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The business cycles are generated by the oscillating macro-/micro-/nano- economic output variables in the economy of the scale and the scope in the amplitude/frequency/phase/time domains in the economics. The accurate forward looking assumptions on the business cycles oscillation dynamics can optimize the financial capital investing and/or borrowing by the economic agents in the capital markets. The book's main objective is to study the business cycles in the economy of the scale and the scope, formulating the Ledenyov unified business cycles theory in the Ledenyov classic and quantum econodynamics., Comment: 697 pages, 84 figures, 2 tables

The M and A transactions represent a wide range of unique business optimization opportunities in the corporate transformation deals, which are usually characterized by the high level of total risk. The M and A transactions can be successfully implemented by taking to an account the size of investments, purchase price, direction of transaction, type of transaction, and using the modern comparable transactions analysis and the business valuation techniques in the diffusion type financial systems in the finances. We developed the MicroMA software program with the embedded optimized near-real-time artificial intelligence algorithm to create the winning virtuous M and A strategies, using the financial performance characteristics of the involved firms, and to estimate the probability of the M and A transaction completion success. We believe that the fluctuating dependence of M and A transactions number over the certain time period is quasi periodic. We think that there are many factors, which can generate the quasi periodic oscillations of the M and A transactions number in the time domain, for example: the stock market bubble effects. We performed the research of the nonlinearities in the M and A transactions number quasi-periodic oscillations in Matlab, including the ideal, linear, quadratic, and exponential dependences. We discovered that the average of a sum of random numbers in the M and A transactions time series represents a time series with the quasi periodic systematic oscillations, which can be finely approximated by the polynomial numbers. We think that, in the course of the M and A transaction implementation, the ability by the companies to absorb the newly acquired knowledge and to create the new innovative knowledge bases, is a key predeterminant of the M and A deal completion success as in Switzerland., Comment: 160 pages, 9 figures, 37 tables

In agreement with the recent research findings in the econophysics, we propose that the nonlinear dynamic chaos can be generated by the turbulent capital flows in both the quantitative easing transmission channels and the transaction networks channels, when there are the laminar turbulent capital flows transitions in the financial system. We demonstrate that the capital flows in both the quantitative easing transmission channels and the transaction networks channels in the financial system can be accurately characterized by the Reynolds numbers. We explain that the transition to the nonlinear dynamic chaos regime can be realized through the cascade of the Landau, Hopf bifurcations in the turbulent capital flows in both the quantitative easing transmission channels and the transaction networks channels in the financial system. We completed the computer modeling, using both the Nonlinear Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium Theory (NDSGET) and the Hydrodynamics Theory (HT), to accurately characterize the US economy in the conditions of the QE policy implementation by the US Federal Reserve. We found that the ability of the US financial system to adjust to the different levels of liquidity depends on the nonlinearities appearance in the QE transmission channels, and is limited by the laminar turbulent capital flows transitions in the QE transmission channels and the transaction networks channels in the US financial system. The proposed computer model allows us to make the accurate forecasts of the US economy performance in the cases, when there are the different levels of liquidity in the US financial system., Comment: 40 pages, 26 figures, 10 tables

The accurate characterization of the business cycles in the nonlinear dynamic financial and economic systems in the time of globalization represents a formidable research problem. The central banks and other financial institutions make their decisions on the minimum capital requirements, countercyclical capital buffer allocation and capital investments, going from the precise data on the business cycles. We consider the two possible interaction scenarios, when there are: the linear interactions, and the non-linear interactions. In our opinion, the main parameters of the business cycle may deviate during the business cycle nonlinear interaction with the nonlinear dynamic financial and economic systems, because of the origination of the nonlinear effects such as the Four Waves Mixing (FWM), Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS), Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), Carrier Induced Phase Modulation., Comment: 26 pages, 8 figures, 3 tables

