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Lasionectria saulensis sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on a collection on dead leaves of Astrocaryum sp. (Arecaceae) in French Guiana. This species is placed in Lasionectria based on its acremonium-like asexual morph, ascomata not changing colour in 3% KOH or lactic acid, and phylogenetic comparison of ITS and LSU sequences with known species of Lasionectria. Lasionectria saulensis is primarily characterised by non-stromatic, pale orange, subglobose, hairy ascomata with a conical apex, and striate ascospores. Based on comparison of morphological characteristics and molecular data with known Lasionectria species, L. saulensis is proposed as a new species.

Three new species of Volutella are described and illustrated based on specimens collected in French Guiana. These species are placed in Volutella based on morphological characteristics of the sexual morph, asexual morph obtained in culture and phylogenetic comparison of ITS and LSU sequences with known species of Volutella, leading us to propose V. minutissima, V. saulensis and V. thonneliana as new species.

A detailed description of Hydropisphaera palmicola sp. nov. is presented, based on a collection on dead leaves of Astrocaryum sp. (Arecaceae) in French Guiana. The acremonium-like asexual morph has been obtained in culture and sequenced. Its placement in the genus Hydropisphaera was confirmed by the analysis of LSU sequences. Based on morphological and phylogenetic comparison with the known Hydropisphaera species, we propose H. palmicola as a new species. The similarity of our species with H. erubescens and H. foliicola is discussed.

Cosmospora xylariae is described as new to science and illustrated based on six collections from Europe occurring on stromata of Xylaria hypoxylon, X. longipes and X. polymorpha. The placement of this fungus in the genus Cosmospora and its status as a distinct species are based on the study of its sexual and asexual morphs, colour of colony in culture and phylogenetic comparison of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences with those of cosmospora-like fungi having an acremonium-like asexual morph. Field observations in French Guiana are reported showing the presence of the closely related C. scruposae on dead stromata of X. schweinitzii. C. scruposae is closely related to C. xylariae and was so far considered to be affiliated with X. scruposa only. The status of C. berkeleyana as a distinct species is questioned by the phylogenetic analysis of numerous ITS sequences published under this name in GenBank, one of them being close to C. xylariae. It is determined that Verticillium berkeleyanum, thus C. berkeleyana, is a synonym of Sphaerostilbella berkeleyana. A dichotomous key to species of Cosmospora is presented based on morphological features of sexual state and host affiliation.

Geejayessia ruscicola sp. nov. is described and illustrated, based on many collections on Ruscus aculeatus L. (Liliaceae) from France and one from U.K. Four collections of this species were cultured and sequenced. The placement of this fungus in the genus Geejayessia and its status as a distinct species are based on the study of its sexual and asexual morphs, phylogenetic comparison of ITS sequences with species among nine genera in the Nectriaceae having a fusarium-like asexual morph as well as known Geejayessia species.

Based on detailed morphological observations of both sexual and asexual morphs in vivo, cultures in vitro and molecular phylogenetic data based on rDNA ITS and LSU sequences, we document herein a penzigioid Xylaria repeatedly collected in the Maltese islands of Gozo and Malta. Though it morphologically resembles X. sibirica by stromatal habit and ascospores in the same size range with a long sigmoid germ slit, some significant differences could be detected after comparison of this Xylaria with an isotype collection of X. sibirica. Further differences in cultural characteristics and occurrence of a distinctive asexual morph in vivo preceding the development of the sexual morph, along with a molecular phylogenetic analysis clearly showing that they are distantly related, strongly support the recognition of this penzigioid Xylaria as a distinct species with phylogenetic affinities with the X. polymorpha aggregate. We therefore introduce X. melitensis sp. nov. to accommodate it.

Two new species of Stylonectria are described and illustrated from specimens collected in the French Alps. Ascomatal morphology, fungicolous lifestyle, and phylogenetic comparison of their ITS sequences with species in six similar genera of Nectriaceae having a fusarium-like asexual morph support their placement in Stylonectria. Based on morphological divergences of both sexual and asexual morphs, as well as the ITS sequences from known Stylonectria species, S. alpina and S. tuedensis are proposed as new species.

