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This study aims to explore the pathogenic potential of Leclercia adecarboxylata as a rare pathogen in immunocompetent individuals and to analyze how mental health status may influence susceptibility to infection. We report a case of bacteremia in a 31-year-old immunocompetent female who developed L. adecarboxylata infection during an episode of severe depression. Although the patient exhibited self-harm tendencies, a thorough physical examination did not reveal any external wounds or signs of injury. This case demonstrates that, despite the absence of obvious external infection sources, invasive procedures, or visible trauma, L. adecarboxylata can induce severe bacteremia in immunocompetent individuals. The patient presented with high fever and systemic inflammatory response, with blood cultures confirming the presence of L. adecarboxylata, and chest imaging showing bilateral lower lobe inflammation. Following treatment with ceftriaxone, the patient's symptoms rapidly improved, and infection markers normalized. This study elucidates the potential mechanisms by which L. adecarboxylata can cause infection in immunocompetent individuals and examines the influence of mental health on infection susceptibility. It provides new insights into the complex relationship between mental illness and infection, highlighting the need for further investigation into how mental health may affect infection risk and its clinical management. In conjunction with existing research, this study discusses how psychological stress and behavioral patterns may increase infection risk and recommends future research to further explore the interplay between mental disorders and infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chrysomya megacephala, known for its vector potential, harbors a diverse microbiota crucial in understanding disease transmission dynamics. Herein, we report the first documentation of Leclercia adecarboxylata isolated from C. megacephala. L. adecarboxylata is an Enterobacteriaceae, gram-negative bacillus that cause infections in human and animals. Additionally, we have reported the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis from C. megacepahala. The study carried out the antibiotic profiling and hemolytic assays, which revealed distinct resistance patterns and virulence characteristics, shedding light on potential public health implications. L. adecarboxylata, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis showed positive result for hemolysis and in terms of antibiotic resistance P. aeruginosa strains showed resistance to Amoxicillin, Ampicillin and Tetracycline while, E. faecalis showed resistance towards Streptomycin and Tetracycline. However, L. adecarboxylata showed sensitivity to all antibiotics. This study was conducted from Kozhikode, Kerala, India, and this is the first of its kind of study from the region to analyse the vector potential of C. megacephala. These findings underscore the significance of comprehensive microbiological investigations in vector-borne disease surveillance and management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & objectives; Malaria, a vector-borne disease, is caused by Plasmodium species and transmitted by Anopheles species. Among these vectors, Anopheles subpictus has emerged as a potent malarial vector in coastal areas of India. Numerous studies have highlighted that bacterial communities within mosquito influence vector competence. The present study was designed to isolate and characterize bacterial microbiota from An. subpictus larvae. Methods: Isolation and purification of the predominant bacterial strain (ALl) was carried out. Morphological, biochemical, antibiotic susceptibility and molecular characterization of the isolated bacteria was performed. Results: Bacterial isolate (AL1) was found to be rod, gram negative, catalase positive and oxidase negative. AL1 was identified as Leclercia adecarboxylata (Accession number: OR649235) through 16S rRNA ribotyping. Further, the leaf extract of Nyctanthes arbortristis showed inhibitory effect against ALl. Interpretation & conclusion: The study provided the first report on the isolation of symbiotic bacteria (L. adecarboxylata) from An. subpictus and its control by leaf extract of Nyctanthes arbortristis. Isolated gram-negative bacterial strain might inhibit the development of mosquito vectors and can be implemented for various biological control strategies to combat malaria transmission.

This study aims to explore the pathogenic potential of Leclercia adecarboxylata as a rare pathogen in immunocompetent individuals and to analyze how mental health status may influence susceptibility to infection. We report a case of bacteremia in a 31-year-old immunocompetent female who developed L. adecarboxylata infection during an episode of severe depression. Although the patient exhibited self-harm tendencies, a thorough physical examination did not reveal any external wounds or signs of injury. This case demonstrates that, despite the absence of obvious external infection sources, invasive procedures, or visible trauma, L. adecarboxylata can induce severe bacteremia in immunocompetent individuals. The patient presented with high fever and systemic inflammatory response, with blood cultures confirming the presence of L. adecarboxylata, and chest imaging showing bilateral lower lobe inflammation. Following treatment with ceftriaxone, the patient’s symptoms rapidly improved, and infection markers normalized. This study elucidates the potential mechanisms by which L. adecarboxylata can cause infection in immunocompetent individuals and examines the influence of mental health on infection susceptibility. It provides new insights into the complex relationship between mental illness and infection, highlighting the need for further investigation into how mental health may affect infection risk and its clinical management. In conjunction with existing research, this study discusses how psychological stress and behavioral patterns may increase infection risk and recommends future research to further explore the interplay between mental disorders and infectious diseases.

