M. Bolnet, Martin Hoeferkamp, Stephen Watts, Gerhard Brandt, Osamu Jinnouchi, Michel Lefebvre, S. Rosati, Carlos Solans, S. O. Holmgren, Martin Goebel, Santiago González de la Hoz, Paul Miyagawa, Bill Murray, Dominik Duda, Laurent Schoeffel, Steven Ahlen, Andrea Coccaro, Aaron Bundock, Michael Ernst, Raphael Vuillermet, Andrea Negri, Alberto Valero, Jacob Groth-Jensen, R. Bruneliere, Sebastian Fleischmann, Marcel Vreeswijk, Xuefei Li, Trygve Buanes, Claudia Glasman, Li Yuan, Christian Goeringer, Fabrizio Petrucci, Petr Balek, David Lynn, Edson Carquin, Gabriele Chiodini, Phillip Allport, J. Poll, S. Baker, Richard Keeler, Milos Lokajicek, M. 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Departamento de Física Teórica, Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Calcul de l'IN2P3 (CC-IN2P3), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire - Clermont-Ferrand (LPC), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), APC - Neutrinos, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ATLAS, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), G., Aad, Bianco, Michele, G., Chiodini, Gorini, Edoardo, Primavera, Margherita, Spagnolo, Stefania Antonia, Ventura, Andrea, ATLAS (IHEF, IoP, FNWI), Universidade do Minho, Abdelalim Aly, Ahmed Aly, Alexandre, Gauthier, Backes, Moritz, Barone, Gaetano, Bell, Paul, Bell, William, Benhar Noccioli, Eleonora, Blondel, Alain, Bucci, Francesca, Clark, Allan Geoffrey, Dao, Valerio, Doglioni, Caterina, Ferrere, Didier, Gadomski, Szymon, Gonzalez Sevilla, Sergio, Goulette, Marc, Iacobucci, Giuseppe, La Rosa, Alessandro, Lister, Alison, Martin Dit Latour, Bertrand, Mermod, Philippe, Mora Herrera, Maria Clemencia Rosario, Nektarijevic, Snezana, Nikolics, Katalin, Pasztor, Arpad, Picazio, Attilio, Pohl, Martin, Rosbach, Kilian, Rosselet, Laurent, Wu, Xin, G. Aad, T. Abajyan, B. Abbott, J. Abdallah, S. Abdel Khalek, A. A. Abdelalim, O. Abdinov, R. Aben, B. Abi, M. Abolin, O. S. AbouZeid, H. Abramowicz, H. Abreu, B. S. Acharya, L. Adamczyk, D. L. Adam, T. N. Addy, J. Adelman, S. Adomeit, P. Adragna, T. Adye, S. Aefsky, J. A. Aguilar-Saavedra, M. Agustoni, M. Aharrouche, S. P. Ahlen, F. Ahle, A. Ahmad, M. Ahsan, G. Aielli, T. P. A. Åkesson, G. Akimoto, A. V. Akimov, M. S. Alam, M. A. Alam, J. Albert, S. Albrand, M. Aleksa, I. N. Aleksandrov, F. Alessandria, C. Alexa, G. Alexander, G. Alexandre, T. Alexopoulo, M. Alhroob, M. Aliev, G. Alimonti, J. Alison, B. M. M. Allbrooke, P. P. Allport, S. E. Allwood-Spier, J. Almond, A. Aloisio, R. Alon, A. Alonso, F. Alonso, A. Altheimer, B. Alvarez Gonzalez, M. G. Alviggi, K. Amako, C. Amelung, V. V. Ammosov, S. P. Amor Dos Santo, A. Amorim, N. Amram, C. Anastopoulo, L. S. Ancu, N. Andari, T. Andeen, C. F. Ander, G. Ander, K. J. Anderson, A. Andreazza, V. Andrei, M-L. Andrieux, X. S. Anduaga, S. Angelidaki, P. Anger, A. Angerami, F. Anghinolfi, A. Anisenkov, N. Anjo, A. Annovi, A. Antonaki, M. Antonelli, A. Antonov, J. Anto, F. Anulli, M. Aoki, S. Aoun, L. Aperio Bella, R. Apolle, G. Arabidze, I. Aracena, Y. Arai, A. T. H. Arce, S. Arfaoui, J-F. Arguin, S. Argyropoulo, E. Arik, M. Arik, A. J. Armbruster, O. Arnaez, V. Arnal, A. Artamonov, G. Artoni, D. Arutinov, S. Asai, S. Ask, B. Åsman, L. Asquith, K. Assamagan, A. Astbury, M. Atkinson, B. Aubert, E. Auge, K. Augsten, M. Aurousseau, G. Avolio, D. Axen, G. Azuelo, Y. Azuma, M. A. Baak, G. Baccaglioni, C. Bacci, A. M. Bach, H. Bachacou, K. Bacha, M. Backe, M. Backhau, J. Backus