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The fungal mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) ribosomal DNA is one of the most commonly used loci for phylogenetic analysis of lichen-forming fungi, but their primer specificity to mycobionts has not been evaluated. The current study aimed to design mycobiont-specific mtSSU primers and highlights their utility with an example from the saxicolous lichen-forming fungal genus Melanelia Essl. in Iceland. The study found a 12.5% success rate (3 out of 24 specimens with good-quality mycobiont mtSSU sequences) using universal primers (i.e. mrSSU1 and mrSSU3R), not including off-target amplification of environmental fungi, e.g. Cladophialophora carrionii and Lichenothelia convexa. New mycobiont-specific primers (mt-SSU-581-5’ and mt-SSU-1345-3’) were designed by targeting mycobiont-specific nucleotide sites in comparison with environmental fungal sequences, and assessed for mycobiont primer specificity using in silico PCR. The new mycobiont-specific mtSSU primers had a success rate of 91.7% (22 out of 24 specimens with good-quality mycobiont mtSSU sequences) on the studied Melanelia specimens. Additional testing confirmed the specificity and yielded amplicons from 79 specimens of other Parmeliaceae mycobiont lineages. This study highlights the effectiveness of designing mycobiont-specific primers for studies on lichen identification, barcoding and phylogenetics.

A new species, Bacidia fuscopallida Lee & Heo and four new records, B. ekmaniana R. C. Harris, Ladd & Lendemer, B. friesiana (Hepp) Körb., B. heterochroa (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr. and B. suffusa (Fr.) A. Schneid., are described from South Korea. Bacidia fuscopallida differs from B. diffracta S. Ekman, the most similar species, by warted but non-granular thallus, paler and smaller apothecia without pruina, proper exciple without crystals, over 11-septate ascospores and smaller pycnidia and pycnoconidia. Bacidia ekmaniana is recorded new to Asia, B. heterochroa is reported new to northeastern Asia and B. friesiana and B. suffusa are new to Korea. Molecular analyses employing internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences strongly support the classification of the five species of Bacidia. A surrogate key is provided to assist in the identification of all 19 taxa in Bacidia of Korea.

Cladonia merochlorophaea Asahina (Fig. 14) NOTES The Hungarian specimens contain fumarprotocetraric, cryptochlorophaeic, congrayanic, 4-O-methyl-cryptochlorophaeic, 4-O-demethyl-grayanic, rangiformic and merochlorophaeic acids and they belong to the chemically most diverse species of the group. The podetia are darker brown or gray, strongly melanotic at base (Stenroos et al. 2011, 2016; Ahti et al. 2013). Soredia are relatively larger (11-168 µm) than at other species. It is characterised by relatively tall (1.9-17.3 mm) and broad (0.8-7.5 mm) scyphi with wide (0.3-3.1 mm) stalk. C. merochlorophaea differs from C. asahinae in a number of characters (CH, CW, PH, PHCW, sor, SW), from C. chlorophaea and C. novochlorophaea in the mean length of squamules on podetia, from C. grayi in size of soredia and width of stalk, from C. novochlorophaea it also differs in stalk width and in the length of squamules. (Table 1). It is collected more often on acidic, but also on calcareous soil, mossy soil, in coniferous forest, sometimes in oak or mixed forest, between 200 and 760 m a.s.l. in hilly regions in Hungary, in the Soproni-hegység, Őrség, the Vendvidék, the Balaton Uplands, the Bükk and the Zemplén Mts, similarly to C. cryptochlorophaea. Holien & TØnsberg (1985), Kowalewska et al. (2008) and Matwiejuk (2017) reported its frequency from pine forests. Localities of C. merochlorophaea in Hungary are more rich in pine forests than other regions within the country., Published as part of Farkas, Edit, Lőkös, László & Veres, Katalin, 2023, Analysis of lichen secondary metabolites and morphometrics in the Cladonia chlorophaea species group (Cladoniaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) in Hungary, pp. 61-82 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (5) on page 72, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a5, http://zenodo.org/record/8055982, {"references":["STENROOS S., AHTI T., LOHTANDER K. & MYLLYS L. 2011. - Suomen jakalaopas [Lichen flora of Finland]. Norrlinia 21: 1 - 534.","STENROOS S., VELMALA V., PYKALA J. & AHTI T. 2016. - Lichens of Finland. Norrlinia 30: 1 - 896.","AHTI T., STENROOS S. & MOBERG R. 2013. - Nordic Lichen Flora. Vol. 5: Cladoniaceae. Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University on behalf of Nordic Lichen Society, Uppsala, 117 p.","HOLIEN H. & TONSBERG T. 1985 - Notes on Cladonia asahinae, C. conista and the C. grayi - group in Norway. Gunneria 51: 1 - 26.","KOWALEWSKA A., KUKWA M., OSTROWSKA I., JABLONSKA A., OSET M. & SZOK J. 2008. - The lichens of the Cladonia pyxidata - chlorophaea group and allied species in Poland. Herzogia 21: 61 - 78.","MATWIEJUK A. 2017. - The revision of specimens of the Cladonia pyxidata - chlorophaea group (lichenized Ascomycota) from northeastern Poland deposited in the herbarium collections of University in Bialystok. Acta Mycologica 51 (2): 1087. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5586 / am. 1087"]}