Background: Leclercia adecarboxylata is a Gram-negative bacillus that can rarely cause infections in humans. We recently treated a case of peritonitis due to L. adecarboxylata in a peritoneal dialysis (PD) pediatric patient, and we systematically reviewed all the relevant reported cases in the literature. Methods: We searched the PubMed and Scopus databases, and we reviewed 13 such cases (2 children, 11 adults) that were reported, including our patient. Results: The mean (±SE) age was 53.2 ± 22.5 years, with a male-to-female ratio of approximately 1:1.6. Their mean vintage period on PD prior to L. adecarboxylata peritonitis was 37.5 ± 25.3 months. The VITEK card was the identification diagnostic tool in most cases (63%). The antimicrobial agent that was most frequently used was ceftazidime, which was implemented in 50% of cases as initial therapy, either as a monotherapy or combination therapy; in only two patients (15.3%) was the Tenkhoff catheter removed. The median duration of treatment was 18 days (range of 10–21 days), and all 13 patients that were reviewed were healed. Conclusions: Physicians should be aware that L. adecarboxylata is noted to rarely cause peritonitis in PD patients; however, this pathogen seems to be sensitive to most antimicrobial agents and can result in a favorable outcome with the selection of appropriate treatment.

Background: Leclercia adecarboxylata is a Gram-negative bacillus that can rarely cause infections in humans. We recently treated a case of peritonitis due to L. adecarboxylata in a peritoneal dialysis (PD) pediatric patient, and we systematically reviewed all the relevant reported cases in the literature. Methods: We searched the PubMed and Scopus databases, and we reviewed 13 such cases (2 children, 11 adults) that were reported, including our patient. Results: The mean (±SE) age was 53.2 ± 22.5 years, with a male-to-female ratio of approximately 1:1.6. Their mean vintage period on PD prior to L. adecarboxylata peritonitis was 37.5 ± 25.3 months. The VITEK card was the identification diagnostic tool in most cases (63%). The antimicrobial agent that was most frequently used was ceftazidime, which was implemented in 50% of cases as initial therapy, either as a monotherapy or combination therapy; in only two patients (15.3%) was the Tenkhoff catheter removed. The median duration of treatment was 18 days (range of 10–21 days), and all 13 patients that were reviewed were healed. Conclusions: Physicians should be aware that L. adecarboxylata is noted to rarely cause peritonitis in PD patients; however, this pathogen seems to be sensitive to most antimicrobial agents and can result in a favorable outcome with the selection of appropriate treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cnidium officinale Makino, a perennial crop in the Umbeliperae family, is one of Korea's representative forest medicinal plants. However, the growing area of C. officinale has been reduced by plant disease and soil sickness caused by fusarium wilt. This study isolated rhizosphere bacteria from C. officinale, and their antagonistic activity was evaluated against Fusarium solani. Particularly, four isolated strains, namely, PT1, ST7, ST8, and SP4, showed a significant antagonistic activity against F. solani. An in planta test showed that the mortality rates of shoots were significantly low in the PT1-inoculated group. The fresh and dry weights of the inoculated plants were also higher than that of the other groups. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified the strain PT1 as Leclercia adecarboxylata, and downstream studies confirmed the production of antagonism-related enzymes such as siderophore and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase. The phosphorous solubilizing ability and secretion of related enzymes were also analyzed. The results showed that PT1 strain could be utilized as promising plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and biocontrol agents (BCAs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Leclercia adecarboxylata is a bacteria closely related to Escherichia coli according to its biochemical characteristics and is commonly considered non-pathogenic although a growing number of publications classify it as an emerging pathogen. Fosfomycin resistance is a common trait for L. adecarboxylata encoded by fosALA gene. Objective: To analyze genomic traits of sixteen L. adecarboxylata strains isolated from blood culture and a bottle of total parenteral nutrition. Methods: Twenty-eight L. adecarboxylata strains isolated from blood culture and a bottle of total parenteral nutrition were identified biochemically with a Vitek ® automated system. The strains were phenotyped by their growth on Eosin Methylene Blue agar or MacConkey agar plates. Additionally, Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed to establish the clonal relationship. The genomic DNA of sixteen strains was obtained using a Qubit ® dsDNA HS Assay Kit and sequenced on an Illumina ® MiSeq instrument. Draft genomes were assembled using PROKKA and Rast. Assemblies were submitted to Resfinder and PathogenFinder from the Center for Genomic Epidemiology in order to find resistance genes and pathogenic potential. IslandViewer4 was also used to find Pathogenicity and Phage Islands. For identification of the fosA gene, manual curation and Clustal analysis was performed. A novel FosA variant was identified. Finally, phylogenetic analysis was performed using VAMPhyRE software and Mega X. Results: In this paper, we report the genomes of sixteen strains of Leclercia adecarboxylata causing an outbreak associated with parenteral nutrition in public hospitals in Mexico. The genomes were analyzed for genetic determinants of virulence and resistance. A high pathogenic potential (pathogenicity index 0.82) as well as multiple resistance genes including carbapenemics, colistin and efflux pumps were determined. Based on sequence analysis, a new variant of the fosALA gene was described. Finally, the outbreak was confirmed by establishing the clonal relationship among the sixteen genomes obtained. Conclusions: Commensal strains of L. adecarboxylata may acquire genetic determinants that provide mechanisms of host damage and go unnoticed in clinical diagnosis. L. adecarboxylata can evolve in a variety of ways including the acquisition of resistance and virulence genes representing a therapeutic challenge in patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leclercia adecarboxylata is a recently acknowledged emerging pathogen. It is a member of the Enterobacterals family, formerly thought to be a member of the genus Escherichia. Isolation was reported from various animal and environmental specimens. However, it rarely causes infection in humans, and the true frequency is unknown or underestimated. Leclercia adecarboxylata showed an ascending resistance grade from pan-sensitive to Carbapenem-resistant due to its ability to produce and harbour hydrolysing enzymes that challenge daily clinical practices. In our report, the isolate was misidentified as Citrobacter koseri by Analytical Profile Index for Enterobacterals (API E), and as Pantoea species by Vitek 2 but confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and 16S ribosomal RNA analysis as Leclercia adecarboxylata. Conventional PCR revealed the presence of two populations of resistance genes, VIM-1 and OXA-48. Herein, a report of the first clinical emergence of Leclercia adecarboxylata producing VIM-1 in a rectal swab of a 63-year-old non-immunocompromised female with acute intracerebral haemorrhage.