Maye, E. Badescu, P. Bagnaia, S. Bahinipati, Y. Bai, D. C. Bailey, T. Bain, J. T. Baine, O. K. Baker, M. D. Baker, S. Baker, P. Balek, E. Bana, P. Banerjee, Sw. Banerjee, D. Banfi, A. Bangert, V. Bansal, H. S. Bansil, L. Barak, S. P. Baranov, A. Barbaro Galtieri, T. Barber, E. L. Barberio, D. Barberi, M. Barbero, D. Y. Bardin, T. Barillari, M. Barisonzi, T. Barklow, N. Barlow, B. M. Barnett, R. M. Barnett, A. Baroncelli, G. Barone, A. J. Barr, F. Barreiro, J. Barreiro Guimarães da Costa, R. Bartoldu, A. E. Barton, V. Bartsch, A. Basye, R. L. Bate, L. Batkova, J. R. Batley, A. Battaglia, M. Battistin, F. Bauer, H. S. Bawa, S. Beale, T. Beau, P. H. Beauchemin, R. Beccherle, P. Bechtle, H. P. Beck, K. Becker, S. Becker, M. Beckingham, K. H. Beck, A. J. Beddall, A. Beddall, S. Bedikian, V. A. Bednyakov, C. P. Bee, L. J. Beemster, M. Begel, S. Behar Harpaz, P. K. Behera, M. Beimforde, C. Belanger-Champagne, P. J. Bell, W. H. Bell, G. Bella, L. Bellagamba, M. Bellomo, A. Belloni, O. Beloborodova, K. Belotskiy, O. Beltramello, O. Benary, D. Benchekroun, K. Bendtz, N. Beneko, Y. Benhammou, E. Benhar Noccioli, J. A. Benitez Garcia, D. P. Benjamin, M. Benoit, J. R. Bensinger, K. Benslama, S. Bentvelsen, D. Berge, E. Bergeaas Kuutmann, N. Berger, F. Berghau, E. Berglund, J. Beringer, P. Bernat, R. Bernhard, C. Berniu, T. Berry, C. 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Bozovic-Jelisavcic, J. Bracinik, P. Branchini, A. Brandt, G. Brandt, O. Brandt, U. Bratzler, B. Brau, J. E. Brau, H. M. Braun, S. F. Brazzale, B. Brelier, J. Bremer, K. Brendlinger, R. Brenner, S. Bressler, D. Britton, F. M. Brochu, I. Brock, R. Brock, F. Broggi, C. Bromberg, J. Bronner, G. Brooijman, T. Brook, W. K. Brook, G. Brown, P. A. Bruckman de Renstrom, D. Bruncko, R. Bruneliere, S. Brunet, A. Bruni, G. Bruni, M. Bruschi, L. Bryngemark, T. Buane, Q. Buat, F. Bucci, J. Buchanan, P. Buchholz, R. M. Buckingham, A. G. Buckley, S. I. Buda, I. A. Budagov, B. Budick, V. Büscher, L. Bugge, O. Bulekov, A. C. Bundock, M. Bunse, T. Buran, H. Burckhart, S. Burdin, T. Burge, S. Burke, E. Busato, P. Bussey, C. P. Buszello, B. Butler, J. M. Butler, C. M. Buttar, J. M. Butterworth, W. Buttinger, M. Byszewski, S. Cabrera Urbán, D. Caforio, O. Cakir, P. Calafiura, G. Calderini, P. Calfayan, R. Calkin, L. P. Caloba, R. Caloi, D. Calvet, S. Calvet, R. Camacho Toro, P. Camarri, D. Cameron, L. M. 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Vladoiu, M. Vlasak, A. Vogel, P. Vokac, G. Volpi, M. Volpi, G. Volpini, H. von der Schmitt, H. von Radziewski, E. von Toerne, V. Vorobel, V. Vorwerk, M. Vo, R. Vo, J. H. Vossebeld, N. Vranje, M. Vranjes Milosavljevic, V. Vrba, M. Vreeswijk, T. Vu Anh, R. Vuillermet, I. Vukotic, W. Wagner, P. Wagner, H. Wahlen, S. Wahrmund, J. Wakabayashi, S. Walch, J. Walder, R. Walker, W. Walkowiak, R. Wall, P. Waller, B. Walsh, C. Wang, H. Wang, J. Wang, R. Wang, S. M. Wang, T. Wang, A. Warburton, C. P. Ward, D. R. Wardrope, M. Warsinsky, A. Washbrook, C. Wasicki, I. Watanabe, P. M. Watkin, A. T. Watson, I. J. Watson, M. F. Watson, G. Watt, S. Watt, A. T. Waugh, B. M. Waugh, M. S. Weber, J. S. Webster, A. R. Weidberg, P. Weigell, J. Weingarten, C. Weiser, P. S. Well, T. Wenau, D. Wendland, Z. Weng, T. Wengler, S. Wenig, N. Werme, M. Werner, P. Werner, M. Werth, M. Wessel, J. Wetter, C. Weydert, K. Whalen, A. White, M. J. White, S. White, S. R. Whitehead, D. Whiteson, D. Whittington, D. Wicke, F. J. Wicken, W. Wiedenmann, M. Wieler, P. Wienemann, C. Wiglesworth, L. A. M. Wiik-Fuch, P. A. Wijeratne, A. Wildauer, M. A. Wildt, I. Wilhelm, H. G. Wilken, J. Z. Will, E. William, H. H. William, W. Willi, S. Willocq, J. A. Wilson, M. G. Wilson, A. Wilson, I. Wingerter-Seez, S. Winkelmann, F. Winklmeier, M. Wittgen, S. J. Wollstadt, M. W. Wolter, H. Wolter, W. C. Wong, G. Wooden, B. K. Wosiek, J. Wotschack, M. J. Woudstra, K. W. Wozniak, K. Wraight, M. Wright, B. Wrona, S. L. Wu, X. Wu, Y. Wu, E. Wulf, B. M. Wynne, S. Xella, M. Xiao, S. Xie, C. Xu, D. Xu, L. Xu, B. Yabsley, S. Yacoob, M. Yamada, H. Yamaguchi, A. Yamamoto, K. Yamamoto, S. Yamamoto, T. Yamamura, T. Yamanaka, T. Yamazaki, Y. Yamazaki, Z. Yan, H. Yang, U. K. Yang, Y. Yang, Z. Yang, S. Yanush, L. Yao, Y. Yasu, E. Yatsenko, J. Ye, S. Ye, A. L. Yen, M. Yilmaz, R. Yoosoofmiya, K. Yorita, R. Yoshida, K. Yoshihara, C. Young, C. J. Young, S. Youssef, D. Yu, D. R. Yu, J. Yu, L. Yuan, A. Yurkewicz, B. Zabinski, R. Zaidan, A. M. Zaitsev, L. Zanello, D. Zanzi, A. Zaytsev, C. Zeitnitz, M. Zeman, A. Zemla, O. Zenin, T. Ženiš, Z. Zinono, D. Zerwa, G. Zevi della Porta, D. Zhang, H. Zhang, J. Zhang, X. Zhang, Z. Zhang, L. Zhao, Z. Zhao, A. Zhemchugov, J. Zhong, B. Zhou, N. Zhou, Y. Zhou, C. G. Zhu, H. Zhu, J. Zhu, Y. Zhu, X. Zhuang, V. Zhuravlov, A. Zibell, D. Zieminska, N. I. Zimin, R. Zimmermann, S. Zimmermann, M. Ziolkowski, R. Zitoun, L. Živković, V. V. Zmouchko, G. Zobernig, A. Zoccoli, M. zur Nedden, V. Zutshi, L. Zwalinski, Aad, G., Aloisio, Alberto, Alviggi, Mariagrazia, Canale, Vincenzo, Cevenini, Francesco, Chiefari, Giovanni, DELLA VOLPE, Domenico, Merola, Leonardo, Patricelli, Sergio, Conventi, Francesco, DELLA PIETRA, Massimo, Giordano, Raffaele, Musto, Elisa, Rossi, Elvira, SANCHEZ PINEDA, ARTURO RODOLFO, Carlino, Gianpaolo, de Asmundis, Riccardo, Di Donato, Camilla, Doria, Alessandra, Iengo, Paolo, Izzo, Vincenzo, Sekhniaidze, Givi, Al, e. t. ., ATLAS Collaboration (ukupan broj autora: 2899), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP/Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Prompt J/Psi Production, Upsilon meson, 01 natural sciences, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Polarization, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Nuclear Experiment, QC, Quantum chromodynamics, Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Heavy Quarkonium, Settore FIS/01 - Fisica Sperimentale, Charmonium Production, ATLAS, J-Psi, Helicity, Hadronic Collisions, ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, LHC, pp collisions, Particle Physics - Experiment, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Meson, Ciências Naturais::Ciências Físicas, 530 Physics, Gluons, Ciências Físicas [Ciências Naturais], FOS: Physical sciences, ddc:500.2, upsilon production, detector, Nuclear physics, 0103 physical sciences, ddc:530, Rapidity, High Energy Physics, 010306 general physics, Science & Technology, ATLAS detector, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Branching fraction, Física, QCD, Gluon, Octet Quarkonia Production, HADRON-HADRON COLLISIONS, Root-S=7 Tev, Experimental High Energy Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Heavy quarkonia
Abstract

Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, solo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si le hubiere, y los autores pertenecientes a la UAM, Using 1.8 fb-1 of pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV recorded by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider, we present measurements of the production cross sections of Υ(1S,2S,3S) mesons. Υ mesons are reconstructed using the dimuon decay mode. Total production cross sections for pT, We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWF and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, DNSRC and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark; EPLANET, ERC, and NSRF, European Union; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF, DFG, HGF, MPG, and AvH Foundation, Germany; GSRT and NSRF, Greece; ISF, MINERVA, GIF, DIP, and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; BRF and RCN, Norway; MNiSW, Poland; GRICES and FCT, Portugal; MERYS (MECTS), Romania; MES of Russia and ROSATOM, Russian Federation; JINR; MSTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MVZT, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MICINN, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SER, SNSF, and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; NSC, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular, from CERN and the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CCIN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK), and BNL (USA) and in the Tier-2 facilities worldwide

Published
2013

39. Correction: On the Potential of Surfers to Monitor Environmental Indicators in the Coastal Zone

Author

Jamie D. Shutler, Lee de Mora, Robert J. W. Brewin, Thomas G. Brewin, and Thomas Jackson

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Multidisciplinary, Geography, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Scale (ratio), 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, lcsh:R, Temperature, Correction, lcsh:Medicine, 01 natural sciences, United Kingdom, Coastal zone, Geographic Information Systems, Humans, Recreation, Environmental science, Seawater, lcsh:Q, Physical geography, lcsh:Science, Ecosystem, Environmental Monitoring, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The social and economic benefits of the coastal zone make it one of the most treasured environments on our planet. Yet it is vulnerable to increasing anthropogenic pressure and climate change. Coastal management aims to mitigate these pressures while augmenting the socio-economic benefits the coastal region has to offer. However, coastal management is challenged by inadequate sampling of key environmental indicators, partly due to issues relating to cost of data collection. Here, we investigate the use of recreational surfers as platforms to improve sampling coverage of environmental indicators in the coastal zone. We equipped a recreational surfer, based in the south west United Kingdom (UK), with a temperature sensor and Global Positioning System (GPS) device that they used when surfing for a period of one year (85 surfing sessions). The temperature sensor was used to derive estimates of sea-surface temperature (SST), an important environmental indicator, and the GPS device used to provide sample location and to extract information on surfer performance. SST data acquired by the surfer were compared with data from an oceanographic station in the south west UK and with satellite observations. Our results demonstrate: (i) high-quality SST data can be acquired by surfers using low cost sensors; and (ii) GPS data can provide information on surfing performance that may help motivate data collection by surfers. Using recent estimates of the UK surfing population, and frequency of surfer participation, we speculate around 40 million measurements on environmental indicators per year could be acquired at the UK coastline by surfers. This quantity of data is likely to enhance coastal monitoring and aid UK coastal management. Considering surfing is a world-wide sport, our results have global implications and the approach could be expanded to other popular marine recreational activities for coastal monitoring of environmental indicators.

