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Objective: To determine the impact of implementing emergency care pathway(s) for screening, diagnosing and managing women with gestational diabetes (GDM) during COVID-19., Design: Retrospective multicentre cohort., Setting: Nine National Health Service (NHS) Hospital Trusts/Health boards in England and Scotland., Population: 4915 women with GDM pre-pandemic (1 April 2018 to 31 March 2020), and 3467 women with GDM during the pandemic (1 May 2020 to 31 March 2021)., Methods: We examined clinical outcomes for women with GDM prior to and during the pandemic following changes in screening methods, diagnostic testing, glucose thresholds and introduction of virtual care for monitoring of antenatal glycaemia., Main Outcome Measures: Intervention at birth, perinatal mortality, large-for-gestational-age infants and neonatal unit admission., Results: The new diagnostic criteria more often identified GDM women who were multiparous, had higher body mass index (BMI) and greater deprivation, and less frequently had previous GDM (all p < 0.05). During COVID, these women had no differences in the key outcome measures. Of the women, 3% were identified with pre-existing diabetes at antenatal booking. Where OGTT continued during COVID, but virtual care was introduced, outcomes were also similar pre- and during the pandemic., Conclusions: Using HbA1c and fasting glucose identified a higher risk GDM population during the pandemic but this had minimal impact on pregnancy outcomes. The high prevalence of undiagnosed pre-existing diabetes suggests that women with GDM risk factors should be offered HbA1c screening in early pregnancy., (© 2023 The Authors. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Endometriosis is a chronic condition, with debilitating symptoms affecting all ages. Dysmenorrhea and pelvic pain often begin in adolescence, affecting school, daily activities, and relationships. Despite the profound burden of endometriosis, many adolescents experience suboptimal management and significant delay in diagnosis. The symptomatology and laparoscopic findings of endometriosis in adolescents are often different than in adults, and the medical and surgical treatments for adolescents may differ from those for adults as well. This Narrative Review summarizes the diagnosis, evaluation, and management of endometriosis in adolescents. Given the unique challenges and complexities associated with diagnosing endometriosis in this age group, it is crucial to maintain a heightened level of suspicion and to remain vigilant for signs and symptoms. By maintaining this lower threshold for consideration, we can ensure timely and accurate diagnosis, enabling early intervention and improved management in our adolescent patients., Competing Interests: Financial Disclosure Jon I. Einarsson is a consultant for Arthrex. Marc R. Laufer is an advisor to Organon, Roche, and NextGen Jane, has received research awards from the J Willard and Alice S Marriott Foundation, and reports ongoing financial relationships with Wolters Kluwer Publishing and NextGen Jane. Nichole A. Tyson disclosed receiving payment from HRA Pharmaceuticals for consultation regarding the OPILL use in adolescents. The other authors did not report any potential conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Recent high-profile calls have emphasized that women's experiences should be considered in maternity care provisioning. We explored women's experiences of using closed-loop during type 1 diabetes (T1D) pregnancy to inform decision-making about antenatal rollout and guidance and support given to future users. Methods: We interviewed 23 closed-loop participants in the Automated insulin Delivery Among Pregnant women with T1D (AiDAPT) trial after randomization to closed-loop and ∼20 weeks later. Data were analyzed thematically. Results: Women described how closed-loop lessened the physical and mental demands of diabetes management, enabling them to feel more normal and sleep better. By virtue of spending increased time-in-range, women also worried less about risks to their baby and being judged negatively by health care professionals. Most noted that intensive input and support during early pregnancy had been crucial to adjusting to, and developing confidence in, the technology. Women emphasized that attaining pregnancy glucose targets still required ongoing effort from themselves and the health care team. Women described needing education to help them determine when, and how, to intervene and when to allow the closed-loop to operate without interference. All women reported more enjoyable pregnancy experiences as a result of using closed-loop; some also noted being able to remain longer in paid employment. Conclusions: Study findings endorse closed-loop use in T1D pregnancy by highlighting how the technology can facilitate positive pregnancy experiences. To realize fully the benefits of closed-loop, pregnant women would benefit from initial intensive oversight and support together with closed-loop specific education and training. Clinical Trial Registration number: NCT04938557.