A collection of Nemania aureolutea, a rarely recorded species with a rather north temperate known distribution, is reported for the first time, to our knowledge, from a Mediterranean region. The identification of the fungus is based on its morphological characterization, culture characteristics and comparison of the ITS sequence with those of the type collection. The slight morphological differences encountered in this collection are discussed and the peculiar environmental characteristics of the region it comes from are outlined.

International audience; A screening of 57 entomopathogenic microorganisms against human pathogens was subjected to mass spectrometry molecular networking-based dereplication. A particular strain of fungus, Isaria farinosa BSNB-1250, producing potentially both active and novel metabolites, was grown on a large-scale on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. Paecilosetin (1) and five new analogues (2-6) were isolated. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated using 1D and 2D NMR. The absolute configurations of compounds 1-6 were determined by Mosher ester derivatives (1), comparison of experimental and calculated ECD spectra (2-4 and 6), and singlecrystal X-ray diffraction analysis (5). Compounds 1-6 were assayed against methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum and the MRC-5 cell line. Compounds 1 and 5 exhibited strong antibacterial activity against MSSA and MRSA with MIC values of 1-2 µg/mL.

A detailed description of Hydropisphaera angelicae sp. nov. is presented, based on a collection on dead stems of Angelica sylvestris in Spain. The fungus was sequenced and its placement in the genus Hydropisphaera is confirmed by analysis of LSU sequences. This species is characterized by ascomata bearing a stellate apical fringe of fasciculate hairs, blackening upon drying, and narrowly fusiform, faintly striate ascospores.

Thirty-five taxa of Xylaria collected in Guadeloupe and Martinique, featuring upright slender stromata less than 5 mm wide, are documented and commented in this paper which comes in the continuation of two previous papers on penzigioid taxa (part I) and upright robust taxa (part II). Based on the evaluation and comparison of their morphological characters, twenty-two previously known taxa were identified, including X. adscendens, X. arbuscula, X. arbuscula var. plenofissura, X. aristata, X. badia, X. bambusicola, X. coccophora, X. curta, X. feejeensis, X. fimbriata, X. fissilis, X. ianthinovelutina, X. microceras, X. multiplex, X. multiplex var. microsperma, X. muscandae, X. muscula, X. phyllocharis, X. rickii, X. schwackei, X. scruposa and X. vivantii. The following five taxa are described as new, viz.: X. friabilis, X. martinicensis, X. martinicensis var. microspora, X. pallidocylindracea and X. vinosa. In addition, we present five further collections that could not be identified and likely correspond to potentially new taxa (X. sp. CLL 5110, X. sp. CLL 5241-2, X. sp. CLL 5534, X. sp. CLLGUAD 029 and X. sp. MJF 14123) but are represented by insufficient material to be formally described; two other collections are provisionally referred to X. gracillima and X. oligotoma, two species having been variously interpreted in the past and whose ill-defined taxonomic concepts preclude a reliable identification; finally, a group of seven collections appearing closely related but showing a disturbing morphological and phylogenetical heterogeneousness are tentatively referred to X. longiana. A dichotomous identification key and synoptic figure plates of stromatal surface are presented. In conclusion, a table summarizing the cumulated number of collections of each taxon dealt with in the three parts is provided

Clonostachys pilosella and C. pnagiana are described and illustrated as new species, based on collections from Saül in French Guiana. The asexual morphs of these fungi were obtained in culture and cultures were sequenced. The two new species are placed in Clonostachys, based on ascomata not changing colour in 3% KOH or lactic acid, clonostachys-like asexual morphs and phylogenetic comparison of LSU sequences with 18 known Clonostachys species

