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In northern cold-temperate countries, a large portion of annual streamflow is produced by spring snowmelt, which often triggers floods. It is important to have spatial information about snow variables such as snow water equivalent (SWE), which can be incorporated into hydrological models, making them more efficient tools for improved decision-making. The present research implements a unique spatial pattern metric in a multi-objective framework for calibration of hydrological models and attempts to determine whether raw SNODAS (SNOw Data Assimilation System) data can be utilized for hydrological model calibration. The spatial efficiency (SPAEF) metric is explored for spatially calibrating SWE. Different calibration experiments are performed combining Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) for streamflow and root-mean-square error (RMSE) and SPAEF for SWE, using the Dynamically Dimensioned Search (DDS) and Pareto Archived Dynamically Dimensioned Search multi-objective optimization (PADDS) algorithms. Results of the study demonstrate that multi-objective calibration outperforms sequential calibration in terms of model performance (SWE and discharge simulations). Traditional model calibration involving only streamflow produced slightly higher NSE values; however, the spatial distribution of SWE could not be adequately maintained. This study indicates that utilizing SPAEF for spatial calibration of snow parameters improved streamflow prediction compared to the conventional practice of using RMSE for calibration. SPAEF is further implied to be a more effective metric than RMSE for both sequential and multi-objective calibration. During validation, the calibration experiment incorporating multi-objective SPAEF exhibits enhanced performance in terms of NSE and Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE) compared to calibration experiment solely based on NSE. This observation supports the notion that incorporating SPAEF computed on raw SNODAS data within the calibration framework results in a more robust hydrological model. The novelty of this study is the implementation of SPAEF with respect to spatially distributed SWE for calibrating a distributed hydrological model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In northern cold-temperate countries, a large portion of annual streamflow is produced by spring snowmelt, which often triggers floods. It is important to have spatial information about snow parameters such as snow water equivalent (SWE), which can be incorporated into hydrological models, making them more efficient tools for improved decision-making. The future Terrestrial Snow Mass Mission (TSMM) aims to provide high-resolution spatially distributed SWE information; thus, 5 spatial SWE calibration should be considered along with conventional streamflow calibration for model optimization since the overall water balance is often a key objective in the hydrological modelling. The present research implements a unique spatial pattern metric in a multi-objective framework for calibration approach of hydrological models and attempts to determine whether raw SNODAS data can be utilized for hydrological model calibration. The SPAtial Efficiency (SPAEF) metric is explored for spatially calibrating SWE. The HYDROTEL hydrological model is applied to the Au Saumon River Watershed (∽1120 km² 10 ) in Eastern Canada using MSWEP precipitation data and ERA-5 land reanalysis temperature data as input to generate high-resolution SWE and streamflow. Different calibration experiments are performed combining Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) for streamflow and root-mean-square error (RMSE), and SPAEF for SWE, using the Dynamically Dimensioned Search (DDS) and Pareto Archived multi-objective optimization (PADDS) algorithms. Results of the study demonstrate that multi-objective calibration outperforms sequential calibration in terms of model performance. Traditional model calibration in15 volving only streamflow produced slightly higher NSE values; however, the spatial distribution of SWE could not be adequately maintained. This study indicates that utilizing SPAEF for spatial calibration of snow parameters improved streamflow prediction compared to the conventional practice of using RMSE for calibration. SPAEF is further implied to be a more effective metric than RMSE for both sequential and multi-objective calibration. During validation, the calibration experiment incorporating multi-objective SPAEF exhibits enhanced performance in terms of NSE and Kling-Gupta Efficiency (KGE) compared 20 to calibration experiment solely based on NSE. This observation supports the notion that incorporating SPAEF computed on raw SNODAS data within the calibration framework results in a more robust hydrological model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the problem of the adaptation of hydropower plants to the future climate. A water resources optimization method was used to determine the optimum operating policy for the Manicouagan water system, Quebec, Canada, for the future hydrological regime and to establish hydropower adaptation strategies. The adaptation of the operating policy showed an increase in hydropower generation, an increase in unproductive spills, and a decrease in hydropower plant efficiency as consequences of the inflow increase, especially in winter and spring. Structural adaptation strategies, which consisted of either hydropower plant expansion or refurbishment, were analyzed. The plant expansion strategy was completely unsuccessful because the increase in inflow year-round in the future climate was too low to economically justify the installation of additional turbine-generator units. The refurbishment strategy was found to be a feasible structural adaptation measure for the Manicouagan system, under certain favorable economic and hydropower plant conditions. Key words: water systems, climate change, structural adaptation, economic viability. Cette etude aborde le probleme de l'adaptation des centrales hydroelectriques au climat a venir. Une methode d'optimisation de ressources en eau a ete utilisee afin de determiner la politique optimale d'exploitation du reseau hydrographique de Manicouagan au Quebec, Canada, en vue du regime hydrologique a venir et d'etablir des strategies d'adaptation en matiere d'energie hydroelectrique. L'adaptation de la politique d'exploitation a revele une augmentation de la generation d'energie hydroelectrique, une augmentation des deversements non productibles et une diminution de l'efficacite des centrales hydroelectriques, et ce, en raison de l'augmentation du debit entrant, particulierement en hiver et au printemps. Les strategies d'adaptation structurelles, soient l'expansion ou la refection de centrale hydroelectrique, ont ete analysees. La strategie d'expansion de centrale s'est averee completement inefficace parce que l'augmentation du debit entrant annuel dans le contexte du climat futur etait trop faible pour justifier, du point de vue economique, l'installation de groupes turbogenerateurs supplementaires. Il est demontre que la strategie de refection est une mesure d'adaptation structurelle faisable pour le reseau de Manicouagan, a certaines conditions favorables du point de vue economique et favorables a la centrale hydroelectrique. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: reseaux hydrographiques, changement climatique, adaptation structurelle, viabilite economique., Introduction Global warming and climate change will have impacts on the availability and the spatial and temporal distribution of water resources. Potential climate change impacts on water resources include increases [...]