Cladonia chlorophaea (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Spreng. (Fig. 11) NOTES It contains fumarprotocetraric acid (itself or with related compound protocetraric acid – not analysed separately). Their colour is pale greenish brown, the margin of the scyphi is dentate and becoming broken and denuded with age, the base of the podetia is not melanotic (Ahti et al. 2013). The soredia are granulose and thus measured as relatively larger (34-138µm) than in other species in Hungary. It has relatively tall (3.6-20.8 mm) and broad (1.1-7.9 mm) scyphi with short stalk. Differences were found from C. asahinae in several characters (CH, CW, PH, PHCW, sor, SW), from C. cryptochlorophaea in height of cup and podetium, from C. grayi in the height of podetium, from C. merochlorophaea in the length of squamules and from C. novochlorophaea in the height of the podetium (Table 1). It is the most frequent and most widely spread species in Hungary among the C. chlorophaea s.l. species. C. chlorophaea is found on calcareous soil, in deciduous and coniferous forests, at the basis of various tree species (e.g. Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn., Betula pendula Roth, Fagus sylvatica L., Quercus spp., Robinia pseudoacacia L.), sometimes on stumps on lignum or thatched roof and almost equally frequent in the Hungarian Great Plain (70-200 m a.s.l.) and in hilly regions (up to c. 1000 m a.s.l.) in Hungary. However, specimens from hilly regions were mostly recognised as other C. chlorophaea s.l. species during our revision., Published as part of Farkas, Edit, Lőkös, László & Veres, Katalin, 2023, Analysis of lichen secondary metabolites and morphometrics in the Cladonia chlorophaea species group (Cladoniaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) in Hungary, pp. 61-82 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (5) on page 70, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a5, http://zenodo.org/record/8055982, {"references":["AHTI T., STENROOS S. & MOBERG R. 2013. - Nordic Lichen Flora. Vol. 5: Cladoniaceae. Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University on behalf of Nordic Lichen Society, Uppsala, 117 p."]}

Cladonia asahinae J.W.Thomson (Fig. 10) NOTES The Hungarian specimens contain rangiformic and norrangiformic acids. ThoughThomson (1976) indicated the presence of fumarprotocetraric acid and protolichesterinic acid in the original description of the species, according to the chemical revision of Hennings (1983) the type specimen contains rangiformic and norrangiformic acids and not protolichesterinic acid, just as in the specimens investigated from Hungary. The shape of the rather thin podetia is similar to that of Cladonia fimbriata having thin and short cups. According to various literature sources (Thomson 1976; Holien &TØnsberg 1985; Ahti et al. 2013) C. asahinae is less farinose than that species, since towards the not melanotic base corticated granules appear, furthermore the small squamules at the base of podetia asah chlo cry gra mero novo Species 10 8 6, Published as part of Farkas, Edit, Lőkös, László & Veres, Katalin, 2023, Analysis of lichen secondary metabolites and morphometrics in the Cladonia chlorophaea species group (Cladoniaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) in Hungary, pp. 61-82 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (5) on pages 67-68, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a5, http://zenodo.org/record/8055982, {"references":["HENNINGS C. J. 1983 - The Cladonia chlorophaea - C. fimbriata complex in western Washington. The Bryologist 86: 64 - 73.","THOMSON J. W. 1976. [1977] - Cladonia asahinae sp. nov. from western North America. Journal of Japanese Botany 51: 360 - 364.","HOLIEN H. & TONSBERG T. 1985 - Notes on Cladonia asahinae, C. conista and the C. grayi - group in Norway. Gunneria 51: 1 - 26.","AHTI T., STENROOS S. & MOBERG R. 2013. - Nordic Lichen Flora. Vol. 5: Cladoniaceae. Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University on behalf of Nordic Lichen Society, Uppsala, 117 p."]}

