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The frequency, intensity and variability of emotional experiences increase in early adolescence, which may be partly due to adolescents' heightened affective sensitivity to social stimuli. While this increased variability is likely intrinsic to adolescent development, greater mood variability is nevertheless associated with the risk of internalising psychopathology. Early adolescents (N = 58, ages 13-14) reported their social context and mood when prompted by a smartphone application. Valence, arousal, and their variability were compared across social contexts using multilevel regression models. Social contexts were defined by the presence of close others, peripheral others, both, or neither. Arousal was lower when alone. Valence was lower and more variable, and arousal was more variable when alone than in either close or peripheral company. This is the first time that level and variability of valence and arousal in adolescent affect have been shown systematically to differ for the same individual in different daily-life social contexts.

Adults often act considerately toward others, for example, by leaving the last cookie on a plate or stepping aside on a busy sidewalk. What do young children infer from observing considerate behavior? In three preregistered studies, we assess how young children evaluate considerate and inconsiderate behavior by showing them animated videos in which targets make decisions that either leave or limit choice options for others. Study 1 (N = 372 6- to 12-year-old children, 170 girls, 187 boys [15 not reported], 84.4% native Dutch) showed that older children, but not younger children (i.e., 6 years), evaluated considerate others (i.e., who leave a choice for others) as nicer than inconsiderate others, and they were also more willing to lend their toys to them. Moreover, children's evaluations were specific to the social domain, as children of all ages evaluated both targets as equally smart. Focusing on younger children (5-7 years), study 2 (N = 99; 57 boys, 42 girls, 78.8% native Dutch) showed that when the consequences of considerate or inconsiderate behavior were made explicit and videos showed one target at a time, children as young as 5 years old evaluated considerate targets as nicer. Study 3 (N = 43; 20 boys, 23 girls, 92.5% native Dutch) showed that young children also evaluated considerate behavior as nicer when the consequences of considerate behavior were not made explicit. These studies extend developmental research on prosocial behavior and suggest that considerate behavior conveys a clear social signal early in life.

The question of how learners' motivation influences their academic achievement and vice versa has been the subject of intensive research due to its theoretical relevance and important implications for the field of education. Here, we present our understanding of how influential theories of academic motivation have conceptualized reciprocal interactions between motivation and achievement and the kinds of evidence that support this reciprocity. While the reciprocal nature of the relationship between motivation and academic achievement has been established in the literature, further insights into several features of this relationship are still lacking. We therefore present a research agenda where we identify theoretical and methodological challenges that could inspire further understanding of the reciprocal relationship between motivation and achievement as well as inform future interventions. Specifically, the research agenda includes the recommendation that future research considers (1) multiple motivation constructs, (2) behavioral mediators, (3) a network approach, (4) alignment of intervals of measurement and the short vs. long time scales of motivation constructs, (5) designs that meet the criteria for making causal, reciprocal inferences, (6) appropriate statistical models, (7) alternatives to self-reports, (8) different ways of measuring achievement, and (9) generalizability of the reciprocal relations to various developmental, ethnic, and sociocultural groups.

Objective: This case study describes the simultaneous establishment of a campus garden and food pantry at an urban, Hispanic-serving institution. Lessons learned and implications for practice are discussed. Participants: Students, staff, and faculty established a campus garden (February 2016) and food pantry (March 2017). Methods: University administration approved funds to establish both a campus garden and food pantry after adequate student and academic support was provided. Results: Both the campus garden and food pantry aligned with campus initiatives for student success and sustainability. The food pantry had adequate staffing and local partnerships that aided in its success, while the student-led garden struggled with student-turn over, limited financial support, and lack of regulatory guidance that has slowed progress to address food security. Conclusions: Institutions considering these strategies to address food insecurity would benefit from university financial support based on student-relevant data, dedicated staff, students, and faculty, and collaboration with local organizations.

Contemporary research adopts an evolutionary theoretical perspective in which bullying is strategic behavior that is conducive to peer-group status enhancement. Within this view, a high social status (i.e., popularity) has been associated with bullying others, while a high affiliative status (i.e., preference) has been associated with defending others. This study investigated whether the associations between adolescents' bullying role behavior (i.e., bully, follower, defender, outsider, and victim) and their peer-group status (i.e., popularity and preference) are cross-culturally similar. A multigroup path modeling analysis on a sample of Dutch (n = 219; 53.4% boys; M[subscript age] = 13.8 years, SD = 9 months) and Indian (n = 480; 60.8% boys; M[subscript age] = 13.8 years, SD = 12 months) adolescents suggested that these associations were indeed largely cross-culturally similar and consistent with previous findings, with one exception. While defending was associated with a relatively average popularity status position for Dutch adolescents, it was associated with a high popularity status position for Indian adolescents. In general, the findings are supportive of the evolutionary theoretical perspective, but the differential association between defending and popularity for Dutch and Indian adolescents seems to also require a cultural perspective.

In the management of shoulder dystocia, it is often recommended to start with external maneuvers, such as the McRoberts maneuver and suprapubic pressure, followed by internal maneuvers including rotation and posterior arm delivery. However, this sequence is not based on scientific evidence of its success rates, the technical simplicity, or the related complication rates. Hence, this review critically evaluates the success rate, technique, and safety of different maneuvers. Retrospective reviews showed that posterior arm delivery has consistently higher success rates (86.1%) than rotational methods (62.4%) and external maneuvers (56.0%). McRoberts maneuver was thought to be a simple method, however, its mechanism is not clear. Furthermore, McRoberts position still requires subsequent traction on the fetal neck, which presents a risk for brachial plexus injury. The 2 internal maneuvers have anatomic rationales with the aim of rotating the shoulders to the wider oblique pelvic dimension or reducing the shoulder width. The techniques are not more sophisticated and requires the accoucher to insert the correct hand (according to fetal face direction) through the more spacious sacro-posterior region and deep enough to reach the fetal chest or posterior forearm. The performance of rotation and posterior arm delivery can also be integrated and performed using the same hand. Retrospective studies may give a biased view that the internal maneuvers are riskier. First, a less severely impacted shoulder dystocia is more likely to have been managed by external maneuvers, subjecting more difficult cases to internal maneuvers. Second, neonatal injuries were not necessarily caused by the internal maneuvers that led to delivery but could have been caused by the preceding unsuccessful external maneuvers. The procedural safety is not primarily related to the nature of the maneuvers, but to how properly these maneuvers are performed. When all these maneuvers have failed, it is important to consider the reasons for failure otherwise repetition of the maneuver cycle is just a random trial and error. If the posterior axilla is just above the pelvic outlet and reachable, posterior axilla traction using either the accoucher fingers or a sling is a feasible alternative. Its mechanism is not just outward traction but also rotation of the shoulders to the wider oblique pelvic dimension. If the posterior axilla is at a higher sacral level, a sling may be formed with the assistance of a long right-angle forceps, otherwise, more invasive methods such as Zavanelli maneuver, abdominal rescue, or symphysiotomy are the last resorts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of a shortened version of the Raven Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) under an item response theory framework (the one- and two-parameter logistic models). The shortened Raven SPM was administered to N = 453 cognitively healthy adults aged between 24 and 83 years. The IQ point estimates that were obtained under the one- and two-parameter logistic models were very similar (r = 0.97), but the two-parameter logistic-based test version had a higher measurement precision. The results showed that older age and being female were associated with a lower Raven SPM test performance. A user-friendly computer program was provided to facilitate the scoring and norming of the shortened Raven SPM under the different frameworks. (Contains 3 tables and 4 figures.)