Selenium (Se) is essential for life's basic functions but its sources are limited. Plant growth promoting bacteria is a potential source to increase Se accumulation and plant growth. Bacteria are isolated from native seleniferous soils,. and based on 16S rRNA (ribosomal RNA) sequenceanalysis, two plant growth promoting and selenium tolerant bacteria are selected. They are identified as Leclercia adecarboxylata (B49) and Cedecea neteri (B71). L. adecarboxylata and C. neteri produce indole acetic acid of 93 ± 3.2 and 68 ± 2.9 mg L−1 and a phosphate solubilization index of 1.26 ± 0.3 and 3.29 ± 0.2, respectively. L. adecarboxylata and C. neteri tolerate up to 350 mm of selenite with an inhibitory concentration 50 value of 225.6 ± 14 and 236.6 ± 14 mm, respectively. Inoculation of bacteria significantly increases the growth of Zea mays plants in seleniferous soil. Plant growth promotion is 36.6% more in C. neteri inoculated plants compared to L. adecarboxylata. Se accumulation significantly increases in plant tissues inoculated with C. neteri (20.2 µg g−1) than L. adecarboxylata (12.1 µg g−1). This study has provided evidence that microbial Se biotransformation through bacterial inoculation is an alternative way to improve the Se uptake in crops and maintain human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cnidium officinale Makino, a perennial crop in the Umbeliperae family, is one of Korea’s representative forest medicinal plants. However, the growing area of C. officinale has been reduced by plant disease and soil sickness caused by fusarium wilt. This study isolated rhizosphere bacteria from C. officinale, and their antagonistic activity was evaluated against Fusarium solani. Particularly, four isolated strains, namely, PT1, ST7, ST8, and SP4, showed a significant antagonistic activity against F. solani. An in planta test showed that the mortality rates of shoots were significantly low in the PT1-inoculated group. The fresh and dry weights of the inoculated plants were also higher than that of the other groups. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified the strain PT1 as Leclercia adecarboxylata, and downstream studies confirmed the production of antagonism-related enzymes such as siderophore and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase. The phosphorous solubilizing ability and secretion of related enzymes were also analyzed. The results showed that PT1 strain could be utilized as promising plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and biocontrol agents (BCAs).

Wastewater treatment has become very important due to insufficient water resources. For wastewater treatment, Physical, Biological, and Chemical methods have been developed. Bioremediation is the most efficient and environmentally sustainable process among them. This article presents the continuous decomposition of phenolenriched refinery effluent by stimulated, activated, and adapted granules of bacteria and yeast cultures. A novel Leclercia adecarboxylata has been revealed to be capable of degrading phenol at high concentrations as well as its potential for bioremediation of phenolic wastewaters. Water samples were collected from the first and second biobased basin of the refinery in the Republic of North Macedonia to observe microbial growth. Microorganisms were extracted from refinery and synthetic wastewater. The whole procedure was performed in laboratory bioreactors under defined parameters. Several colonies of bacteria and yeast capable of degrading petroleum wastewater and phenol were isolated and adapted from active sludge originating from the treatment system of oil refinery. Phenol concentration was gradually increased from 100 to 2000 mg/L-1 under laboratory conditions. All isolates were incubated with refinery wastewater for 20 days at 35°C and phenol degradation was monitored. 4-aminoantipyrine in the colourimetric assay method according to standard methods reported by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was used for measuring the changes in phenol concentration. Final Strains were grown in batch cultures in 250-ml flasks containing 50 ml of MSM supplemented with phenol (1500 mg/liter utilized phenol as the sole carbon source and energy. Totally 9 isolates of 5 bacteria (BF), and 4 yeasts (KvF) were identified as; Leclercia adecarboxylata, Bacillus subtilis, Citrobacter sp., Raoultella sp. In conclusion, it was identified that BG BF-1 was the most resistant and durable bacterial strain which can degrade and adapt at high phenol concentration. Phenotypic profiling and sequence analysis identified the strain as Leclercia adecarboxylata. The resistance and viability of Leclercia adecarboxylata at high level of phenol concentrations indicates that this would be used for phenol biodegradation. Cultivation of phenol degrading Granulated forms of Leclercia adecarboxylata with other bacteria and yeast cultures can be an alternative to phenol bioremediation treatment strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acinetobacter species are Gram-negative coccobacilli found to cause a multitude of infections. However, they are a rare cause of bacteremia with Acinetobacter radioresistens accounting for less than 10 % of Acinetobacter infections. In this report, we describe a patient presenting with acute encephalopathy, fever, and hypoxia who was initially found to have bilateral perihilar and lower lobar peribronchial thickening on chest x-ray. Two sets of blood cultures obtained on admission were positive for Acinetobacter radioresistens and Enterococcus casseliflavus and one set of blood cultures returned positive for Leclercia adecarboxylata although believed to be a skin contaminant. Susceptibilities confirmed all bacteria were pan-sensitive. The patient was also found to have an aortic valve vegetation which was not amenable to surgical intervention. He was treated with 42 days of daptomycin and cefepime. At present, co-infection with Acinetobacter radioresistens and Enterococcus casseliflavus with manifestations of polymicrobial endocarditis has never been reported. Though this co-infection was pan-sensitive, there is an increasing rate of resistance to commonly used, broad-spectrum antibiotics such as β-lactams, which will continue to pose a challenge between balancing treatment and antibiotic stewardship.

After a resuscitation situation a SARS-CoV‑2 sample from a 55-year-old man who had been in the hospital for elective ablation for atrial fibrillation was tested positive. The patient history revealed that there had been a previous confirmed contact with a COVID-19 positive patient. The patient developed the complete set of symptoms of COVID-19 pneumonia with extensive intensive care treatment. After about 2 weeks of treatment, weaning had to be stopped due to the deterioration of the severe septic condition of the patient and he showed microbiological evidence of a superinfection with Cryptococcus neoformans and later Leclercia adecarboxylata. The patient was treated successfully and survived the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infection is an important complication of childhood nephrotic syndrome (NS) and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a frequently encountered one. We present a 7-year-old boy with NS who had decreased urine output, generalized body swelling, and abdominal pain. Urine analysis showed proteinuria of 50 mg/m2/d. Ascitic tap showed total leukocyte count of 100 cells/mm3, sugar of 67 mg/dL, and protein of 1.1 g/dL. Gram stain revealed gram-negative bacilli with pus cells and culture grown Leclercia adecarboxylata (LAD). LAD was identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) with an identification score of 2.0. The organism showed good susceptibility to common antibiotics. The boy had no direct contact with livestock and the source of infection remains speculative. Devitalized skin because of massive edema seems to be the most plausible site of entry for the organism. Our patient was started on ceftriaxone and improved. LAD is a rare opportunistic pathogen, which belongs to Enterobacteriaceae and usually causes soft tissue infections. As far as we know, this is the first case where it has caused peritonitis in a child with NS. We also reviewed other pediatric cases.

Leclercia adecarboxylata is a motile, gram negative bacillus in the Enterobacteriaceae family that is a rarely isolated cause of disease, despite being ubiquitous in nature. A 2019 review article identified only 74 reported cases, most often in immunocompromised patients [1]. The organism is generally susceptible to most antibiotics although multiantibiotic resistant strains have been reported. We report a case of a 62-year-old Caucasian man with multiple co-morbidities treated for L. adecarboxylata endocarditis with intravenous ceftriaxone.

Leclercia adecarboxylata is a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family that has been isolated from several environmental and animal specimens, however it rarely causes diseases in human beings. It has natural resistance to several antibiotics, and has shown the ability to harbor and produce enzymes capable of hydrolyzing most of the antibiotics used in daily clinical practice, making its treatment a challenge when a strain with such characteristics causes disease. Here we report the first known case of infection by Leclercia adecarboxylata after a trauma with plant material, in a 69-year-old male patient, with poorly controlled Diabetes Mellitus type 2.

Key Clinical Message Leclercia adecarboxylata can be misidentified as Escherichia coli, due to similar biochemical properties. Automated identification systems and mass spectrometry play a very critical role in isolating atypical organisms like L adecarboxylata. General guidelines recommend treating L adecarboxylata peritonitis for 3 weeks without removal of peritoneal dialysis catheter.