Background: Hybrid closed-loop insulin therapy has shown promise for management of type 1 diabetes during pregnancy; however, its efficacy is unclear., Methods: In this multicenter, controlled trial, we randomly assigned pregnant women with type 1 diabetes and a glycated hemoglobin level of at least 6.5% at nine sites in the United Kingdom to receive standard insulin therapy or hybrid closed-loop therapy, with both groups using continuous glucose monitoring. The primary outcome was the percentage of time in the pregnancy-specific target glucose range (63 to 140 mg per deciliter [3.5 to 7.8 mmol per liter]) as measured by continuous glucose monitoring from 16 weeks' gestation until delivery. Analyses were performed according to the intention-to-treat principle. Key secondary outcomes were the percentage of time spent in a hyperglycemic state (glucose level >140 mg per deciliter), overnight time in the target range, the glycated hemoglobin level, and safety events., Results: A total of 124 participants with a mean (±SD) age of 31.1±5.3 years and a mean baseline glycated hemoglobin level of 7.7±1.2% underwent randomization. The mean percentage of time that the maternal glucose level was in the target range was 68.2±10.5% in the closed-loop group and 55.6±12.5% in the standard-care group (mean adjusted difference, 10.5 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], 7.0 to 14.0; P<0.001). Results for the secondary outcomes were consistent with those of the primary outcome; participants in the closed-loop group spent less time in a hyperglycemic state than those in the standard-care group (difference, -10.2 percentage points; 95% CI, -13.8 to -6.6); had more overnight time in the target range (difference, 12.3 percentage points; 95% CI, 8.3 to 16.2), and had lower glycated hemoglobin levels (difference, -0.31 percentage points; 95% CI, -0.50 to -0.12). Little time was spent in a hypoglycemic state. No unanticipated safety problems associated with the use of closed-loop therapy during pregnancy occurred (6 instances of severe hypoglycemia, vs. 5 in the standard-care group; 1 instance of diabetic ketoacidosis in each group; and 12 device-related adverse events in the closed-loop group, 7 related to closed-loop therapy)., Conclusions: Hybrid closed-loop therapy significantly improved maternal glycemic control during pregnancy complicated by type 1 diabetes. (Funded by the Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Program; AiDAPT ISRCTN Registry number, ISRCTN56898625.)., (Copyright © 2023 Massachusetts Medical Society.)

Aims: To explore healthcare professionals' views about the training and support needed to rollout closed-loop technology to pregnant women with type 1 diabetes. Methods: We interviewed ( n  = 19) healthcare professionals who supported pregnant women using CamAPS FX closed-loop during the Automated insulin Delivery Amongst Pregnant women with Type 1 diabetes (AiDAPT) trial. Data were analyzed descriptively. An online workshop involving ( n  = 15) trial team members was used to inform recommendations. Ethics approvals were obtained in conjunction with those for the wider trial. Results: Interviewees expressed enthusiasm for a national rollout of closed-loop, but anticipated various challenges, some specific to use during pregnancy. These included variations in insulin pump and continuous glucose monitoring expertise and difficulties embedding and retaining key skills, due to the relatively small numbers of pregnant women using closed-loop. Inexperienced staff also highlighted difficulties interpreting data downloads. To support rollout, interviewees recommended providing expert initial advice training, delivered by device manufacturers together with online training resources and specific checklists for different systems. They also highlighted a need for 24 h technical support, especially when supporting technology naive women after first transitioning onto closed-loop in early pregnancy. They further recommended providing case-based meetings and mentorship for inexperienced colleagues, including support interpreting data downloads. Interviewees were optimistic that if healthcare professionals received training and support, their long-term workloads could be reduced because closed-loop lessened women's need for glycemic management input, especially in later pregnancy. Conclusions: Interviewees identified challenges and opportunities to rolling-out closed-loop and provided practical suggestions to upskill inexperienced staff supporting pregnant women using closed-loop. A key priority will be to determine how best to develop mentorship services to support inexperienced staff delivering closed-loop. Clinical Trials Registration: NCT04938557.

Type 1 diabetes in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of complications for both mother and fetus. However, managing glycaemia during pregnancy to reduce these risks is challenging, owing to changes in insulin resistance with advancing gestation, as well as increased daily variation in insulin pharmacokinetics. These factors can add significant psychological and daily self-care burden to mothers during what may already be an anxious time. Increasingly, diabetes technologies are being used during pregnancy to improve and facilitate diabetes self-care. While these can be empowering for people with type 1 diabetes, careful consideration is required in relation to how and when these can be continued safely in the inpatient setting (including acute antenatal admissions, labour and delivery) and when extra support is required from adequately trained healthcare professionals. This article describes current forms of diabetes technologies used and the latest national guidance relating to the care of type 1 diabetes in pregnancy.

