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Digital landscape representation tends to be used mainly to provide illustrations of designed landscapes that have not been actualized, rather than to deploy operational design strategies during the design and reception process. The present study offers a critique of this direction of digital representation towards realism in current landscape design. To illustrate this pervasive trend, the authors have coined the term ‘photo-fake’: an image that imitates the actual existence of a designed and not-yet-actualized landscape. The study then discusses several photo-fake conditions (invisible frame and the viewer’s position, creating illusions, landscape as theatre and human figures as spectators, and digital aura), through which the visual materials developed in 2012 for the International Competition for the Master Plan of Yongsan Park, Korea, are scrutinized. Through this analysis, the authors contend that a photo-fake’s realism is not the actual realism of the physical world but rather depends on the established pictorial convention of fine arts and 18th-century picturesque aesthetics in landscape architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) as a first-line therapy in decompensated liver disease., Methods: We enrolled 174 chronic hepatitis B-related liver cirrhosis patients treated with 300 mg/d TDF at six Korean centers. Of the 174 cirrhosis patients, 57 were assigned to the decompensated cirrhosis group and 117 were assigned to the compensated cirrhosis group. We followed the patients for 12 mo and evaluated clinical outcomes, including biochemical, virological, and serological responses. We also evaluated changes in hepatic and renal function and compared the decompensated and compensated cirrhosis groups., Results: The 1-year complete virological response (CVR) and Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion were seen in 70.2% and 14.2% in the decompensated cirrhosis group, respectively. The rates of HBeAg seroconversion/loss and ALT normalization at month 12 were similar in both groups. TDF treatment was also effective for decreasing the level of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in both groups, but CVR was higher in the compensated group (88.9% vs 70.2%, P = 0.005). Tenofovir treatment for 12 mo resulted in improved Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) and model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) scores in decompensated group ( P < 0.001). Of the 57 decompensated patients, 39 (68.4%) achieved CTP class A and 27 (49.1%) showed improvement in the CTP score of 2 points after 12 mo of TDF. The observed rate of confirmed 0.5 mg/dL increases in serum levels of creatinine in the decompensated and compensated cirrhosis group were 7.0% and 2.5%, respectively ( P < 1.000)., Conclusion: TDF therapy in decompensated cirrhosis patients was effective for decreasing HBV DNA levels and improving hepatic function with relatively lower CVR than in compensated cirrhosis. Thus, physicians should carefully monitor not only renal function but also treatment responses when using TDF in decompensated cirrhosis patients., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.