The nonlinear surface resistance Rs of the YBa2Cu3O7-x superconducting thin films on the MgO substrates was researched in the Hakki-Coleman dielectric resonator at the microwave signal powers from -18 dBm to +30 dBm at the ultra high frequency of 25 GHz in the range of temperatures from 12 K to 85 K. The dependences of the surface resistance on the temperature RS(T) in the YBa2Cu3O7-x superconducting thin films at the microwaves were measured. The dependence of the surface resistance on the microwave power RS(P) in the YBa2Cu3O7-x superconducting thin films at the microwaves were found at the two temperatures T = 25 K and T = 50 K. The full expression for the estimation of the measurements accuracy of the surface resistance RS was derived, and the measurements accuracy was set at 1 %. The physical mechanisms, which can be used to explain the experimental results, were discussed. It is shown that the surface resistance Rs can nonlinearly increase as a result of the transition by the sub-surface layer of the HTS thin film in a mixed state with the Abricosov and Josephson magnetic vortices generation at an increase of the microwave signal power P above the magnitude of 8 dBm. It is assumed that some additional energy losses have place, because of the microwave power dissipation on the normal metal cores of the magnetic vortices., Comment: 10 pages, 11 figures

The new business paradigms originate a strong necessity to re-think the theory of the firm with the aim to get a better understanding on the organizational and functional principles of the firm, operating in the investment economies in the prosperous societies. In this connection, we make the innovative research to advance our scientific knowledge on the theory of firm in the conditions of the nonlinear dynamic financial and economic systems. We propose that the nonlinearities have to be taken to the consideration and the nonlinear differential equation have to be used to model the firm in the modern theories of the firm in the nonlinear dynamic financial and economic systems. We apply the econophysical approach with the dynamic regimes modeling on the bifurcation diagram as in the dynamic chaos theory with the purpose to accurately characterize the nonlinearities in the economic theory of the firm. We introduce the Ledenyov firm stability theorem, based on the Lyapunov stability criteria, to precisely characterize the stability of the firm in the nonlinear dynamic financial and economic systems in the time of globalization., Comment: 27 pages, 6 figures

The investment economy is a main characteristic of prosperous society. The investment portfolio management is a main financial problem, which has to be solved by the investment, commercial and central banks with the application of modern portfolio theory in the investment economy. We use the learning analytics together with the integrative creative imperative intelligent conceptual co-lateral adaptive thinking with the purpose to advance our scientific knowledge on the diversified investment portfolio management in the nonlinear dynamic financial system. We apply the econophysics principles and the econometrics methods with the aim to find the solution to the problem of the optimal allocation of assets in the investment portfolio, using the advanced risk management techniques with the efficient frontier modeling in agreement with the modern portfolio theory and using the stability management techniques with the dynamic regimes modeling on the bifurcation diagram in agreement with the dynamic chaos theory. We show that the bifurcation diagram, created with the use of the logistic function in Matlab, can provide some valuable information on the stability of combining risky investments in the investment portfolio, solving the problem of optimization of assets allocation in the investment portfolio. We propose the Ledenyov investment portfolio theorem, based on the Lyapunov stability criteria, with the aim to create the optimized investment portfolio with the uncorrelated diversified assets, which can deliver the increased expected returns to the institutional and private investors in the nonlinear dynamic financial system in the frames of investment economy., Comment: 34 pages, 35 figures, 3 tables

The purpose of this research article is to discover how the econophysics analysis can complement the econometrics models in application to the risk management in the central banks and financial institutions, operating within the nonlinear dynamical financial system. We consider the modern risk management models and show the appropriate techniques to calculate the various existing risks in the finances. We make a few comments on the possible limitations in the models of statistical modeling of volatility such as the Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model, because of the nonlinearities appearance in the nonlinear dynamical financial systems. We propose that the various types of nonlinearities, which can originate in the financial and economical systems, have to be taken to the detailed consideration during the Cost of Capital calculation in the finances and economics. We propose the new theory of nonlinear dynamic volatilities and the new nonlinear dynamic chaos (NDC) volatility model for the statistical modeling of financial volatility with the aim to determine the Value at Risk., Comment: 10 pages

We describe the innovations in finances, introduced over the recent decades, and analyze most of the business and regulatory challenges, faced by the financial industry, because of the present disruptive changes in the global capital markets. We use the integrative thinking approach to formulate the new central bank strategy and propose that the new strategy has to be focused on the constant management of the monetary and financial instabilities, using the knowledge base in the field of econophysics. We propose the new theoretical model of economics, which is called the Nonlinear Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (NDSGE), which takes to the account the nonlinearities, appearing during the interaction between the business cycles. We show that the central banks, which will apply the knowledge gained from the econophysical analysis to understand the complex processes in the national financial systems in the time of high volatility in global capital markets, will be able to govern the national financial systems successfully., Comment: 8 pages, 1 table