Objective: In the field of endometriosis, several classification, staging and reporting systems have been developed, but do clinicians routinely use these classification systems, which system do they use and what are the clinicians' motivations?, Data Sources: A cross-sectional study was performed to gather data on the current use of endometriosis classification systems, problems encountered and interest in a new simple surgical descriptive system for endometriosis. Of particular focus were three systems most commonly used: the Revised American Society for Reproductive Medicine (rASRM) classification, the Endometriosis Fertility Index (EFI), and the ENZIAN classification. Data were analysed by SPSS. A survey was designed using the online SurveyMonkey tool consisting of 11 questions concerning three domains-participants background, existing classification systems and intentions with regards to a new classification system for endometriosis. Replies were collected between 15 May and 1 July 2020., Methods of Study Selection: na TABULATION, INTEGRATION AND RESULTS: The final dataset included the replies of 1178 clinicians, including surgeons, gynecologists, reproductive endocrinologists, fertility specialists and sonographers, all managing women with endometriosis in their clinical practice. Overall, 75.5% of the professionals indicate that they currently use a classification system for endometriosis. The rASRM classification system was the best known and used system, the EFI system and ENZIAN system were known by a majority of the professionals but used by only a minority. The lack of clinical relevance was most often selected as a problem with using any system. The findings of the survey suggest that clinicians worldwide are open to using a new classification system for endometriosis that can achieve standardized reporting, and is clinically relevant and simple. The findings therefore support future initiatives for the development of a new descriptive system for endometriosis and provide information on user expectations and conditions for universal uptake of such a system., Conclusion: Even with a high uptake of the existing endometriosis classification systems (rASRM, ENZIAN and EFI), most clinicians managing endometriosis would like a new simple surgical descriptive system for endometriosis., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Background: Pregnant women with type 1 diabetes strive for tight glucose targets (3.5-7.8 mmol/L) to minimise the risks of obstetric and neonatal complications. Despite using diabetes technologies including continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), insulin pumps and contemporary insulin analogues, most women struggle to achieve and maintain the recommended pregnancy glucose targets. This study aims to evaluate whether the use of automated closed-loop insulin delivery improves antenatal glucose levels in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes., Methods/design: A multicentre, open label, randomized, controlled trial of pregnant women with type 1 diabetes and a HbA1c of ≥48 mmol/mol (6.5%) at pregnancy confirmation and ≤ 86 mmol/mol (10%) at randomization. Participants who provide written informed consent before 13 weeks 6 days gestation will be entered into a run-in phase to collect 96 h (24 h overnight) of CGM glucose values. Eligible participants will be randomized on a 1:1 basis to CGM (Dexcom G6) with usual insulin delivery (control) or closed-loop (intervention). The closed-loop system includes a model predictive control algorithm (CamAPS FX application), hosted on an android smartphone that communicates wirelessly with the insulin pump (Dana Diabecare RS) and CGM transmitter. Research visits and device training will be provided virtually or face-to-face in conjunction with 4-weekly antenatal clinic visits where possible. Randomization will stratify for clinic site. One hundred twenty-four participants will be recruited. This takes into account 10% attrition and 10% who experience miscarriage or pregnancy loss. Analyses will be performed according to intention to treat. The primary analysis will evaluate the change in the time spent in the target glucose range (3.5-7.8 mmol/l) between the intervention and control group from 16 weeks gestation until delivery. Secondary outcomes include overnight time in target, time above target (> 7.8 mmol/l), standard CGM metrics, HbA1c and psychosocial functioning and health economic measures. Safety outcomes include the number and severity of ketoacidosis, severe hypoglycaemia and adverse device events., Discussion: This will be the largest randomized controlled trial to evaluate the impact of closed-loop insulin delivery during type 1 diabetes pregnancy., Trial Registration: ISRCTN 56898625 Registration Date: 10 April, 2018., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Objective: To demonstrate a laparoscopic approach to managing a colo-ovarian fistula., Design: Narrated video outlining surgical technique., Setting: Colo-ovarian fistulas are a rare entity with a lack of systematized evidence to guide surgical treatment [1-3]. Available case reports describe open en-bloc resection of the colon and adnexal organs with colorectal anastomosis [3]. We present a case of a colo-ovarian fistula managed laparoscopically with discoid resection of the fistulous tract, a technique used for rectosigmoid endometriosis [4]., Intervention: A 51-year-old G0 presented with fevers, leukocytosis, and computed tomography imaging showing a peripherally enhancing adnexal complex highly suspicious for tubo-ovarian abscess that was refractory to antibiotics and interventional-radiology guided drainage. The patient elected for definitive surgery with hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and indicated procedures., (Copyright © 2021 AAGL. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Study Objective: To identify preoperative and intraoperative risk factors for adnexal torsion after hysterectomy, and to estimate the incidence of the disease in the modern-day era of laparoscopic surgery., Design: Retrospective nested case-control study., Setting: Large urban medical system., Patients: Eighty-nine female patients ages 17 to 51., Interventions: Patients underwent ovarian-sparing hysterectomy., Measurements and Main Results: The estimated incidence of ovarian torsion after hysterectomy was 0.5% (46/8538 ovarian-sparing hysterectomies). The following variables were found to be associated with adnexal torsion after hysterectomy in an adjusted logistic regression: laparoscopic or laparoscopic-assisted approach to hysterectomy vs any other approach (odds ratio [OR], 3.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.86-13.23); younger age at the time of hysterectomy (17-40 years) vs older age (41-51 years) (OR, 3.45; 95% CI, 1.33-8.97); and a gynecologic history significant for endometriosis (OR, 4.07; 95% CI, 1.04-15.88)., Conclusion: There is an association between laparoscopic approach to hysterectomy, younger age at time of hysterectomy, and a history of endometriosis with subsequent risk of adnexal torsion. Providers should have a heightened index of suspicion for adnexal torsion after hysterectomy in patients presenting with acute-onset abdominal pain who underwent laparoscopic hysterectomy at a younger age., (Copyright © 2021 AAGL. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: In the field of endometriosis, several classification, staging and reporting systems have been developed. However, endometriosis classification, staging and reporting systems that have been published and validated for use in clinical practice have not been systematically reviewed up to now., Objectives: The aim of the current review is to provide a historical overview of these different systems based on an assessment of published studies., Materials and Methods: A systematic Pubmed literature search was performed. Data were extracted and summarised., Results: Twenty-two endometriosis classification, staging and reporting systems have been published between 1973 and 2021, each developed for specific and different purposes. There is still no international agreement on how to describe the disease. Studies evaluating different systems are summarised showing a discrepancy between the intended and the evaluated purpose, and a general lack of validation data confirming a correlation with pain symptoms or quality of life for any of the current systems. A few studies confirm the value of the Enzian system for surgical description of deep endometriosis. With regards to infertility, the endometriosis fertility index has been confirmed valid for its intended purpose., Conclusions: Of the 22 endometriosis classification, staging and reporting systems identified in this historical overview, only a few have been evaluated, in 46 studies, for the purpose for which they were developed. It can be concluded that there is no international agreement on how to describe endometriosis or how to classify it, and that most classification/staging systems show no or very little correlation with patient outcomes., What Is New?: This overview of existing systems is a first step in working towards a universally accepted endometriosis classification.

Background: Different classification systems have been developed for endometriosis, using different definitions for the disease, the different subtypes, symptoms and treatments. In addition, an International Glossary on Infertility and Fertility Care was published in 2017 by the International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ICMART) in collaboration with other organisations. An international working group convened over the development of a classification or descriptive system for endometriosis. As a basis for such system, a terminology for endometriosis was considered a condition sine qua non., Objectives: The aim of the current paper is to develop a set of terms and definitions on endometriosis that would be the basis for standardisation in disease description, classification and research., Materials and Methods: The working group listed a number of terms relevant to be included in the terminology, documented currently used and published definitions, and discussed and adapted them until consensus was reached within the working group. Following stakeholder review, further terms were added, and definitions further clarified. Although definitions were collected through published literature, the final set of terms and definitions is to be considered consensus-based. After finalisation of the first draft, the members of the international societies and other stakeholders were consulted for feedback and comments, which led to further adaptations., Results: A list of 49 terms and definitions in the field of endometriosis is presented, including a definition for endometriosis and its subtypes, different locations, interventions, symptoms and outcomes. Endometriosis is defined as a disease characterised by the presence of endometrium-like epithelium and/or stroma outside the endometrium and myometrium, usually with an associated inflammatory process., Conclusions: The current paper outlines a list of 49 terms and definitions in the field of endometriosis. The application of the defined terms aims to facilitate harmonisation in endometriosis research and clinical practice. Future research may require further refinement of the presented definitions., What Is New?: A consensus based international terminology for endometriosis for clinical and research use.

