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Cet ouvrage s’adresse aux étudiants en sciences économiques, histoire et classes préparatoires, ainsi qu’à toute personne intéressée par l’histoire économique. Celle de l’Ancien Régime est d’abord caractérisée par le rôle spécifique qu’y jouent les institutions. Elles fondent une économie officielle, reconnue et privilégiée, avec toute une série de règles qui débordent de son domaine particulier. Parallèlement et dans le cadre de ce système, il existe une véritable dynamique de marché, dominée par la ville avec ses administrateurs, ses bénéficiaires de prélèvements, ses propriétaires fonciers résidents, ses financiers, ses banquiers, ses notaires, ses négociants et ses marchands-fabricants. Cette dynamique joue contre l’autoconsommation, le localisme et l’ensemble réglementaire et des privilèges. Ce dernier sera de plus en plus contesté au XVIIIe siècle, avec une vive opposition entre les conceptions libérales et traditionnelles (d’ordre et de sécurité). Nous rencontrerons cette perspective à travers les divers points étudiés : les privilèges, les corps et corporations ; le rôle du pouvoir (l’administration de l’économie, le mercantilisme, le protectionnisme, la colonisation, les finances publiques) ; la population ; l’agriculture ; l’industrie ; les échanges, le commerce intérieur et extérieur ; la monnaie, le crédit et les banques ; enfin la déstabilisation de l’Ancien Régime avec les multiples causes qui conduisent à la Révolution. Ce mémento se décompose en thèmes, puis en sous-ensembles, qui en facilitent la compréhension. Il est accompagné d’un index permettant de retrouver rapidement certains points essentiels.

The aim of this study was to look for differences in the power spectra and in EEG connectivity measures between patients in the vegetative state (VS/UWS) and patients in the minimally conscious state (MCS). The EEG of 31 patients was recorded and analyzed. Power spectra were obtained using modern multitaper methods. Three connectivity measures (coherence, the imaginary part of coherency and the phase lag index) were computed. Of the 31 patients, 21 were diagnosed as MCS and 10 as VS/UWS using the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R). EEG power spectra revealed differences between the two conditions. The VS/UWS patients showed increased delta power but decreased alpha power compared with the MCS patients. Connectivity measures were correlated with the CRS-R diagnosis; patients in the VS/UWS had significantly lower connectivity than MCS patients in the theta and alpha bands. Standard EEG recorded in clinical conditions could be used as a tool to help the clinician in the diagnosis of disorders of consciousness.

Human morning and evening chronotypes differ in their preferred timing for sleep and wakefulness, as well as in optimal daytime periods to cope with cognitive challenges. Recent evidence suggests that these preferences are not a simple by-product of socio-professional timing constraints, but can be driven by inter-individual differences in the expression of circadian and homeostatic sleep-wake promoting signals. Chronotypes thus constitute a unique tool to access the interplay between those processes under normally entrained day-night conditions, and to investigate how they impinge onto higher cognitive control processes. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we assessed the influence of chronotype and time-of-day on conflict processing-related cerebral activity throughout a normal waking day. Sixteen morning and 15 evening types were recorded at two individually adapted time points (1.5 versus 10.5 hours spent awake) while performing the Stroop paradigm. Results show that interference-related hemodynamic responses are maintained or even increased in evening types from the subjective morning to the subjective evening in a set of brain areas playing a pivotal role in successful inhibitory functioning, whereas they decreased in morning types under the same conditions. Furthermore, during the evening hours, activity in a posterior hypothalamic region putatively involved in sleep-wake regulation correlated in a chronotype-specific manner with slow wave activity at the beginning of the night, an index of accumulated homeostatic sleep pressure. These results shed light into the cerebral mechanisms underlying inter-individual differences of higher-order cognitive state maintenance under normally entrained day-night conditions., Clinical Trial, Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

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