Three new species of Hydropisphaera are described and illustrated, based on material collected in Europe and French Guiana. The three species were cultured and cultures were sequenced. Based on morphological and phylogenetic comparison with the known Hydropisphaera species, we propose H. cirsii, H. pseudoarenula and H. saulensis as new species. An updated dichotomous key to the worldwide known species of Hydropisphaera is proposed

Pseudocosmospora hypoxylicola is described and illustrated based on material occurring on stromata of Hypoxylon fuscum on Alnus alnobetula in France. The placement of this fungus in the genus and its status as a distinct species are based on the study of its sexual and asexual morphs, colour of colony in culture and phylogenetic comparison of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and LSU sequences with those of cosmospora-like fungi having an acremonium-like asexual morph

A new species of Chaetopsina is described and illustrated from a collection in French Guiana. Based on morphological divergences of both sexual and asexual morphs from known Chaetopsina species as well as phylogenetic analyses of ITS and LSU sequences, C. pnagiana is proposed as new species. A dichotomous key to holomorphic species of Chaetopsina is provided

Additional file 1 : Figure S1 Effect of different sources of carbon (glucose (●), sucrose (▲), starch (■)) on Trichoderma asperellum 1 laccase-like activity.

Two new species of Chaetopsina are described and illustrated from specimens collected in French Guiana. Based on morphological divergences of both sexual and asexual morphs from known Chaetopsina species as well as phylogenetic analysis of ITS and LSU sequences, C. guyanensis and C. saulensis are proposed as new species. In addition, two new combinations in Chaetopsina are proposed.

Fifteen species of Xylaria collected in Guadeloupe and Martinique, featuring upright stromata more than 5 mm wide, are described and illustrated herein. Twelve of them usually exceed this size, viz.: X. allantoidea, X. cubensis, X. cuneata, X. flabelliformis, X. formosana, X. globosa, X. moelleroclavus, X. olobapha, X. regalis, X. schweinitzii, X. telfairii and X. tuberoides. Three more slender species occasionally featuring more robust stromata are included, viz.: X. curta, X. hyperythra and X. scruposa. All of these are known species, most of which are commonly encountered and have a pantropical distribution. A dichotomous identification key and a synoptic figure plate of stromata are presented.

Appreciation to Parc National Amazonien de Guyane (PNAG) for having organized the field trip to Saül; Clonostachys saulensis sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on a collection on bark of deadliana in French Guiana. this species is placed in Clonostachys (= Bionectria) based on its clonostachys-likeasexual morph, ascomata not changing colour in 3% Koh or lactic acid and phylogenetic comparison of itSsequences with known species of Clonostachys. Clonostachys saulensis is primarily characterized by nonstromatic,smooth, pale brown, globose ascomata coated with a whitish powdery scurf from base up to halfheight and turning blackish upon drying. Based on comparison of morphological characteristics of sexualasexualmorphs and molecular data with known species, C. saulensis is proposed as a new species..; Clonostachys saulensis sp. nov. est décrite et illustrée d’après une récolte effectuée sur écorce deliane morte en Guyane française. cette espèce est placée dans le genre Clonostachys (= Bionectria) d’aprèssa forme asexuée de type clonostachys, les ascomes ne changeant pas de couleur dans Koh à 3% ou dansl’acide lactique et la comparaison phylogénétique des séquences itS avec les espèces connues de Clonostachys.Clonostachys saulensis est principalement caractérisée par des ascomes globuleux, sans stroma, brunpâle, couverts d’une pellicule poudreuse blanchâtre de la base jusqu’à la moitié de la hauteur, devenant noirâtresen séchant. en se fondant sur la comparaison des caractères morphologiques et des données moléculairesavec les espèces connues, C. saulensis est proposée comme une nouvelle espèce.

