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Our social interactions take place within numerous social networks, in which our relationships with others define our position within these networks. In this study, we examined how the centrality of positions within social networks was associated with trust behavior and neural activity in 49 adolescents (Mage = 12.8 years, SDage = 0.4 years). The participants played a trust game with a cartoon animation as a partner, which showed adaptive behavior in response to the participant and was generally untrustworthy. Social network positions were obtained in secondary school classrooms where the participants and their classmates reported on who their friends were. Using social network analysis, a score was calculated that indicated the centrality of everyone's position within the friendship network. The results showed that more central social network positions were associated with higher levels of initial trust behavior, although no evidence was found for a relationship between network position and the adaptation of trust behavior. The results of the functional MRI analyses showed that the centrality of the network positions was positively associated with caudate activity when making trust decisions. Furthermore, the adolescents with more central network positions also showed stronger increases of caudate activity when the partner's return was processed compared to the adolescents with less central network positions. The current study provides initial evidence that social network positions in friendship networks relate to socio-cognitive behavior and neural activity in adolescents.

Adolescence is an important developmental period for both trust behavior and personality maturation, and individual differences in trust decisions may be related to different personality traits. In the current study, a group of adolescents (n = 483, Mage = 13.5, SDage = 0.4) played two counterbalanced conditions of a multi-round trust game. In one condition, the partner displayed trustworthy behavior (the trustworthy condition), while the partner in the other condition played untrustworthy behavior (the untrustworthy condition). Three types of trust behavior were examined: initial trust behavior, the adaptation of trust behavior (trustworthy condition), and the adaptation of trust behavior (untrustworthy condition). Personality was measured using the Brief HEXACO Inventory. We expected the HEXACO personality dimensions of honesty–humility and agreeableness to be positively associated with initial trust behavior, but conscientiousness to be negatively related to initial trust behavior. The examination of the relationship between these dimensions and the adaptation of trust behavior were conducted on an exploratory basis. The investigation of the relationship between the remaining dimensions (emotionality, extraversion, and openness to experience) and the three types of trust behavior were also carried out on an exploratory basis. For each type of trust behavior, a hierarchical multiple regression analysis was undertaken to examine whether the HEXACO personality dimensions were related to trust behavior. Using frequentist analyses, no evidence was found that supported the HEXACO dimensions as significant predictors of the three types of trust behavior. Moreover, additional Bayesian analyses showed evidence that the hypothesized HEXACO dimensions (honesty–humility, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) did not outperform the non-hypothesized HEXACO dimensions (emotionality, extraversion, and openness to experience). The association between personality traits and trust might be less pronounced during adolescence as personality maturates across an individual’s lifespan. Additionally, due to a heightened sensitivity to the environment, contextual cues may affect adolescent decision-making processes, leaving less room for personality-driven behaviors.

Interpersonal connection is a fundamental human motivation, and the extent to which it is fulfilled is a strong predictor of symptoms of internalizing disorders such as social anxiety and depression, perhaps especially during the “social reorienting” period of adolescence. However, little is known about the contribution to this effect of the individual’s social motivations, which are intensified during adolescence. Furthermore, social goal orientation – an individual’s priorities and intentions in social interactions – is an important predictor of vulnerability to internalizing symptoms. Adolescents spend most of their waking lives in classrooms, bounded social networks with a limited pool of candidates for befriending. This study investigated whether friendships within one’s class protects against internalizing symptoms in part by reducing the desire for more classmate friendships, which may tend to promote maladaptive social goals. Participants were 423 young adolescents (M age = 13.2, sd = 0.52 years; 49.4% girls). As predicted, adolescents’ number of reciprocated classroom friendships had a protective effect on internalizing symptoms which was serially mediated by desire for more such friendships, and social goal orientation. However, only demonstration-avoidance goals significantly predicted internalizing symptoms. Unreciprocated friendship nominations were unexpectedly associated with stronger desire and more social anxiety symptoms. The results suggest that the effect of number of friends is mediated by the individual’s thoughts and feelings about their number of friendships, such that a strong desire for more friendships promotes maladaptive goals, oriented toward social status and consequently less oriented toward the cultivation of interpersonal intimacy with the friends they already have.

Book Review 1Book Title: Central Nervous System: Clinical AlgorithmsBook Author: Ed. by BMJPp. 45. Illustrated. London: BM]. 1989.Book Review 2Book Title: Hypermobility of Joints. 2nd edBook Authors: Peter Beighton, Rodney Grahame & Howard Bird (Eds.)Pp. xvi + 182. Illustrated. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. 1989Book Review 3Book Title: Andrology and Human Reproduction: Serono Symposia Publications. Vol. 47Book Authors: A. Negro-Vilar, A. Isidori & J. Paulson (Eds.)Pp. xv + 341. Illustrated. $105. New York: Raven Press. 1989Book Review 4Book Title: ABC of Clinical GeneticsBook Author: H.M. Kingston (Ed.)Pp. 62. Illustrated. London: BMJ. 1989.

Valuable distillations of other people's experiencesHow To Do It. Vol. 3. Pp. x + 203. Illustrated. £9 (including postage by air). London: BMJ. 1990. (Also available from Libriger Book Distributors, Bloemfontein.)Medical dictionaryConcise Medical Dictionary. 3rd ed. Ed. By Elizabeth A. Martin. Pp. 1-759. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1990.Paediatric cardiologyPrevention in Childhood and Youth of Adult Cardiovascular Diseases: Time for Action. Ed. by WHO Expert Committee. Pp. 1 - 105. Illustrated. Sw. Fr. 12. Geneva: WHO.1990.Contraceptive safety Safety Requirements for Contraceptive Steroids. Ed. by F. Michal. pp. xv - 467. Illustrated. £65,00. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1989.Psychiatry Textbook of Psychiatry. Ed. by P. J. V. Beumont and R. B. Hampshire. Pp. x + 520. Illustrated. PriCe £29,50. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. 1989.