The loss tangent of medium, low and very low loss dielectric substrates (including the Rogers RT Duroid 5880 and 6010.2, LaAlO3, (La, Sr)(Al, Ta)O3, MgO and Quartz) was measured at varying temperatures with two TE01{\delta} dielectric resonators to ensure verification of the tests. The accuracy of the measurements has been researched and discussed for split post dielectric resonator (SPDR) in a copper enclosure and a single post dielectric resonator (SuPDR) in a superconducting enclosure in the temperature range from 15K to 300 K., Comment: 4 pages, 7 figures

Yttrium Vanadate (YVO4) is a birefringent crystal material used in optical isolators and circulators with potentials for application in cryogenic microwave devices. As microwave properties of the YVO4 are not known, we measured the complex permittivity at the frequency of 25 GHz, using the Hakki-Coleman dielectric resonator technique in the temperature range from 13 K to 80 K. The real part of relative permittivity of YVO4 turned out to be similar to that of Sapphire - one of popular dielectric materials, used at microwave frequencies. The measured loss tangent tang {\delta} of the YVO4 was of the order of 10^(-6) at cryogenic temperatures. As Yttrium Vanadate (YVO4) is easy to synthesis and machine, it may replace the expensive Sapphire in some microwave applications., Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, ISBN 981-238-372-7

Surface resistance of HTS films is typically measured using Sapphire dielectric rod resonators enclosed in a copper cavity. In this paper we present surface resistance measurements of YBa2Cu3O7-{\delta} films using Strontium Lanthanum Aluminate (SLAO) at a resonant frequency of 18.2 GHz. We have performed the error analysis of the cavity loaded with SLAO dielectric rod and also verification measurements using two Sapphire (Al2O3) rod resonators operating at resonant frequencies of 24.6 GHz and 10 GHz respectively. Good agreement between the values of Rs of two sets of YBa2Cu3O7-{\delta} films measured using the SLAO and the Sapphire dielectrics has been obtained after a frequency scaling of Rs was applied. Using different dielectric rods of the same size in the same cavity for measurements of Rs of HTS films, it is feasible to do microwave characterization of the same films at differing frequencies., Comment: 4 pages, 10 figures

A split post dielectric resonator in a copper enclosure and a single post dielectric resonator in a cavity with superconducting end-plates have been constructed and used for the complex permittivity measurements of single crystal substrates. (La,Sr)(Al,Ta)O3, LaAlO3, MgO and quartz substrates have been measured at temperatures from 20 K to 300 K in the split post resonator and from 15 K to 80 K in the single post resonator. The TE01delta mode resonant frequencies and unloaded Qo-factors of the empty resonators at temperature of 20 K were: 9.952 GHz and 25,000 for the split post resonator and 10.808 GHz and 240,000 for the single post resonator respectively., Comment: 4 pages, 8 figures, 1 table

Properties of calcium fluoride (CaF2) have been well researched at UV, visible and IR range of frequencies, but not at ultra high frequencies. In this work we report the loss tangent and the real part of relative permittivity of CaF2, measured in the temperatures range of 15 - 81 K and the frequency of 29.25 GHz. The loss tangent and the real part of relative permittivity were determined by measurements of the resonant frequency and the Qo - factor of a TE011 mode cylindrical copper cavity with superconducting plates containing the sample under test. The measured real part of relative permittivity of CaF2 was found to change from 6.484 to 6.505, and the loss tangent from 3.1x10^(-6) to 22.7x10^(-6), when the temperature was varied from 15 to 81 K. Due to the low losses CaF2 can be useful in construction of high Q-factor microwave circuits and devices, operating at the cryogenic temperatures., Comment: 6 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables; http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955221903001833