Due to the inappropriate use of florfenicol in agricultural practice, florfenicol resistance has become increasingly serious. In this work, we studied the novel florfenicol resistance mechanism of an animal-derived Leclercia adecarboxylata strain R25 with high-level florfenicol resistance. A random genomic DNA library was constructed to screen the novel florfenicol resistance gene. Gene cloning, gene knockout, and complementation combined with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) detection were conducted to determine the function of the resistance-related gene. Sequencing and bioinformatics methods were applied to analyze the structure of the resistance gene-related sequences. Finally, we obtained a regulatory gene of an RND (resistance-nodulation-cell division) system, ramA, that confers resistance to florfenicol and other antibiotics. The ramA-deleted variant (LA-R25ΔramA) decreased the level of resistance against florfenicol and several other antibiotics, while a ramA-complemented strain (pUCP24-prom-ramA/LA-R25ΔramA) restored the drug resistance. The whole-genome sequencing revealed that there were five RND efflux pump genes (mdtABC, acrAB, acrD, acrEF, and acrAB-like) encoded over the chromosome, and ramA located upstream of the acrAB-like genes. The results of this work suggest that ramA confers resistance to florfenicol and other structurally unrelated antibiotics, presumably by regulating the RND efflux pump genes in L. adecarboxylata R25. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The clinical role of Leclercia adecarboxylata as an opportunistic pathogen in the context of human infections have been highlighted by multiple published case reports, describing these bacteria as novel or emerging pathogens. Methodology: The study included L. adecarboxylata isolates and laboratory data collected, corresponding to a 13-year time period (between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2017). Presumptively identified L. adecarboxylata isolates were re-identified using VITEK 2 Compact ID/AST and MALDI-TOF MS analysis. Results: n = 34 isolates were verified by VITEK 2 system and MALDI-TOF. The fosfomycin-agar and CPS Elite agar were effective in the phenotypic differentiation of the isolates. N = 18 (52.9%) of L. adecarboxylata was considered as clinically significant pathogens (based on the clinical signs and symptoms), while n = 16 (47.1%) were considered as contaminants. These pathogens were isolated from wound/abscess samples (n = 9), urine samples (n = 6) and blood cultures (n = 3). 31 out of 34 isolates (91.2%) were pan-sensitive (i.e. wild type) to the tested antibiotics. The median age of affected patients was 57 years (range: 12-80 years), 11 out of 18 patients (61.1%) presented with underlying immunosuppression at the time of isolation. Conclusions: Based on the finding of this study, the actual (published) frequency of L. adecarboxylata infections needs to be re-evaluated as the risk of misidentification (and reporting the isolate as a pan-sensitive Escherichia coli) is high. Additional reporting of cases, both from a microbiological and clinical standpoint, could help clinicians develop a better understanding of the potential of this organism as a pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Leclercia adecarboxylata (L. adecarboxylata) is a gram-negative bacillus of the Enterobacteriaceae family, which is uncommonly isolated from clinical specimens. L. adecarboxylata is considered as an aquatic opportunistic pathogen and most of the human infections are polymicrobial and usually occur in immunocompromised hosts. (2) Methods: In this retrospective study, we included all L. adecarboxylata strains since the introduction of MALDI-TOF MS in the Microbiology Department of Nord Franche-Comté Hospital, France (from 1 March 2015 to 31 July 2019). We studied demographic characteristics, comorbidities, characteristics of the current infection and outcome as well as antimicrobial susceptibility testing in all isolates. (3) Results: A total of 8 samples were identified (in 6 patients (4M/2F), with a recurrent L. adecarboxylata infection in 2 patients). The patients’ mean age was 66.2 years (range: 19–84). All patients were considered as immunocompetent, except a peritoneal dialysis patient with kidney transplantation. An exposition to an aquatic environment was identified in one patient. The most prevalent clinical feature was catheter-associated male urinary tract infection (in 3 cases) followed by ventilator-associated pneumonia (in 2 cases). One of 6 patients presented L. adecarboxylata bacteremia. L. adecarboxylata was part of a polymicrobial infection in 4 patients. The isolates showed a high susceptibility to all tested antibiotics, except one strain, which was resistant to fosfomycin. All patients with L. adecarboxylata infection were treated with antibiotics with a favorable outcome. (4) Conclusion: This study confirms the pathogenicity of L. adecarboxylata, even in immunocompetent patients, with a high susceptibility to antibiotics.