Pleiocarpon gardiennetii sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on a collection on a dead pyrenolichen, Astrothelium sp. (Trypetheliaceae), in French Guiana. The cylindrocarpon-like asexual morph of this fungus was obtained in culture and a rDNA ITS sequence was likewise obtained from this fungus. Based on morphological characteristics of both asexual and sexual morphs, this fungus belongs to the aggregate formerly known as Neonectria s. l. (Nectriaceae), which is supported by our phylogenetic data. Our phylogenetic analysis places it in the monotypic genus Pleiocarpon, but distinct from P. streliziae, the type species. Pleiocarpon gardiennetii is therefore proposed as a new species; it is characterized by orange red to red ascomata turning purple in 3% KOH and yellow in lactic acid, rough-walled, not collapsing upon drying, with a discoid apex; ascospores are hyaline, echinulate, 9–10 × 4–4.5 µm µm; microconidia in culture are 7–13(–15) × 3.5–5 µm and macroconidia are 1–3-septate and up to 52–55 × 6 µm.

Three new species of Ijuhya are described and illustrated, based on material collected in metropolitan France, French Guiana and Spain. Based on morphological and phylogenetic comparison with the known Ijuhya species as well as the related genera Lasionectria and Lasionectriella, we propose I. salviicola, I. saulensis, and I. somiedoensis as new species. The three species were cultured but only I. salviicola produced an acremonium-like asexual morph. Morphological characteristics distinguishing Ijuhya, Lasionectria and Lasionectriella are discussed and illustrated. The new combination Lasionectria boothii is proposed and Lasionectria lecanodes (Ces.) Petch is re-instated.

Lasionectriopsis germanica gen. and sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on a collection from Germany. The asexual morph of this fungus was obtained in culture and the culture was sequenced. The genus is placed in the Bionectriaceae based on ascomata not changing colour in 3% KOH or lactic acid, and phylogenetic comparison of LSU sequences with species in 14 genera of the Bionectriaceae. Lasionectriopsis is primarily characterized by whitish to pale orange, globose ascomata, semi-immersed in a subiculum, and verruculose ascospores. Based on molecular data, two species known only as asexual morphs, Acremonium pteridii and A. spinosum, are recombined in Lasionectriopsis.

Three species of Dialonectria collected in France on Diatrypaceae are described and illustrated as new species. Their taxonomic position is based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of the ITS sequences. Phylogenetic comparison with genera belonging to the Nectriaceae and having an acremonium- or fusarium-like asexual morph places the three new species in Dialonectria.

The new species Amphirosellinia gallaeciana is described and illustrated based on material collected on branchlets of Castanea and Quercus in Galicia (Spain). The material collected is assigned to Amphirosellinia based on macro- and micromorphological characters and comparison of the ITS sequence with those of two species of Amphirosellinia, including the type species. The new name is proposed based on morphological differences with other known species that are discussed in detail

This survey deals with the Xylaria taxa with penzigioid stromata, i.e., with sessile to subsessile stromata wider than high, collected in the French West Indies in the course of an ongoing inventorial work on the mycobiota of these islands initiated in 2003. Based on the evaluation and comparison of their morphological characters, eighteen taxa are described, illustrated and commented, including seven known taxa, viz.: X. alboareolata, X. berteroi, X. boergesenii, X. flabelliformis, X. frustulosa, X. globosa and X. lechatii, only the last having been reliably reported previously from these islands. The following eight species are described as new, viz.: X. conopeicola, X. entomelaina, X. leptosperma, X. obtusispora, X. papillatoides, X. parvula, X. peltiformis and X. rhytidosperma. The new combination X. cantareirensis is proposed for a taxon formerly placed in the obsolete genus Penzigia. The two further collections CLL 5109 and MJF 13098 that could not be unambiguously identified are likewise described but not named, pending more material being collected. A dichotomous identification key and a synoptic figure plate of stromata are presented

Chrysonectria finisterrensis gen. and sp. nov. is described and illustrated, based on a collection from France on bark of Quercus robur. The acremonium-like asexual morph of this species was obtained in culture and sequenced. The genus is placed in the Nectriaceae based on ascomata changing colour in 3% KOH or lactic acid as defined by Rossman et al. (1999), acremonium-like asexual morph and phylogenetic analysis of its LSU sequence. Morphologically, Chrysonectria is primarily characterized by gregarious, corticolous, globose to subglobose, pale orange, non-stromatic ascomata with ascomatal surface covered by bright yellow hyphal elements arising from the subiculum, releasing orange yellow pigments in 3% KOH or yellow pigments in lactic acid

Clonostachys spinulosispora is introduced as a new species of Clonostachys (syn. Bionectria), based on material collected in French Guiana on dead palm leaves of Astrocaryum vulgare. The placement of the new species in Clonostachys is supported by morphological characters of the asexual morph obtained in culture and the bionectria-like sexual morph of the specimen in nature as well as analysis of ITS sequences. Its segregation from other known species of Clonostachys is primarily based on its striking ascospore ornamentation

Geonectria subalpina gen. and sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on three collections on soil from subalpine zone in the French Alps. The genus is placed in the Bionectriaceae based on morphological characteristics of the sexual morph and phylogenetic comparison of LSU sequences with species in 14 genera in the Bionectriaceae. Geonectria is primarily characterized by subglobose, nonstromatic, orange ascomata, becoming brownish orange, laterally collapsing or not collapsing when dry, roughened in upper half by superficial, scattered clusters of evanescent yellow hyphae, ellipsoidal to widely fusiform, 1-septate, finely longitudinally striate ascospores and habitat on soil in subalpine zone. It is recognized as a distinct genus by its peculiar ecology and its isolated phylogenetic position within the Bionectriaceae

This survey deals with the Nemania taxa collected in the French West Indies in the course of an ongoing inventorial work on the mycobiota of these islands initiated in 2003. Based on the evaluation and comparison of their morphological characters, sixteen taxa are described, illustrated and discussed, including seven known taxa, viz.: N. beaumontii, N. bipapillata, N. caries, N. chestersii var. microspora, N. diffusa, N. immersidiscus and N. subaenea. Nine new taxa are proposed, including N. albofarcta, N. colubrina, N. discostoma, N. flavoviridis, N. nivea, N. obscura, N. roseolilacina and N. sericata, and the new combination N. sublutea for a taxon formerly placed in Hypoxylon. The monotypic genus Kretzschmariella, represented by K. culmorum, is included for its morphological resemblance and possible confusion with Nemania. With the exception of K. culmorum and N. bipapillata which were already reported from the Caribbean, all other taxa are new to this region. A dichotomous identification key and a synoptic figure plate of stromata are presented

A new species of Thyronectria growing on corticated branches and twigs of Abies alba is described from France. It is characterized by morphology of sexual and asexual morphs, by ITS rDNA data and by ecology. Ascomata are stromatic, blackish, not obviously changing colour in 3% KOH, covered by a greenish scurf and they have hyaline to very pale brown, one-septate, smooth ascospores 10–12.3 × 5.2–6.2 µm, not budding in the ascus to form ascoconidia. Microscopic observation of the ascomatal wall reveals versicoloured regions that change colour in 3% KOH and lactic acid. The phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences sets it within Thyronectria and apart from the morphologically most similar species. It is supposed to be host-specific to Abies alba based on three collections exclusively made on this host

The new combination Flammocladiella decora is proposed to accommodate Nectria decora, whose taxonomic position is unsettled. Detailed description and illustrations of this species are presented, based on material occurring on ascomata of Massaria inquinans on Acer pseudoplatanus in France. The placement of this fungus in the genus Flammocladiella is based on its sexual and asexual morphs deviating from those of typical Bionectriaceae and Nectriaceae and phylogenetic comparison of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and LSU sequences with genera and species belonging to families in the Hypocreales

