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In this paper, we conducted an analysis of the heliospheric current sheets (HCSs) in the heliosheath (HS), utilizing observations by Voyager 2 between 2008 and 2018. Employing rigorous criteria, we identified a total of 34 HCSs that indicate significant changes in magnetic polarity. These occurrences were more prevalent during solar maximum periods when the HCS expanded to higher latitudes, coinciding with the spacecraft positioned at an average latitude of −31° from the solar equator. We determined certain features of the large-scale structures of the identified HCSs. Most importantly, employing two distinct methods indicates that the thickness of the HCSs within the HS ranges from ∼0.003 to ∼0.4 au with an average thickness of ∼0.03 to ∼0.1 au, depending on methods of event selection and fitting techniques. This thickness surpasses that known near 1 au or other heliospheric distances. It is also notably thicker than the typical proton inertial length, implying unfavorable conditions for magnetic reconnection. Additionally, our analysis reveals a frequent tilt of HCS planes relative to the solar equatorial plane by a varying angle up to several tens of degrees, likely implying a common occurrence of a warped structure of the HCS within the HS. Longitudinally, the HCS planes closely align with the Parker spiral field direction expected in the HS. Finally, for a large fraction of the identified HCS events, the HCS planes are likely characterized by a rotational discontinuity. These findings are valid within the limits of the 1 hr resolution data used in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To develop functional varieties of Capsicum spp. leaves, 40 genetic resources were collected and extracted with 30% aqueous-fermented ethanol. We investigated the protective effects of extracts from 40 genetic resources of Capsicum spp. on glutamate-induced HT22 and LPS-induced BV2 cells. The results showed that the five extracts exhibited cell-protective activities. We also investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of these five extracts on LPS-induced BV2 cell neuroinflammation and found that 23OM18 exhibited superior anti-inflammatory effects. We further investigated the protective activity and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of 23OM18 in these two cell models. In addition, the profiles of 16 metabolites were compared between the representative accessions and among the five genetic resources using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS). The results showed that 23OM18 protected HT22 cells by inhibiting reactive oxygen species generation and regulating the MAPK-JNK signaling pathway, thereby reducing LPS-induced BV2 cell neuroinflammation by regulating the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Based on these results, 23OM18 has the potential to be developed as a functional food for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To maintain the robustness of crashworthiness performance in energy absorbing structures, high specific energy absorption (SEA) and crush force efficiency (CFE) need to be maintained across a wide range of load angles. In this paper, concave design was proposed to address this issue. Finite element analysis was utilised to identify the main load-bearing elements for axial and shear loading. Furthermore, the design concepts were classified into surface variation and cross-section variation. Pattern design, which is a representative design of surface variation, can enhance crashworthiness performance by reducing the initial crushing load and maximising the development of a travelling hinge. However, there is a drawback that designing the cross-section to maximise the development of the travelling hinge leads to an increase in the dihedral angle, resulting in a decrease in the CFE. This paper proposed the concave design, that ensures excellent robustness of crashworthiness performance and minimised the trade-off between SEA and CFE performance under combined shear-compression loading. The design induces local crushing due to geometric imperfections, which reduces the peak load while maintaining the high load-bearing capacity, thereby increasing SEA. Furthermore, the surface of the energy absorbing structure is an important load-bearing component that supports shear loads, and the concave design induces progressive crushing modes for any load angle, thereby maximising the deformation of the surface and improving SEA. The structural characteristics of the concave design were validated through quasi-static loading tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insomnia is a common sleep disorder with significant societal and economic impacts. Current pharmacotherapies for insomnia are often accompanied by side effects, necessitating the development of new therapeutic drugs. In this study, the hypnotic effects and mechanisms of Sedum kamtschaticum 30% ethanol extract (ESK) and one of its active compounds, myricitrin, were investigated using pentobarbital-induced sleep experiments, immunohistochemistry (IHC), receptor binding assays, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The pentobarbital-induced sleep experiments revealed that ESK and myricitrin reduced sleep latency and prolonged total sleep time in a dose-dependent manner. Based on c-Fos immunostaining, ESK, and myricitrin enhanced the GABAergic neural activity in sleep-promoting ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) GABAergic. By measuring the level of GABA released from VLPO GABAergic neurons, ESK and myricitrin were found to increase GABA release in the hypothalamus. These effects were significantly inhibited by SCH. Moreover, ESK exhibited a concentration-dependent binding affinity for the adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR). In conclusion, ESK and myricitrin have hypnotic effects, and their underlying mechanisms may be related to the activation of A2AR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate location information is crucial for ensuring the reliability of service robots, such as field vehicles and agricultural robots. These practical robots often encounter fluctuating or inclined terrains in dynamic conditions during operation. Additionally, the performance of mobile robots depends on the physical size and weight of the localization system–physically heavy systems may degrade performance. In this paper, we present a compact, lightweight RTK‐GNSS device weighing under 40 g, which achieves centimeter‐level accuracy across different attitudes and dynamic situations. To enhance signal reception and positioning performance, we lessen noise levels in the power circuit and radio‐frequency signal conditioning using a low‐dropout regulator and low‐noise amplifier. Utilizing the configured device, we verified centimeter‐level accuracy through experiments of tracking an unmanned ground vehicle. The potential of the device is substantiated via three application scenarios—a localization of a moving human for a wearable device, a heading estimation of a mobile robot in stationary conditions, and practical field tests in various signal‐reception environments. Attributable to its compact dimensions and lightweight features, the proposed device can yield a low system strain while maintaining high accuracy and reliable performance, rendering it highly adaptable for various robotic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the world's first fully integrated in‐cell fingerprint sensor display. Organic photodetector (OPD) is embedded into the state‐of‐the art flexible OLED display in the same horizental plane, thus identfis a fingerprint in the entire display active area and allows multple fingers sensing while maintaining high‐resolution display quality. Additionally, no increased thickness and process cost were expected due to the benefits from the integration. The manufactured fingerprint display obtained comparable results including a Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of more than 8.5 and a False Rejection Rate (FRR) of less than 1 % in the entire display region when employing the proposed novel solutions to circumvent the integration issues. We belive the implementedfingerprint display could take a central role of display evolution in the security applications and documentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]