Published
2016

40. On the Potential of Surfers to Monitor Environmental Indicators in the Coastal Zone

Author

Lee de Mora, Thomas Jackson, Thomas G. Brewin, Jamie D. Shutler, and Robert J. W. Brewin

Subjects
education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, Geographic information system, Data collection, business.industry, Science, Environmental resource management, Population, Geography, Environmental monitoring, Global Positioning System, Medicine, business, Coastal management, education, Recreation, Research Article, Environmental indicator
Abstract

The social and economic benefits of the coastal zone make it one of the most treasured environments on our planet. Yet it is vulnerable to increasing anthropogenic pressure and climate change. Coastal management aims to mitigate these pressures while augmenting the socio-economic benefits the coastal region has to offer. However, coastal management is challenged by inadequate sampling of key environmental indicators, partly due to issues relating to cost of data collection. Here, we investigate the use of recreational surfers as platforms to improve sampling coverage of environmental indicators in the coastal zone. We equipped a recreational surfer, based in the south west United Kingdom (UK), with a temperature sensor and Global Positioning System (GPS) device that they used when surfing for a period of one year (85 surfing sessions). The temperature sensor was used to derive estimates of sea-surface temperature (SST), an important environmental indicator, and the GPS device used to provide sample location and to extract information on surfer performance. SST data acquired by the surfer were compared with data from an oceanographic station in the south west UK and with satellite observations. Our results demonstrate: (i) high-quality SST data can be acquired by surfers using low cost sensors; and (ii) GPS data can provide information on surfing performance that may help motivate data collection by surfers. Using recent estimates of the UK surfing population, and frequency of surfer participation, we speculate around 40 million measurements on environmental indicators per year could be acquired at the UK coastline by surfers. This quantity of data is likely to enhance coastal monitoring and aid UK coastal management. Considering surfing is a world-wide sport, our results have global implications and the approach could be expanded to other popular marine recreational activities for coastal monitoring of environmental indicators.

Published
2015

41. Evaluating the physical and biogeochemical state of the global ocean component of UKESM1 in CMIP6 historical simulations

Author

Julien Palmieri, Colin Jones, Edward W. Blockley, Adam T. Blaker, Alistair Sellar, Joël J.-M. Hirschi, Andrew C. Coward, Ekatarina E. Popova, A. J. George Nurser, Till Kuhlbrodt, Lee de Mora, and Andrew Yool

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Biogeochemical cycle, geography, QE1-996.5, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Geology, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Sink (geography), Earth system science, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Carbon dioxide, Dissolved organic carbon, Sea ice, Environmental science, Climate model, 14. Life underwater, Greenhouse effect, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The ocean plays a key role in modulating the climate\ud of the Earth system (ES). At the present time it is also\ud a major sink both for the carbon dioxide (CO2) released\ud by human activities and for the excess heat driven by the\ud resulting atmospheric greenhouse effect. Understanding the\ud ocean’s role in these processes is critical for model projections\ud of future change and its potential impacts on human\ud societies. A necessary first step in assessing the credibility of\ud such future projections is an evaluation of their performance\ud against the present state of the ocean. Here we use a range\ud of observational fields to validate the physical and biogeochemical\ud performance of the ocean component of UKESM1,\ud a new Earth system model (ESM) for CMIP6 built upon\ud the HadGEM3-GC3.1 physical climate model. Analysis focuses\ud on the realism of the ocean’s physical state and circulation,\ud its key elemental cycles, and its marine productivity.\ud UKESM1 generally performs well across a broad spectrum\ud of properties, but it exhibits a number of notable biases.\ud Physically, these include a global warm bias inherited from\ud model spin-up, excess northern sea ice but insufficient southern\ud sea ice and sluggish interior circulation. Biogeochemical\ud biases found include shallow remineralization of sinking\ud organic matter, excessive iron stress in regions such as\ud the equatorial Pacific, and generally lower surface alkalinity\ud that results in decreased surface and interior dissolved inorganic\ud carbon (DIC) concentrations. The mechanisms driving\ud these biases are explored to identify consequences for the behaviour\ud of UKESM1 under future climate change scenarios\ud and avenues for model improvement. Finally, across key biogeochemical\ud properties, UKESM1 improves in performance\ud relative to its CMIP5 precursor and performs well alongside\ud its fellow members of the CMIP6 ensemble.

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