Three keratinolytic bacterial isolates were characterized partially for their keratinase activity. Bacterial isolates were grown in feather meal agar. Ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by dialysis was performed to know the bacterial isolate keratinase activity in differet pH and temperature. Identification of the bacteria was done by using their 16S rRNA gene sequences. The result showed that bacterial growth was coinciding with keratinase activity. Precipitation with ammonium sulfate showed that keratinae activity of isolate A4 was optimum at 20% of ammonium sulphate, while B4 and B6 were more active at 70%. Keratinase activity increased after dialysis. Keratinase of A4 showed to have optimum activity at temperature of 45oC and pH=8, B4 was optimum at temperature of 35oC and pH=7, while B6 was optimum at temperature of 40oC and pH=7, respectively. Identification of the bacterial isolates using 16S rRNA gen showed that A4, B4, and B6 were closed to Leclercia adecarboxylata strain M-X17B, Azotobacter chroococcum strain ABA-1, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain BIW by 97%, 99%, and 98%, respectively. Two bacteria L. adecarboxylata and A. chroococcum were firstly reported to produce keratinase.

A clinical Leclercia adecarboxylata strain harboring the mcr-4.3 and blaIMP-4 genes was isolated from active rectal screening of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) in a patient. The isolate was found to harbor seven plasmids, including a 94,635 bp blaIMP-4-bearing IncN plasmid and a 9,782 bp mcr-4.3-bearing ColE10-type plasmid. The isolate was susceptible to colistin despite carrying the mcr-4.3 gene, suggesting that this MCR-4 variant may not be functional. Carriage of antibiotic resistance genes in human gut L. adecarboxylata strain suggests that close surveillance of resistance strains in the human gut flora should be included as a routine clinical practice to prevent occurrence of infections, especially among immunocompromised patients.

Three different MDR plasmids p16005813A, p16005813B, and p16005813C, which carried a total of 18 non-redundant resistance genes or gene loci, were identified in a single clinical isolate of Leclercia adecarboxylata. The p16005813A backbone showed very low levels of identity to all DNA sequences available in public databases and carried a repA gene that could not assigned into any of known incompatibility groups. The IncFII-family p16005813B and pECAZ161_KPC had essentially identical backbones. p16005813C belonged to an IncR single-replicon plasmid. p16005813A, p16005813B, and p16005813C harbored three different novel MDR regions as their sole accessory modules. The MDR region of p16005813B manifested as Tn6505, which was generated from insertion of blaIMP–8-carrying In655 instead of In4 into the Tn1696 backbone. Other key antibiotic resistance elements included Tn2, IS26–mph(A)–mrx–mphR(A)–IS6100 unit, chrA region, In27, and aacC2–tmrB region in the MDR region of p16005813A, and ΔTn9 carrying catA1, In609, and IS26–tetA(C)–tetR(C)–IS26 unit in the MDR region of p16005813C. This was the first report of coexistence of three different MDR plasmids, and that of occurrence of IMP-encoding plasmid and blaIMP–8 gene in L. adecarboxylata.

