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This study presents advancements in the processing of satellite remote sensing data, focusing mainly on aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrievals from the Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS). The transformation of Level-2 (L2) data, which includes atmospheric-state retrievals, into higher-quality Level-3 (L3) data is crucial in remote sensing. Our contributions lie in two novel improvements to the processing algorithm. First, we improve the inverse-distance-weighting algorithm by incorporating quality flag information into the weight calculation. By assigning weights that are inversely proportional to the number of unreliable grids, the method can provide more accurate L3 products. We validate this approach through simulation studies and apply it to GEMS AOD data across various regions and wavelengths. The use of quality flags in the algorithm can provide a more accurate analysis of remote sensing. Second, we employ a spatiotemporal merging method to address both spatial and temporal variability in AOD data, a departure from previous approaches that solely focused on spatial variability. Our method considers temporal variations spanning previous time intervals. Furthermore, the computed mean fields show similar spatiotemporal patterns to previous studies, confirming their ability to capture real-world phenomena. Lastly, utilizing this procedure, we compute the mean field estimates for GEMS AOD data, which can provide a deeper understanding of the impact of aerosols on climate change and public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents advancements in the processing of satellite remote sensing data, focusing mainly on Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) retrievals from the Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS). The transformation of Level 2 (L2) data, which includes atmospheric state retrievals, into higher-quality Level 3 (L3) data is crucial in remote sensing. Our contributions lie in two novel improvements to the processing algorithm. First, we improve the inverse distance weighting algorithm by incorporating quality flag information into the weight calculation. By assigning weights inversely proportional to the number of unreliable grids, the method can provide more accurate L3 products. We validate this approach through simulation studies and apply it to GEMS AOD data across various regions and wavelengths. The use of the quality flags in the algorithm can provide a more accurate analysis in remote sensing. Second, we employ a spatio-temporal merging method to address both spatial and temporal variability in AOD data, a departure from previous approaches that solely focused on spatial variability. Our method considers temporal variations spanning previous time intervals. Furthermore, the computed mean fields show similar spatio-temporal patterns to the previous studies, confirming that they can capture real-world phenomena. Lastly, utilizing this procedure, we compute the mean field estimates for GEMS AOD data, which can provide a deeper understanding of the impact of aerosols on climate change and public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study examined cross‐national variations in marriage and motherhood penalties between Western and East Asian countries. Background: Little is known about how and to what extent motherhood affects women's labor market outcomes in East Asia compared to Western welfare countries. We examine employment, wage, and labor income with regard to the motherhood penalty. Method: We selected the five countries of Finland, Germany, South Korea, Taiwan, and the United States and applied probit and Heckman selection models using Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) Wave IX and Korean Labor and Income Panel Survey data. Results: Variations between Western countries and East Asian welfare states are highlighted. Married mothers with children in East Asian countries are greatly disadvantaged in employment compared to those in Western countries. Having a child is associated with lower labor income and wages by 2.9% to 4.5% across the countries, but we do not find a significant association in Germany and Korea. Conclusion: Women experience various dimensions of motherhood penalties across countries. East Asian women are more likely to face both marriage and motherhood penalties than others. Implication: Marriage and motherhood in East Asian countries should be understood differently from those in Western contexts. Marriage and motherhood are life events that are associated with women's employment decisions and work opportunities in East Asian countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we develop a calibration method of the temporally varying volatility and interest rate functions using the Black–Scholes (BS) partial differential equation and the observed market option prices with different strikes and expiries. The proposed method uses the piecewise linear interpolations between data points which are defined at the middle points of maturity dates. When we construct the volatility and interest rate, we use the exponential function so that the interpolated values are always positive. Numerical experiments with synthetic and real market data demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]