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Human neurology The Human Central Nervous System: A Synopsis and Atlas. 3rd revised ed. Ed. by R. Nieuwenhuys, J. Voogd, C. H. R. van Huijzen. Pp. xii + 437. Illustrated. DM 85. Berlin: SpringerVerlag. 1988.Paediatric respiratory disorders Kendig's Disorders of the Respiratory Tract in Children. 5th ed. Ed. by Victor Chernick. Consulting ed. Edwin L. Kendig, jun. Pp. xxi + 1055. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. 1990.Maxillofacial imaging Maxillofacial Imaging. Ed. by A. M. Delbalso. pp. Vlll + 799. Illustrated. Kent: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 1990.Introduction to philosophy of medicine Philosophy of Medicine: An Introduction. Ed. by H. R. Wulff, S. A. Pedersen and R. Rosenberg. pp. xv + 222. £14,95. Oxford: Blackwell. 1990.Cataract management Management of Cataract in Primary Health Care Services. Pp. vi + 43. Illustrated. SFr. 15. Geneva: WHO. 1990.Family practice-management Family Practice Management. Ed. by G. J. and C. M. 1. Pistorius. Pp. 587. Illustrated. R99,50. Parow: Haurn/De Jager. J99O.Obstetrics and gynaecology Essential Obstetrics and Gynaecology. By E. Malcolm Symonds. pp. vi + 266. Illustrated. Edinburgh: Maskew Miller Longman.Surgical memoirs Surgical Roots and Branches. Ed. by R. Murley. Pp. x + 341. Illustrated. £18,50. Hamilton: Libriger Book Distribution. 1990.Survival in a hostile environment Staying Alive. Ed. by Ron Reid-Daly. Pp. ix + 259. Illustrated. R49,95. Rivonia: Ashami. 1990.Urolithiasis Urolithiasis: Medical and Surgical Reference. Ed. by M. 1. Resnick and C. Y. C. Pak. Pp. x + 375. Illustrated. R53,50. Kent: Harcoun Brace Jovanovich. 1990.Mental health in primary health care The Introduction of a Mental Health Component into Primary Health Care. pp. 1-59. SFr. 11,50. Geneva: WHO. 1990Tuberculosis in South Africa White Plague, Black Labor: Tuberculosis and the Political Economy of Health and Disease in South Africa. Ed. by Randall M. Packard. pp. xxii + 389. Illustrated. $40 (cloth) and $15,95 (paperback). California: University of California Press. 1989.Medical research Research in Medicine:"A Guide to Writing a Thesis in the Medical Sciences. Ed. by G. Murrell, C. Huang and H. Ellis. PP: xii + 105. Illustrated. £19,50 (hIb) £7,50 (Plb). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1990.

Book Review 1Book Title: The Threatened Medical Identity of Psychiatry: Winds of ChangeBook Author: Theodore PearlmanPp. xxi + 270. Illinois: Charles C Thomas. 1992.Book Review 2Book Title: Operative Laparoscopy. The Masters' TechniquesBook Author: Richard M. Sodenstrom (Ed.)Pp. xv + 245. Illustrated. New York: Raven Press. 1992.Book Review 3Book Title: Bailliere's Clinical Neurology: International Practice and Research: Ocular Motor Disorders of the Brain StemBook Authors: U Büttner & T Brandt (Eds.)Pp. ix + 263-475. Illustrated. London: Bailliere Tindall. 1992.Book Review 4Book Title: Rights and Responsibilities of DoctorsPp. xxviii + 226. Overseas £15, London: BMJ 1992Book Review 5Book Title: MRI of the KneeBook Authors: J.H. Mink, M.A. Reicher, J.V. Crues III & A. L. Deutsch (Eds.)2nd Ed. Pp. xiii + 474. Illustrated. New York: Raven Press. 1993Book Review 6Book Title: April Fool's Day: A Modern TragedyBook Author: B CourtenayPp. xii + 449. Port Melbourne, Australia: William Heinemann. 1993.Book Review 7Book Title: Report on Surrogate MotherhoodPp. xiv + 183. Pretoria: South African Law Commission. 1992.Book Review 8Book Title: Ward's Anaesthetic EquipmentBook Authors: Andrew Davey, John T. B. Moyle & Crispian S. Ward (Eds.)3rd Ed. pp. xiv + 391. Illustrated. London: W. B. Saunders. 1992.Book Review 9Book Title: Inside autism: Nobody NowhereBook Author: Donna WilliamsPp. xvii + 199. Illustrated. London: Doubleday. 1992.Book Review 10Book Title: Medical Negligence in South AfricaBook Authors: N.J. B. Claasens & T. VerschoorPp. 128. Pretoria: Digma Publications. 1992.Book Review 11Book Title: Biopsy Diagnosis of the Digestive Tract. (Biopsy Interpretation Series)Book Authors: Heidrun Rotterdam, Daniel G. Sheahan & Sheldon C. Sommers2nd Ed. Pp. 869. Illustrated. New York: Raven Press. 1992.Book Review 12Book Title: Baby and Child Care HandbookBook Author: Marina PetropulosPp. 334. Illustrated. Camps Bay: Marina Petropulos. 1992.

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Book Title: Hospital and nursing yearbook: Hospital and Nursing Yearbook for Southern Africa: Comprehensive Health Services Information for Southern Africa32nd ed. pp. 288. Cape Town: H. Engelhardt. 1992.

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