A clinical Leclercia adecarboxylata strain harboring the mcr-4.3 and bla IMP-4 genes was isolated from active rectal screening of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) in a patient. The isolate was found to harbor seven plasmids, including a 94,635 bp bla IMP-4-bearing IncN plasmid and a 9,782 bp mcr-4.3 -bearing ColE10-type plasmid. The isolate was susceptible to colistin despite carrying the mcr-4.3 gene, suggesting that this MCR-4 variant may not be functional. Carriage of antibiotic resistance genes in human gut L. adecarboxylata strain suggests that close surveillance of resistance strains in the human gut flora should be included as a routine clinical practice to prevent occurrence of infections, especially among immunocompromised patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three different MDR plasmids p16005813A, p16005813B, and p16005813C, which carried a total of 18 non-redundant resistance genes or gene loci, were identified in a single clinical isolate of Leclercia adecarboxylata. The p16005813A backbone showed very low levels of identity to all DNA sequences available in public databases and carried a repA gene that could not assigned into any of known incompatibility groups. The IncFII-family p16005813B and pECAZ161_KPC had essentially identical backbones. p16005813C belonged to an IncR single-replicon plasmid. p16005813A, p16005813B, and p16005813C harbored three different novel MDR regions as their sole accessory modules. The MDR region of p16005813B manifested as Tn 6505 , which was generated from insertion of bla IMP–8-carrying In655 instead of In4 into the Tn 1696 backbone. Other key antibiotic resistance elements included Tn 2 , IS 26 – mph(A) – mrx – mphR(A) –IS 6100 unit, chrA region, In27, and aacC2 – tmrB region in the MDR region of p16005813A, and ΔTn 9 carrying catA1 , In609, and IS 26 – tetA (C)– tetR (C)–IS 26 unit in the MDR region of p16005813C. This was the first report of coexistence of three different MDR plasmids, and that of occurrence of IMP-encoding plasmid and bla IMP–8 gene in L. adecarboxylata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leclercia adecarboxylata is a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. It has been described as an emerging human pathogen with the potential to cause severe infection in immunocompromised patients. The aim of this study was to describe a clinical case of infection with L. adecarboxylata and give a review of previous reports on infection. We report the presence of L. adecarboxylata in a patient initially admitted to our hospital for a lung transplant. She had diarrhoea, urinary tract infection and pneumonia caused by L. adecarboxylata. The isolate was resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and susceptible to 15 other antibiotics tested. The literature search for previous reports of infection with L. adecarboxylata resulted in 61 publications describing 74 cases. Bacteremia and wound infections were most often described, and only a few cases were fatal. L. adecarboxylata was most often found as a monomicrobial infection in immunocompromised patients, and as part of a polymicrobial infection in immunocompetent patients. The previously described isolates showed a high susceptibility to antibiotics, and treatment was efficient in most cases. Due to similarities in metabolic products, L. adecarboxylata might have been mistaken as Escherichia spp., but with new identification methods such as MALDI-TOF MS, it is possible to obtain a certain identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infection is an important complication of childhood nephrotic syndrome (NS) and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a frequently encountered one. We present a 7-year-old boy with NS who had decreased urine output, generalized body swelling, and abdominal pain. Urine analysis showed proteinuria of 50 mg/m 2 /d. Ascitic tap showed total leukocyte count of 100 cells/mm 3 , sugar of 67 mg/dL, and protein of 1.1 g/dL. Gram stain revealed gram-negative bacilli with pus cells and culture grown Leclercia adecarboxylata (LAD). LAD was identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) with an identification score of 2.0. The organism showed good susceptibility to common antibiotics. The boy had no direct contact with livestock and the source of infection remains speculative. Devitalized skin because of massive edema seems to be the most plausible site of entry for the organism. Our patient was started on ceftriaxone and improved. LAD is a rare opportunistic pathogen, which belongs to Enterobacteriaceae and usually causes soft tissue infections. As far as we know, this is the first case where it has caused peritonitis in a child with NS. We also reviewed other pediatric cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four biosurfactant-producing bacteria strains with high n-hexadecane degradation efficiency were isolated from activated sludge in a sequential batch reactor (SBR) in Weizhou terminal oilfield wastewater treatment plant, designated SBR14, SBR27, SBR28, and SBR45. Strains SBR14 and SBR45 were identified as Leclercia adecarboxylata, while strains SBR27 and SBR28 were identified as Enterobacter sp, based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The strains maintained growth activity under the following conditions: n-hexadecane concentration of 0.05-1% (v/v), salinity of 5-100 g/L, and pH of 5.0-9.0. Under optimal conditions: salinity of 15-25 g/L, pH of 6.0-7.0, inoculation amount of 5%, and a temperature and shaking speed of 37 °C and 160 rpm, respectively, the hexadecane (0.3%, v/v) degradation rate of each strain reached 93.74%, 65.66%, 73.27%, and 87.79% respectively, after 16 days of incubation. The crude products of these four strains were extracted, and the purified products were analyzed by thin layer chromatography and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The products were identified as phospholipids biosurfactant, with yields of 0.564, 0.605, 0.435, and 0.657 g/L, for strains SBR14, SBR27, SBR28, and SBR45 respectively. The growth of strains agrees with the Logistic model, exhibiting specific growth rates of 0.1375, 0.254, 0.145, and 0.066 d-1, respectively. Meanwhile, hexadecane utilization followed the first order reaction kinetics model, with half value periods of 5.874, 10.046, 7.967, and 6.729 days, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leclercia adecarboxylata, a Gram-negative bacillus of family Enterobacteriaceae, is an uncommonly identified pathogen isolated from environmental and clinical specimens. Most of the human infections are polymicrobial and commonly occur in immunocompromised hosts, although nosocomial infections in immunocompetent hosts have been documented. Here, we describe the case of isolation of Leclercia species as polymicrobial infection from bovine suffering from respiratory distress in Chhattisgarh state of India. The isolates were identified by their phenotypes, 16S rDNA sequencing and MALDI-TOF-MS. The isolate was found to be resistant to aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolone antibiotics and intermediate resistant to cephalosporins and evidenced for uncertain clinical relevance and could act as hidden source of public health hazard. Significance and Impact of the Study Leclercia adecarboxylata is a rarely reported human pathogen. We report here the case from bovine suffering from respiratory distress; the sample yielded Leclercia species as polymicrobial culture. The isolate was found to be multidrug resistant and evidenced for uncertain clinical relevance and could act as hidden source of public health hazard. The limited literature available on this organism is reviewed, and the potential implications of findings are discussed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of isolation and characterization of multidrug-resistant Leclercia species from animal clinical case from India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three keratinolytic bacterial isolates were characterized partially for their keratinase activity. Bacterial isolates were grown in feather meal agar. Ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by dialysis was performed to know the bacterial isolate keratinase activity in differet pH and temperature. Identification of the bacteria was done by using their 16S rRNA gene sequences. The result showed that bacterial growth was coinciding with keratinase activity. Precipitation with ammonium sulfate showed that keratinae activity of isolate A4 was optimum at 20% of ammonium sulphate, while B4 and B6 were more active at 70%. Keratinase activity increased after dialysis. Keratinase of A4 showed to have optimum activity at temperature of 45oC and pH=8, B4 was optimum at temperature of 35oC and pH=7, while B6 was optimum at temperature of 40oC and pH=7, respectively. Identification of the bacterial isolates using 16S rRNA gen showed that A4, B4, and B6 were closed to Leclercia adecarboxylata strain M-X17B, Azotobacter chroococcum strain ABA-1, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain BIW by 97%, 99%, and 98%, respectively. Two bacteria L. adecarboxylata and A. chroococcum were firstly reported to produce keratinase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Leclercia adecarboxylata can be misidentified as Escherichia coli, due to similar biochemical properties. Automated identification systems and mass spectrometry play a very critical role in isolating atypical organisms like L adecarboxylata. General guidelines recommend treating L adecarboxylata peritonitis for 3 weeks without removal of peritoneal dialysis catheter. Leclercia adecarboxylata can be misidentified as Escherichia coli, due to similar biochemical properties. Automated identification systems and mass spectrometry play a very critical role in isolating atypical organisms like L adecarboxylata. General guidelines recommend treating L adecarboxylata peritonitis for 3 weeks without removal of peritoneal dialysis catheter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leclercia adecarboxylata es una enterobacteriácea reportada ocasionalmente como un germen oportunista que compromete pacientes con algún tipo de inmunosupresión como neutropenia, cirrosis o cáncer. Se reporta un brote de cinco casos de bacteriemia por L. adecarboxylata en pacientes con diversas condiciones de inmunosupresión, probablemente asociado con el uso de viales de heparina contaminados. Se hace una revisión actualizada de la literatura y una discusión sobre los aspectos particulares del brote y del microorganismo.Leclercia adecarboxylata is part of the Enterobacteriaceae family occasionally reported as an opportunist microorganism in patients with any kind of immunosuppression as neutropenia, cirrhosis or cancer. We report an outbreak with five cases of Leclercia adecarboxylata bacteremia in patients with several immune conditions, most likely associated to contaminated heparin vials. We also present an updated literature review and discussion regarding the particular characteristics of the outbreak and the microorganism.