Study Objective: To determine if intraoperative outcomes for patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy with endometriosis and an obliterated cul-de-sac are different than patients with endometriosis and no obliteration of the cul-de-sac., Design: A retrospective cohort study., Setting: An academic tertiary care hospital., Patients: Patients undergoing total laparoscopic hysterectomy with endometriosis between 2012 and 2016., Interventions: Total laparoscopic hysterectomy, laparoscopic modified radical hysterectomy, and other procedures as indicated., Measurements and Main Results: A total of 333 patients undergoing hysterectomy were found to have endometriosis at the time of surgery. Ninety-six (29%) patients were found to have stage IV endometriosis as defined by the American Society for Reproductive Medicine staging criteria. Of those, 55 (57%) had an obliterated cul-de-sac, and 41 (43%) did not. The remaining 237 (71%) patients had stage I, II, or III endometriosis. Fifty-one (93%) patients with an obliterated cul-de-sac required laparoscopic modified radical hysterectomy compared with 12 (29%) patients with stage IV endometriosis without obliteration and 60 (25%) patients with stages I through III endometriosis (p < .0001). The median total surgical time in minutes differed among the 3 groups as follows: obliterated cul-de-sac = 159 minutes, stage IV endometriosis without obliteration = 108 minutes, and stages I through III endometriosis = 116 minutes (p <.0001). Additional procedures at the time of hysterectomy were more frequently performed for patients with an obliterated cul-de-sac and included salpingectomy (p = .02), ureterolysis (p <.0001), enterolysis (p <.0001), cystoscopy (p = .0006), ureteral stenting (p <.0001), proctoscopy (p <.0001), oversewing of the bowel (p <.0001), and anterior resection and anastomosis (p = .006)., Conclusion: Patients with stage IV endometriosis and an obliterated cul-de-sac required laparoscopic modified radical hysterectomy and various other intraoperative procedures more than patients with stage IV endometriosis without obliteration and stages I through III. Patients with obliterated cul-de-sacs who are identified intraoperatively should be referred to minimally invasive gynecologic specialists because of the difficult nature of these procedures and extra training required to perform them safely with limited morbidity., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Objective: To describe the surgical approaches and excisional techniques used in an extreme case of deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) affecting the lateral pelvic side wall., Design: A technical video showing the excision of advanced lateral DIE., Setting: An academic tertiary care hospital., Interventions: A 32-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, presented for definitive surgical management of endometriosis-associated pelvic pain. Intraoperative findings revealed severe retroperitoneal fibrosis tethering the external iliac vein, internal iliac artery, obturator nerve, medial umbilical ligament, and ureter. The patient underwent laparoscopic management of the DIE involving the lateral pelvic side wall. We demonstrate the surgical methods and tools required to overcome a unique endometriotic nodule that would not allow for traditional lysis of adhesions from the pelvic side wall. Instead, we used a nontraditional surgical approach by tunneling under the external iliac vascular to tackle the dissection from a lateral to medial direction to free the obturator nerve and internal iliac artery from the ureter and endometriotic nodule., Conclusion: Extreme cases of DIE involving the pelvic side wall require surgical finesse when normal planes of dissection are obliterated. Knowledge of retroperitoneal anatomy is critical to overcome unexpected lateral pelvic side wall endometriosis because the disease is rarely confined to the surface. Innovative surgical thinking complemented by an array of surgical tools will ultimately allow the surgeon to master these difficult endometriotic resections., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

The authors report a term male neonate who was born in unexpectedly poor condition with low Apgar scores and low venous cord gas pH. He required admission to the neonatal unit and was found to have developed haemolytic anaemia with associated hydrops, following a presumed severe antenatal insult. Antenatally, low levels of anti-E antibodies (titre 8) had been detected at 28 weeks' gestation. Following the British Society for Haematology and local neonatal team guidance, advice was given for cord direct antiglobulin test, full blood count and bilirubin at delivery. This case highlights the rare case of haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn on a background of maternal low titre anti-E antibodies., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2019. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Objective: To describe patient demographics, determine accuracy of clinical diagnosis, and evaluate reliability of laparoscopic uterine characteristics in the diagnosis of adenomyosis. Materials and Methods: Enrollment included 117 patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy for benign indications. Intraoperatively, the attending surgeon predicted uterine weight; evaluated the presence of fibroids; and commented on the uterus' shape, color, and consistency while probing it with a blunt instrument. A prediction was also made about whether final pathology would reveal adenomyosis. Standardized video recordings were obtained at the start of the case. Each video was viewed retrospectively twice by three expert surgeons in a blinded fashion. Uterine characteristics were reported again with a prediction of whether or not there would be a pathologic diagnosis of adenomyosis. These data were used to calculate inter-and intrarater reliability of diagnosis. Results: Women with adenomyosis were more likely to complain of midline pain as opposed to lateral or diffuse pain ( p  = 0.048) with no difference in the timing of the pain ( p  = 0.404), compared to patients without adenomyosis. Uterine tenderness on examination was not an accurate predictor of adenomyosis ( p  = 0.566). Preoperative diagnosis of adenomyosis by clinicians was poor, with an accuracy rate of 51.7%. None of the intraoperative uterine characteristics were significant for predicting adenomyosis on final pathology, nor was any combination of the features ( p  = 0.546). Retrospective video reviews failed to reveal any uterine characteristics that generated consistent inter- or intrarater reliability (Krippendorff's α < 0.7) in making the diagnosis of adenomyosis. Conclusions: Clinical and video diagnosis of adenomyosis have low accuracy with no uterine characteristics consistently or reliably predicting adenomyosis on final pathology. (J GYNECOL SURG 34:183)., Competing Interests: Dr. Lee was a consultant for Ethicon Endosurgery during 2012–2015. Dr. Mansuria was a consultant for Olympus during 2012–2015. Dr. Guido received research funding from Gynesonics during 2014. The remaining authors report no conflicts of interest.

Study Objective: To show various techniques to perform laparoscopic anterior discoid resection of rectosigmoid endometriotic nodules., Design: A step-by-step explanation of the techniques using video with narration (educational video)., Setting: Segmental bowel resection and reanastomosis are treatment options for larger rectosigmoid endometriotic nodules. However, laparoscopic anterior discoid resection of rectosigmoid endometriotic nodules is feasible and potentially less morbid in the appropriate candidate. Detailed knowledge of the avascular planes of the pelvis, particularly the pararectal and rectovaginal spaces, is crucial when approaching these nodules, which may initially present within an obliterated posterior cul-de-sac. Resection begins with determination of the nodule size followed by enucleation of the nodule itself. A 2-layer closure with barbed suture is then performed using a rectal probe as a template. Our institution previously demonstrated that barbed suture is safe to use in bowel repair and did not result in major complications [1]. An air leak test assesses the integrity of the repair and may be completed with air insufflation or with a methylene blue or povidone-iodine enema. With larger nodules, a V-shaped closure may be necessary. The patients provided consent to use images and videos of the procedure. Institutional review board approval was not required for this procedure., Interventions: Laparoscopic anterior discoid resection of a rectosigmoid endometriotic nodule., Conclusion: Laparoscopic anterior discoid resection avoids the need for segmental bowel resection and reanastomosis. Barbed suture is a safe option for 2-layer bowel closure [1]., (Copyright © 2017 American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Uterine morcellation in minimally invasive surgery has recently come under scrutiny because of inadvertent dissemination of malignant tissue, including leiomyosarcomas commonly mistaken for fibroids. Identification of preoperative risk factors is crucial to ensure that oncologic care is delivered when suspicion for malignancy is high, while offering minimally invasive hysterectomies to the remaining patients., Objectives: The aim of this study was to characterize risk factors for uterine leiomyosarcomas by reviewing preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative data with an emphasis on the presence of concurrent fibroids., Methods: A retrospective case-control study of women undergoing hysterectomy with pathologic diagnosis of uterine leiomyosarcoma at a tertiary care center between January 2005 and April 2014., Results: Thirty-one women were identified with leiomyosarcoma and matched to 124 controls. Cases with leiomyosarcoma were more likely to have undergone menopause and to present with larger uteri (19- vs 9-week sized), with the most common presenting complaint being a pelvic mass (35.5% vs 8.9%). Controls were ten times more likely to have undergone a tubal ligation (30.6% vs 3.2%). Endometrial sampling detected malignancy preoperatively in only 50% of cases. Leiomyosarcomas were more commonly present when pelvic masses were identified in addition to fibroids on preoperative imaging. Most leiomyosarcoma cases (77.4%) were performed by oncologists via an abdominal approach (83.9%), with only 2 of 31 leiomyosarcomas being morcellated. Comparative analysis of preoperative imaging and postoperative pathology showed that in patients with leiomyosarcoma, fibroids were misdiagnosed 58.1% of the time, and leiomyosarcomas arose directly from fibroids in only 6.5% of cases., Conclusions: Leiomyosarcoma risk factors include older age/postmenopausal status, enlarged uteri of greater than 10 weeks, and lack of previous tubal ligation. Preoperative testing failed to definitively identify leiomyosarcomas, although the presence of synchronous pelvic masses in fibroid uteri should raise clinical suspicion. Given the difficulty of preoperative identification, future efforts should focus on the development of safer minimally invasive techniques for uterine morcellation.

