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Employees are one of the most important stakeholders in organisations but their interests are often neglected by employers, particularly from the perspective of trade unionism that plays an essential role in safeguarding employee interests. Currently, the existing legislation has discouraged trade union activities and this has directly deprived the employees of their rights for a better working conditions at the workplace. There is also an evidence of anti-union actions taken by employer in recognition claims in order to prevent collective bargaining with trade unions. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is an important tool in an organisation where the interests of the stakeholders is sustained. This paper investigates the relationship between employer’s CSR practice and its role in reforming recognition process of trade union in Malaysia. Qualitative research is employed to achieve the objective of this study by way of analysing secondary data and conducting legalistic analysis of the case law and statutes related to the issue. Based on the findings of this study, it is found that trade union recognition process can be reformed through integrating CSR practice in the organisation.

The purpose of this study is to look at employee voice and in particular, how dissent is expressed in an organisation in Malaysia. The study draws upon current theories on employee voice, dissent and whistle-blowing to report on the findings of a preliminary study that used the qualitative approach by analysing semi-structured interviews. Six members of staff took part in the study. Fundamental information contained in the interview questions included communication style, management style and the organisational culture that would encourage employee voice and freedom of speech within the organisation. The preliminary findings show that the staffs are restrictive in expressing dissent to the top management. This highlights the lack of a culture for employees to express dissatisfaction at work to higher authorities due to limited openness of the top management, which results in a low level of articulated dissent. Possible reasons include the unavailability of an employee voice mechanism within the organisation including the legal support and protection where proper channels for employees to express dissent are not in practice. This study highlights the importance of employee voice within an organisation and that proper mechanisms should be in place as a sign of respect and appreciation of employee voice at the workplace.

Somatosensory neurons provide the nervous system with information about mechanical forces originating inside and outside the body. Here, we use connectomics to reconstruct and analyze neural circuits downstream of the largest somatosensory organ in the Drosophila leg, the femoral chordotonal organ (FeCO). The FeCO has been proposed to support both proprioceptive sensing of the fly's femur-tibia joint and exteroceptive sensing of substrate vibrations, but it remains unknown which sensory neurons and central circuits contribute to each of these functions. We found that different subtypes of FeCO sensory neurons feed into distinct proprioceptive and exteroceptive pathways. Position- and movement-encoding FeCO neurons connect to local leg motor control circuits in the ventral nerve cord (VNC), indicating a proprioceptive function. In contrast, signals from the vibration-encoding FeCO neurons are integrated across legs and transmitted to auditory regions in the brain, indicating an exteroceptive function. Overall, our analyses reveal the structure of specialized circuits for processing proprioceptive and exteroceptive signals from the fly leg. They also demonstrate how analyzing patterns of synaptic connectivity can distill organizing principles from complex sensorimotor circuits.

Animal movement is controlled by motor neurons (MNs), which project out of the central nervous system to activate muscles. MN activity is coordinated by complex premotor networks that allow individual muscles to contribute to many different behaviors. Here, we use connectomics to analyze the wiring logic of premotor circuits controlling the Drosophila leg and wing. We find that both premotor networks cluster into modules that link MNs innervating muscles with related functions. Within most leg motor modules, the synaptic weights of each premotor neuron are proportional to the size of their target MNs, establishing a circuit basis for hierarchical MN recruitment. In contrast, wing premotor networks lack proportional synaptic connectivity, which may allow wing steering muscles to be recruited with different relative timing. By comparing the architecture of distinct limb motor control systems within the same animal, we identify common principles of premotor network organization and specializations that reflect the unique biomechanical constraints and evolutionary origins of leg and wing motor control.