Raoultella ornithinolytica YNKP001 and Leclercia adecarboxylata P10164, harboring conjugative plasmids pYNKP001-NDM and pP10164-NDM with determination of complete nucleotide sequences, respectively, were isolated from two different Chinese patients. Production of NDM-1 enzyme by these plasmids accounts for carbapenem resistance of these two strains. This is the first report of blaNDM in L. adecarboxylata and the third report of this gene in R. ornithinolytica. pYNKP001-NDM is very similar to the IncN2 NDM-1-encoding plasmids pTR3, pNDM-ECS01 and p271A, while pP10164-NDM is similar to the IncFIIY blaNDM-1-carrying plasmid pKOX_NDM1. The blaNDM-1 genes of pYNKP001-NDM and pP10164-NDM are embedded in Tn125-like elements, which represent two distinct truncated versions of the prototype NDM-1-encoding Tn125 as observed in pNDM-BJ01. Flanking of these two Tn125-like elements by miniature inverted repeat element (MITE) or its remnant denotes MITE felicitates transposition and mobilization of blaNDM-1 gene contexts.

Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB)-assisted phytoextraction can enhance the removal of toxic metals by plants from contaminated soil. Here, we investigated the promotion effects of a Pb-tolerant PSB strain, Leclercia adecarboxylata L1-5, on assisting Pb phytoextraction by Celosia cristata L.. The results showed that PSB inoculation could increase the plant shoot and root biomass by 34.90% and 55.56% when the Pb concentration was 800 mg kg−1. Pb contents in the root and shoot were enhanced 3.06 and 0.72-fold by PSB inoculation, resulting in a bioaccumulation factor (BCF aboveground) of 0.2, a translocation factor (TF) of 1.92, and a maximum total Pb extraction amount of 222.94 μg kg−1. The positive effects of PSB on Pb bioaccumulation by C. cristata L. could be attributed to its abilities of increasing soil available phosphorus. PSB inoculation benefited osmotic potential balance and membrane stability in the plant leaves, as evidenced by 2.39-fold increase of the soluble protein, 71.39% decrease of malondialdehyde and 74.31% decrease of hydrogen peroxide. The main mechanism of the enhancement of Pb phytoextraction efficiency induced by PSB inoculation could be summarized as helping Pb absorption by root elongation, and increasing endurable Pb concentration by osmotic regulation and detoxification ability optimization. This work demonstrated that PSB combined with C. cristata L. was an excellent candidate for lead extraction and could be considered as an effective way for soil lead remediation in the future. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leclercia adecarboxylata is a motile Gram negative rod that is not often pathogenic in immunocompetent patients. We will present the first case report of a L. adecarboxylata in a pediatric patient with no systemic medical disease and present a detailed literature review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]