Accurate data of complex permittivity of dielectric substrates are needed for efficient design of HTS microwave planar circuits. We have tested MgO substrates from three different manufacturing batches using a dielectric resonator with superconducting parts recently developed for precise microwave characterization of laminar dielectrics at cryogenic temperatures. The measurement fixture has been fabricated using a SrLaAlO3 post dielectric resonator with DyBa2Cu3O7 end plates and silver-plated copper sidewalls to achieve the resolution of loss tangent measurements of 2 {\times} 10-6. The tested MgO substrates exhibited the average relative permittivity of 9.63 and tan {\delta} from 3.7 {\times} 10-7 to 2 {\times} 10-5 at frequency of 10.5 GHz in the temperature range from 14 to 80 K., Comment: 6 pages, 8 figures, 3 tables

A comparative study of unloaded Q-factor measurements of a TE011 mode sapphire dielectric resonator with unloaded Q-factor value of 731,000 at a frequency of 10 GHz and temperature of 65 K using two best Q-factor measurement methods are presented. The Transmission (TMQF) and Reflection methods are based on relevant multi-frequency S-parameter measurements and circle fitting procedures to compute the unloaded Q-factor of the resonator. For accurate comparison of the methods a delay compensation procedure (introduced in the TMQF technique to remove delay due to non-calibrated cables) has been applied also to the reflection data., Comment: 4 pages, 7 figures, 1 table

Microwave properties of High Temperature Superconductors (HTS) exhibit dependence on RF power levels. Effects of nonlinear phenomena causing this dependence can be modelled using lumped element circuits. Several RLC circuits to model the surface impedance of HTS were investigated (with equations expressing transmitted power derived) and assessed. Linear, quadratic and exponential dependences of surface resistance RS and inductance LS on the RF power for the model chosen as the best have been examined and used in simulations of electromagnetic responses of superconducting films in a Hakki-Coleman dielectric resonator., Comment: 4 pages, 7 figures

The Einstein's research ideas on the thermodynamical fluctuational nature of certain electrical phenomena [1] and the physical nature of the electric potentials difference U in an electric capacitor at the temperature of T [2] were proposed in 1906-1907. On the base of Einstein's research ideas, we explain the recent experimental results [3, 4] and propose the consistent theory on the physical nature of the electric effects in an electric capacitor at an action of the second sound standing wave in the superfluid Helium (4He) and in the rotational torsional mechanical resonator in Helium II. The use of the Einstein's research approach, based on the consideration of an interconnection between the thermal, mechanical and electrical fluctuations, allows us to obtain the quantitative theoretical research results, which are in a good agreement with the experimental data on the correlations of the alternate low temperatures difference in the second sound wave, and the alternate electric potentials difference between the capacitor plates in the superfluid Helium as well as in the rotational torsional mechanical resonator in Helium II., Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures http://vant.kipt.kharkov.ua/ARTICLE/VANT_2014_1/article_2014_1_170.pdf

The temperature dependence of the real and imaginary parts of magnetic susceptibility of YBa2Cu3O7-{\delta} superconducting thin films were researched at the electron irradiation with the energy of 2{\cdot}10<4> eV in the magnetic field of -2.4{\cdot}10<4> A/m at the temperature T=77 K. It is retrieved that the nonequilibrium distribution of atoms of oxygen, originating at the operation of an electron beam, reduces in the change of a sort of dependence of the complex magnetic susceptibility of YBa2 Cu3O7-{\delta} thin films on the temperature T. The diffusion relaxation of a none equilibrium distribution of oxygen atoms and its vacancies, generated at the application of electron irradiation, results in an appearance of pinning centers with the reduced contents of the oxygen in the normal cores of the Abricosov magnetic vortices. The increase of pinning forces results in the increase of critical current density, having an effect on the magnetic susceptibility of YBa2Cu3O7-{\delta} thin films. The proposed theoretical mechanism on the oxygen and its vacancies diffusion in YBa2Cu3O7-{\delta} superconducting thin films near to the centers of Abricosov magnetic vortices cores at the action of the superconducting electron pair potential gradient explains the observed physical properties., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, http://vant.kipt.kharkov.ua/ARTICLE/VANT_2006_1/article_2006_1_76.pdf

The research is focused on the modeling of nonlinear properties of High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) thin films, using Bardeen, Cooper, Schrieffer and Lumped Element Circuit theories, with purpose to enhance microwave power handling capabilities of microwave filters and optimize design of microwave circuits in micro- and nano- electronics., Comment: 923 pages, 388 figures, 44 tables, 85 slides

