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This study aimed to evaluate the extraction yield, and anthocyanins content of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. calyces extract using different temperatures (T) at 50 - 70°C, pressure (P) at 8 - 12 MPa, and modifier ratio at 5 - 10%.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of particle sizes on yield, diffusivity, mass transfer and morphological characterization on extraction rate of rubber seed oil recovery by supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2). Pressure 30 MPa, temperature 60 oC and average particle size 500 µm gives the maximum oil recovery (34.71%), diffusivity coefficient (5.13 E-12 m2/s) and extraction rate (0.6 mg/sec). The morphological characterization of extracted rubber seeds was done on the basis of scanning electron microscopy which was parallel with the results of the effect of particle size. The results obtained from gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that the rubber seeds oil contained significant essential fatty acids and certain chemical constituents which are very valuable.

Sinensetin is a rare polymethoxyflavone that possesses strong anti-angiogenesis activity that can be obtained from Orthosiphon stamineus (O. stamineus) leaves. In this study, supercritical carbon d...

Propolis is a resinous substance produced by bees functioned to seal holes, exclude draught, protect against contamination and external intruders inside their hives has been substantially studied and reported to have numerous health properties such as antiseptic, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant characteristics. Propolis cannot be utilized as raw material, due to its complex mixture of compounds. Hence it must be separated by the extraction process. Extraction targets to removes the inert compounds in the propolis sample and preserves the flavonoids and polyphenolic fraction. The most common technique used in propolis extraction is solvent extraction that involves the use of solvents such as ethanol, water, hexane, ethyl-acetate and chloroform. However, this conventional technique has some drawbacks including strong residual flavour, possible adverse reactions, harmful to the environment, low quality of the extract and long process period requirement. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) is one of the alternative techniques to conventional extraction that was reported to be an excellent method to purify and fractionate bioactive compounds from natural sources. SC-CO2 extraction was first introduced for analytical application because of the demand to reduce organic solvent utilization in a laboratory environment. It has now become a favourite technique in extraction, fractionation, refinement, and deodorization of natural sample matrices in laboratory scale and industrial scale. Carbon dioxide is an ideal supercritical solvent due to its non-toxic, non-polluting, non-flammable, recoverable and environmentally benign properties. Therefore, this mini review aims to discuss the application of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction specifically on propolis sample starting with a brief introduction on propolis, methods of propolis extraction, the principle of SC-CO2 extraction, application of SC-CO2 in propolis extraction, advantages of SC-CO2 extraction and lastly comparison between SC-CO2 and conventional extraction techniques.

In this work, the effect of extraction parameters on catechin extraction from betel nuts was studied. The supercritical carbon dioxide extraction parameters were pressure, temperature, and solvent flow rate while using average particle size of 177.5 μm and 5% (v/v) methanol as modifiers. Detection and quantification of catechin were achieved using HPLC analysis. The highest amount of extract and catechin concentration were 34.00 mg extract/g sample and 565.38 ppm of catechin obtained at 30 MPa, 70°C, and 4 mL/min. The results given by optimization tools suggest the same operating conditions with less than 3% difference.

This work aims to evaluate the effects of different particle size, flow rate and modifier ratio on the extraction yield and anthocyanins content of Hibiscus sabdariffa L (Roselle) by using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) method. SC-CO2 extraction was carried out at constant pressure and temperature, 10MPa and 70°C respectively with 75% (v/v) ethanol as a modifier. The result shows that 120 minutes was the efficient extraction time at a determination of flow rate. The trend and results for the extraction yield and anthocyanins were varied in all parameters studied. The finding shows that a low flow rate (4 ml/min), smaller particle size (200-355 µm) and high percentage ratio of modifier (10%) could obtain more anthocyanins content. Thus, the manipulation of several parameters in the SC-CO2 extraction process could enhance the selectivity of anthocyanins extraction from the total extract.

Peanut skin is a waste of peanut industries especially peanut butter industries. Peanut skin contain high antioxidant and high nutritional values. The objective of this study was to optimize the effect of parameters to obtain high extract yield and high antioxidant activity by using supercritical carbon dioxide and co-solvent ethanol. A Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used to optimize the extraction process at the condition temperature (40, 55 and 70 ºC), rate of co-solvent ethanol (2.5, 5, and 7.5 % Vethanol/Vtotal), and extraction pressure (10, 20 and 30 MPa). The extraction time was 3 hours. The optimum condition to obtain yield of extraction and antioxidant activity 22.05 MPa, 62.76 °C and 6.03 %(Vethanol/Vsolvent) with 15.404 % yield extract and 94.040 % antioxidant activity.