Novel species of fungi described in the present study include the following from Malaysia: Castanediella eucalypti from Eucalyptus pellita, Codinaea acacia from Acacia mangium, Emarcea eucalyptigena from Eucalyptus brassiana, Myrtapenidiella eucalyptorum from Eucalyptus pellita, Pilidiella eucalyptigena from Eucalyptus brassiana and Strelitziana malaysiana from Acacia mangium. Furthermore, Stachybotrys sansevieriicola is described from Sansevieria ehrenbergii (Tanzania), Phacidium grevilleae from Grevillea robusta (Uganda), Graphium jumulu from Adansonia gregorii and Ophiostoma eucalyptigena from Eucalyptus marginata (Australia), Pleurophoma ossicola from bone and Plectosphaerella populi from Populus nigra (Germany), Colletotrichum neosansevieriae from Sansevieria trifasciata, Elsinoë othonnae from Othonna quinquedentata and Zeloasperisporium cliviae (Zeloasperisporiaceae fam. nov.) from Clivia sp. (South Africa), Neodevriesia pakbiae, Phaeophleospora hymenocallidis and Phaeophleospora hymenocallidicola on leaves of a fern (Thailand), Melanconium elaeidicola from Elaeis guineensis (Indonesia), Hormonema viticola from Vitis vinifera (Canary Islands), Chlorophyllum pseudoglobossum from a grassland (India), Triadelphia disseminata from an immunocompromised patient (Saudi Arabia), Colletotrichum abscissum from Citrus (Brazil), Polyschema sclerotigenum and Phialemonium limoniforme from human patients (USA), Cadophora vitícola from Vitis vinifera (Spain), Entoloma flavovelutinum and Bolbitius aurantiorugosus from soil (Vietnam), Rhizopogon granuloflavus from soil (Cape Verde Islands), Tulasnella eremophila from Euphorbia officinarum subsp. echinus (Morocco), Verrucostoma martinicensis from Danaea elliptica (French West Indies), Metschnikowia colchici from Colchicum autumnale (Bulgaria), Thelebolus microcarpus from soil (Argentina) and Ceratocystis adelpha from Theobroma cacao (Ecuador). Myrmecridium iridis (Myrmecridiales ord. nov., Myrmecridiaceae fam. nov.) is also described from Iris sp. (The Netherlands). Novel genera include (Ascomycetes): Budhanggurabania from Cynodon dactylon (Australia), Soloacrosporiella, Xenocamarosporium, Neostrelitziana and Castanediella from Acacia mangium and Sabahriopsis from Eucalyptus brassiana (Malaysia), Readerielliopsis from basidiomata of Fuscoporia wahlbergii (French Guyana), Neoplatysporoides from Aloe ferox (Tanzania), Wojnowiciella, Chrysofolia and Neoeriomycopsis from Eucalyptus (Colombia), Neophaeomoniella from Eucalyptus globulus (USA), Pseudophaeomoniella from Olea europaea (Italy), Paraphaeomoniella from Encephalartos altensteinii, Aequabiliella, Celerioriella and Minutiella from Prunus (South Africa). Tephrocybella (Basidiomycetes) represents a novel genus from wood (Italy). Morphological and culture characteristics along with ITS DNA barcodes are provided for all taxa.

Geejayessia montana sp. nov. is described and illustrated, based on two collections from high elevation in French Alps and Asturias in Spain. The placement of the new species in Geejayessia is supported by morphological characters of both sexual and asexual morphs as well as analysis of ITS sequences. Furthermore, the new combination Geejayessia hispanica (Lechat & Priou) Lechat & J. Fourn. comb. nov. is proposed. An updated key to the known species of Geejayessia is presented

Fusicolla ossicola sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on material collected on bone of wild boar in Belgium. This species is placed in the genus Fusicolla based on morphological characters such as changing color in lactic acid and the fusarium-like asexual morph produced in culture. A phylogenetic comparison of its ITS and LSU sequences was made with those of known Fusicolla species and 13 nectriaceous species having a fusarium-like asexual morph. Fusicolla ossicola is characterized by pale yellow to pale brownish orange, non-stromatic ascomata, not changing color in 3% KOH but becoming bright orange in lactic acid and a fusarium-like asexual morph. Furthermore, the systematic position and identity of Cosmospora matuoi Hosoya & Tubaki are discussed