We present a broad agenda for meaningful banking regulation reform aiming the creation of evolutive competitive environment to maximize the effectiveness of international financial system through the introduction of fair competition process among the banks in free market capitalism. We assume that the international financial system may evolve or decline within the evolutive competitive environment depending on both the environmental regulation policies as well as the competition between the banks. We present the commonly known definition of competition and apply the conceptual collateral thinking to identify the source of competitive strengths of financial institutions in free market capitalism. We explore how the banks conduct a search for competitive strategies. We show that the root cause of crisis in finances is hidden in the very wrong regulation policies and ideas behind these policies, which failed to create the evolutive competitive environment for effective, profitable, responsible and sustainable bank operation within existing international financial system. We review a number of initiatives on meaningful banking regulation reform proposed by central bankers from the G20 nations. We propose to introduce the Random Tax and the Quantum Tax. We argue that the introduction of the Random Tax and the Quantum Tax may compensate for the negative effects commonly associated with the existing banking regulation limitations imposed on the international financial system. We believe that the Random Tax and the Quantum Tax will improve the evolutive competitive environment and make it possible for the management teams at financial institutions to search for and to execute the winning virtuous business strategies toward the effective, profitable, responsible and sustainable banks operation., Comment: 18 Pages

We educe a perspective on how best to regulate the bank of tomorrow in frames of debate launched by the International Centre for Financial Regulation and Financial Times. Our goal is to create a conceptual framework for policymakers and regulators to shape the international financial system in century of globalization using the 1888 FT's motto: "Without fear and without favour." Our prospect employs an analytical approach, which focuses on the origins and evolution of banking system, its transformation over the recent decades, subsequent encountering the limits to growth and redefinition of new strategic boundaries of emerging financial industry. We identify the main reasons and limitations, which led to the global financial crisis. We propose the new research agendas with the aim to understand the situation in finances, evaluate the created systemic damages, and find the possible ways to resolve the existing problems through introduction of new banking regulation. We think that the global economic and financial systems are highly nonlinear systems. In our opinion, the frequency, phase and amplitude modulation during the mixing of waves, which characterize the Kitchin, Juglar, Kuznets, Kondratiev economic cycles, may result in origination of strong nonlinear dynamics in financial system, accompanied by chaos- induced phenomena. These nonlinear effects have to be taken to the account, when adding the liquidity to the financial system in small quantas in series over time period during the Quantitative Easing policy execution by central banks. We propose the Random Tax to be selectively imposed on the profits, obtained by market agents during high-risk high-profit speculative transactions. We expect that the Random Tax will stabilize the financial system in conditions of free market capitalism., Comment: 20 pages

The attenuation of longitudinal ultrasonic wave with the frequency of 30 MHz in Cu-Nb copper-niobium (40 vol%) composite system at low temperatures from 0.35 K up to 2 K is researched. It was found that the ultrasonic attenuation decreases in a Cu-Nb multi-filamentary composite sample at low temperatures in distinction to the pure Cu copper or Nb niobium homogeneous bulk samples. It is well known that the contact between the normal metal N and the superconductor S is characterized by an appearance of superconducting properties in the thin surface layer of normal metal N, because of the presence of proximity effect at low temperatures T. This phenomenon is observed on the temperature dependent distance \xi_N(T) in the normal metal N at the normal metal - superconductor NS boundary. It is assumed that the transition from the normal state N to the superconducting state S must be accompanied by the decrease of magnitude of ultrasonic wave's electronic energy absorption in normal metal N. The experimental results show that the superconducting electron coherence length in the normal thin layer is temperature dependent \xi_N(T). The electron mean free path l, which is dependent on the impurity scattering in volume and near Cu-Nb interfaces, was measured by the three independent methods at low temperatures. It is understood that the Andreev reflections are present in S-N-S structure, making some influence on the measured ultrasonic longitudinal wave attenuation in Cu-Nb composite samples at ultra low temperatures. The measured experimental results of ultrasonic longitudinal wave attenuation in Cu-Nb composite samples at low temperatures are in good agreement with the theoretical modeling data, obtained in case of dirty local limit., Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures