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Variable wind speeds over the ocean can have a significant impact on the formation mechanism and physical-chemical properties of sea spray aerosols (SSA), which in turn influence their climate-relevant impacts. Herein, for the first time, we investigate the effects of wind speed on size-dependent morphology and composition of individual nascent SSA generated from wind-wave interactions of natural seawater within a wind-wave channel as a function of size and their particle-to-particle variability. Filter-based thermal optical analysis, atomic force microscopy (AFM), AFM infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed in this regard. This study focuses on SSA with sizes within 0.04-1.8 μm generated at two wind speeds: 10 m/s, representing a wind lull scenario over the ocean, and 19 m/s, indicative of the wind speeds encountered in stormy conditions. Filter-based measurements revealed a reduction of the organic mass fraction as the wind speed increases. AFM imaging at 20% relative humidity of individual SSA identified six main morphologies: prism-like, rounded, core-shell, rod, rod inclusion core-shell, and aggregates. At 10 m/s, most SSA were rounded, while at 19 m/s, core-shells became predominant. Based on AFM-IR, rounded SSA at both wind speeds had similar composition, mainly composed of aliphatic and oxygenated species, whereas the shells of core-shells displayed more oxygenated organics at 19 m/s and more aliphatic organics at 10 m/s. Collectively, our observations can be attributed to the disruption of the sea surface microlayer film structure at higher wind speeds. The findings reveal a significant impact of wind speed on morphology and composition of SSA, which should be accounted for accurate assessment of their climate effects.

SUMMARY Acute care surgery (ACS) is an area of surgical specialization within general surgery and a model for clinical care delivery that has proliferated over the last 2 decades. Models [...]

Individuals from different social groups form divergent legal punishment decisions about police officers engaged in altercations with civilians despite viewing the same visual evidence. We review empirical and archival data in the legal domain to offer four vision‐based moderators of polarized legal judgments determined after viewing evidence with a focus on research relevant to police‐civilian altercations. We discuss how selective visual attention, flittering and staring tendencies, differences in cognitive engagement, and visual confirmation bias contribute to divergent legal decisions within and across social groups. By incorporating visual experience into models of legal decision‐making, we reconcile inconsistencies regarding the impact of social group identity on bias in police punishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Tokyo Guidelines were published in 2007 and updated in 2013 and 2018, with recommendations for the diagnosis and management of acute cholecystitis. We assessed guideline adherence at our academic centre and its impact on patient outcomes. Methods: This is a retrospective chart review of patients with acute calculous cholecystitis who underwent cholecystectomy at our institution between November 2013 and March 2015. Severity of cholecystitis was graded retrospectively if it had not been documented preoperatively. Compliance with the Tokyo Guidelines' recommendations on antibiotic use and time to operation was recorded. Cholecystitis severity groups were compared statistically, and logistic regression was used to determine predictors of complications. Results: One hundred and fifty patients were included in the study. Of these, 104 patients were graded as having mild cholecystitis, 45 as having moderate cholecystitis, and 1 as having severe cholecystitis. Severity was not documented preoperatively for any patient. Compliance with antibiotic recommendations was poor (18.0%) and did not differ by cholecystitis severity (p = 0.90). Compliance with the recommendation on time to operation was 86.0%, with no between-group differences (p = 0.63); it improved when an acute care surgery team was involved (91.0% v. 76.0%, p = 0.025). On multivariable analysis, comorbidities (odds ratio [OR] 1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.19-1.85, p < 0.001) and conversion to laparotomy (OR 13.45, 95% CI 2.16125.49, p = 0.01) predicted postoperative complications, while severity of cholecystitis, antibiotic compliance and time to operation had no effect. Conclusion: In this study, compliance with the Tokyo Guidelines was acceptable only for time to operation. Although the poor compliance with recommendations relating to documentation of severity grading and antibiotic use did not have a negative affect on patient outcomes, these recommendations are important because they facilitate appropriate antibiotic use and patient risk stratification. Contexte : Les Tokyo Guidelines, publiees en 2007, puis mises a jour en 2013 et en 2018, contiennent des recommandations sur le diagnostic et la prise en charge de la cholecystite aigue. Nous avons evalue le respect de ces lignes directrices dans notre centre universitaire et son incidence sur les issues pour les patients. Methodes : Ce document est une revue retrospective de dossiers des patients atteints de cholecystite aigue calculeuse qui ont subi une cholecystectomie dans notre etablissement entre novembre 2013 et mars 2015. La gravite de la cholecystite a ete etablie de maniere retrospective si elle n'avait pas ete documentee avant l'operation. Le respect des recommandations des Tokyo Guidelines concernant le recours a des antibiotiques et la duree de l'operation a ete etudie. Nous avons compare statistiquement les groupes de gravite de la cholecystite, et avons utilise une regression logistique pour determiner les predicteurs de complications. Resultats : Au total, 150 patients ont ete inclus dans l'etude. Parmi eux, 104 avaient une cholecystite legere, 45, une cholecystite moderee et 1, une cholecystite grave. La gravite de la maladie n'avait ete documentee avant l'operation pour aucun patient. Le respect des recommandations sur les antibiotiques etait faible (18,0 %) et ne variait pas selon la gravite de la cholecystite (p = 0,90). Le respect des recommandations sur la duree de l'operation etait de 86,0 %, sans difference entre les groupes (p = 0,63); il etait toutefois plus eleve lorsqu'une equipe de soins chirurgicaux aigus participait aux soins (91,0 % c. 76,0 %, p = 0,025). L'analyse multivariee a permis de determiner que les comorbidites (rapport des cotes [RC] 1,47, intervalle de confiance [IC] de 95 % 1,19-1,85, p < 0,001) et la conversion en laparotomie (RC 13,45, IC de 95 % 2,16-125,49, p = 0,01) etaient des predicteurs de complications postoperatoires, alors que la gravite de la cholecystite et le respect des recommandations sur les antibiotiques et la duree de l'operation n'avaient pas d'effet. Conclusion : Dans cette etude, le respect des Tokyo Guidelines etait acceptable seulement pour la duree de l'operation. Bien qu'un faible respect des recommandations quant a la documentation de la gravite et a l'utilisation d'antibiotiques n'ait pas eu d'effets negatifs sur les issues pour les patients, ces recommandations sont importantes parce qu'elles favorisent l'utilisation appropriee des antibiotiques et une bonne stratification du risque pour le patient., Acute calculous cholecystitis is a common illness requiring surgery, and it is the reason for approximately 120 000 cholecystectomies performed annually in the United States. (1) In spite of the [...]

Pavlovian fear conditioning is an associative learning task in which subjects are trained to respond defensively to a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) by pairing it with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US). This type of learning depends critically on the amygdala, and evidence suggests that synaptic plasticity within the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) may be responsible for storing memories of the CS-US association. In the present study, we trained rats to fear an auditory CS by pairing it with a shock US delivered to one eyelid. Conditioning was assessed by measuring freezing responses evoked by the CS during a subsequent test session. The amygdala was unilaterally inactivated during either the training or the testing session by intracranial infusions of muscimol into the LA. We found that both acquisition and expression of conditioned freezing to the CS depended on the amygdala contralateral but not ipsilateral from the eyelid where the shock US was delivered. To explain this surprising result, we propose that the shock US is relayed from the eyelid to the amygdala via lateralized nociceptive sensory pathways, which causes memories of the CS-US association to be stored by the amygdala contralateral but not ipsilateral from the shocked eyelid. Our results demonstrate that the fear-learning circuitry of the amygdala is functionally lateralized according to the anatomical source of predicted threats. In future studies, the cellular mechanisms of emotional memory storage might be pinpointed by identifying cellular processes that occur only in the amygdala contralateral but not ipsilateral from the US during lateralized fear conditioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents the results of a study that evaluated the effectiveness of the anticholinergic drug Dactil in the treatment of various gastrointestinal disorders. Dosage of Dactil given to the subjects; Duration of the Dactil therapy; Adverse side effect experienced by one of the patients.

Focuses on the special diagnostic procedures for gastroenterology. Physical diagnostic and roentgen examinations; Safety and simplicity of the Eder-Hufford flexi-rigid esophagoscope; Variation of the value of gastroscopy and gastroscopic biopsy; Facilitation of duodenal drainage; Importance of proctosigmoidoscopy, gastric analysis and tests for occult blood in feces; Localization of obscure bleeding by string test; Rise of importance for gastrointestinal cytologic examination in gastroenterological diagnostic procedure.