In this study, supercritical carbon dioxide is chosen for the extraction and purification of omega-3 fatty acids from Hevea brasiliensis (rubber) oil because this method is environmental friendly and the extracted oil has improved nutritional and functional values. In addition, extraction using this method also can prevent organic solvent residual inside the extracted oil. During the extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide, the oil yield is increased with the increase of temperature and pressure. The best operating condition is pressure of 30 MPa, and temperature of 80 C giving 21.4714% oil yield. The analysis of fatty acids composition is using gas-chromatography. The extracted rubber seeds oil is converted to fatty acids methyl esters (FAME) make it more accessible for chromatogram analysis. From the analysis, the omega-3 fatty acids inside rubber seeds oil especially alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is the highest compare to soybean oil and olive oil. Beside this, rubber seeds oil also contains oleic acid which is omega-9 and linoleic acid is omega-6. This is the reason rubber seeds oil can be regard as oleic-linolenic seed oil. Alpha-linolenic acid is the precursor to convert polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Oleic acid (Omega-9) has the potential for heart protection and cancer prevention but still in the state of prove. On the other hands, the linoleic acid, the element of omega-6 has the benefits to treat to treat arthritis and autoimmune disease. Therefore, rubber seeds oil has very high potential to be developed into difference products in difference industries such as pharmaceutical, cosmetics, oleochemical and foods.

The formulation of omega-3 emulsion using rubber (Hevea Brasiliensis) seed oil based on the best performance of the emulsion in terms of higher viscosity, smaller droplet size, lower moisture content and slightly acidic pH value supported by degree of creaming in varying the type and composition of emulsifier used. Rubber seed oil contains significant value of alpha-linolenic acid which plays an important role in maintaining human health. Therefore, formulation of rubber seed oil emulsion is important to become a new source of omega-3 emulsion instead of fish oil. Rubber seed oil was mixed with distilled water and nonionic emulsifier which were lecithin and span 80 by homogenizer. From the analysis conducted, the best formulation was the emulsion with 50% of distilled water, 6% of lecithin and 47% of rubber seed oil.

The objective of this study is to verify potential of various types of microorganisms during spray drying and non-refrigerated storage that can be enhanced substantially by selecting suitable protective colloids. Four selected probiotics tested are Lactbacillus plantarum B13 and B18, which are the bacteria probiotics and Kluyveromyces lactis and Saccharomyces blouradii, non-bacteria probiotics. Two levels of experiment occur starting with formulation study of encapsulation agent followed by the viability study of different probiotics after spray dry and two weeks nonrefrigerated storage. The formulation of 30% of gum Arabic, 15% of gelatin and 45% of coconut oil can homogenize well at least for two hours and can produce acceptable dried product (below 4% of moisture content) at low outlet temperature (70℃ -75℃). K. lactis, S. blouradii gives 2.57% and 2.4% of viability percentage after spray drying process and 25.84% and 2.04% after two weeks nonrefrigerated storage respectively. The colonies of non-probiotics bacteria after both conditions are between 1010 and 106 cfu/mL which is among the accepted level for industrial application. However, the survival of probiotics in a spray-dried form during non-refrigerated storage is higher at low of moisture content compared to others.

Soxhlet extraction which is also known as solvent extraction refers to the preferential dissolution of oil by contacting oilseeds with a liquid solvent. This is the most efficient method to recover oil from oilseeds, thus solvent extraction using hexane has been commercialized as a standard practice in today’s industry. In this study, soxhlet extraction had been used to extract the rubber seed oil which contains high percentage of alpha-linolenic acid. In addition, the different solvents will be used for the extraction of rubber seed oil such as petroleum ether, n-hexane, ethanol and water to study the best solvent to extract the rubber seed oil so the maximum oil yield can be obtained. On the other hands, the natural resource, rubber belongs to the family of Euphorbiaceae, the genus is Hevea while the species of rubber is brasiliensis. Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seeds are abundant and wasted because they had not been used in any industry or applications in daily life. The oil of rubber seeds had been found that contained a significant percentage of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids especially alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). Alpha-linolenic acid is one of the important elements of omega-3 fatty acids which play important roles in human metabolism, not only playing structural roles in phospholipid bilayers but also acting as precursors to bioactive molecules. Moreover, rubber seed oil also contains a high percentage of oleic acid and linoleic acid, these all are valuable compounds. Thus, rubber seed oil can be regarded as a plant derived oleic-linolenic acid. Rubber seeds can be considered as good sources for human food, animal feed and biofuel with its high content of fat, protein, amino acids and fatty acids. Therefore, it is important to study the method of extraction to extract the valuable components from rubber seeds, purify the extracted seed oil, so that the rubber seeds oil can be utilized into difference industries pharmaceutical, food, oleochemical and cosmetics.