Background: Dengue and chikungunya are global re-emerging mosquito-borne diseases. In Singapore, sustained vector control coupled with household improvements reduced domestic mosquito populations for the past 45 years, particularly the primary vector Aedes aegypti. However, while disease incidence was low for the first 30 years following vector control implementation, outbreaks have re-emerged in the past 15 years. Epidemiological observations point to the importance of peridomestic infection in areas not targeted by control programs. We investigated the role of vectors in peri-domestic areas., Methods: We carried out entomological surveys to identify the Aedes species present in vegetated sites in highly populated areas and determine whether mosquitoes were present in open-air areas frequented by people. We compared vector competence of Aedes albopictus and Aedes malayensis with Ae. aegypti after oral infection with sympatric dengue serotype 2 and chikungunya viruses. Mosquito saliva was tested for the presence of infectious virus particles as a surrogate for transmission following oral infection., Results: We identified Aedes albopictus and Aedes malayensis throughout Singapore and quantified their presence in forested and opened grassy areas. Both Ae. albopictus and Ae. malayensis can occupy sylvatic niches and were highly susceptible to both arboviruses. A majority of saliva of infected Ae. malayensis contained infectious particles for both viruses., Conclusions: Our study reveals the prevalence of competent vectors in peri-domestic areas, including Ae. malayensis for which we established the vector status. Epidemics can be driven by infection foci, which are epidemiologically enhanced in the context of low herd immunity, selective pressure on arbovirus transmission and the presence of infectious asymptomatic persons, all these conditions being present in Singapore. Learning from Singapore's vector control success that reduced domestic vector populations, but has not sustainably reduced arboviral incidence, we suggest including peri-domestic vectors in the scope of vector management.

Study Objective: To demonstrate various techniques to perform salpingectomy efficiently at the time of laparoscopic hysterectomy., Design: Step-by-step explanation of the techniques by video with narration (educational video) (Canadian Task Force Classification III)., Intervention: Salpingectomy at the time of laparoscopic hysterectomy., Measurements and Main Results: Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecologic malignancy and has no effective screening strategies for average-risk women. After recognizing that the origin site for pelvic serous carcinomas may be the fallopian tube, the Society of Gynecologic Oncology published a practice statement in November 2013 addressing the role of salpingectomy at the time of hysterectomy or other pelvic surgery in average-risk women. (https://www.sgo.org/clinical-practice/guidelines/sgo-clinical-practice-statement-salpingectomy-for-ovarian-cancer-prevention). They now recommend that these women consider opportunistic salpingectomy to reduce their risk of fallopian tube and ovarian cancers. Various techniques allow the surgeon to complete the salpingectomy in a highly efficient manner., Conclusion: Salpingectomy at the time of laparoscopic hysterectomy or other pelvic surgery should be considered in women at average risk of ovarian cancer. Salpingectomy can be performed either before or after control of the uterine blood supply. The surgical approach must also consider the coexisting pelvic pathology. Efficient dissection occurs if the surgeon maximizes exposure to the fallopian tube, optimizes presentation of the tissue to the working instrument, and provides gentle yet constant traction with accompanying countertraction. The fallopian tube specimen should be removed immediately to prevent its loss in the pelvis., (Copyright © 2016 AAGL. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)