Cladonia grayi G.Merr. ex Sandst. (Fig. 13) NOTES The Hungarian sepecimens contain fumarprotocetraric, grayanic and 4-O-demethyl-grayanic acids. Their colour is rather grayish, from greenish to pale gray, at base weakly melanotic (Stenroos et al. 2011, 2016; Ahti et al. 2013). Podetia are medium tall (1.9-16 mm) with relatively wide (0.7-6.2 mm) and high (0.4-6.8 mm) cup. C. grayi differs from C. asahinae in the ratio of podetium height to cup width, from C. chlorophaea in podetium height, from C. merochlorophaea in size of soredia and width of stalk. None of the measured characters were significantly different between C. cryptochlorophaea, C. novochlorophaea and C. grayi (Table 1). The species is extremely rare in Hungary and it represents a new distribution record to the country, collected on acidic soil mostly, more often in coniferous forests, but occasionally on Quercus spp., between 200-300 m a.s.l. in the Vendvidék, W-Hungary only. Matwiejuk (2017) reported its frequency from pine forests. The localities in W-Hungary are also rich in pine forests., Published as part of Farkas, Edit, Lőkös, László & Veres, Katalin, 2023, Analysis of lichen secondary metabolites and morphometrics in the Cladonia chlorophaea species group (Cladoniaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) in Hungary, pp. 61-82 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (5) on pages 71-72, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a5, http://zenodo.org/record/8055982, {"references":["STENROOS S., AHTI T., LOHTANDER K. & MYLLYS L. 2011. - Suomen jakalaopas [Lichen flora of Finland]. Norrlinia 21: 1 - 534.","STENROOS S., VELMALA V., PYKALA J. & AHTI T. 2016. - Lichens of Finland. Norrlinia 30: 1 - 896.","AHTI T., STENROOS S. & MOBERG R. 2013. - Nordic Lichen Flora. Vol. 5: Cladoniaceae. Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University on behalf of Nordic Lichen Society, Uppsala, 117 p.","MATWIEJUK A. 2017. - The revision of specimens of the Cladonia pyxidata - chlorophaea group (lichenized Ascomycota) from northeastern Poland deposited in the herbarium collections of University in Bialystok. Acta Mycologica 51 (2): 1087. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5586 / am. 1087"]}

Farkas, Edit, Lőkös, László, Veres, Katalin (2023): Analysis of lichen secondary metabolites and morphometrics in the Cladonia chlorophaea species group (Cladoniaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) in Hungary. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (5): 61-82, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4878.3.2

Cladonia novochlorophaea (Sipman) Brodo & Ahti (Fig. 15) NOTES The Hungarian specimens contain fumarprotocetraric and homosekikaic acids. Their colour is dark to blackish brown,darker at base (Stenroos et al. 2011, 2016; Ahti et al. 2013). They have medium sized podetia (2-11.6 mm high) and stalk (0.24-1 mm wide) with tall (0.4-10.5 mm) cup and medium diameter (18-81 µm) of granulose soredia. C. novochlorophaea differs from C. asahinae in cup height and podetium height related to cup width, from C. chlorophaea in podetium height, from C. cryptochlorophaea in cup height and in the ratio of the corticated part of the podetium to the height of the whole podetium and from C. merochlorophaea in stalk width and in the length of squamules. None of the measured characters were significantly different between C. novochlorophaea and C. grayi (Table 1). C. novochlorophaea is a very rare species in Hungary and it represents a new distribution record to the country, collected on acidic soil between 250 and 450 m a.s.l. in the Bakony Mts, the Balaton Uplands and the Visegrádi Mts, lignicolous, while in NE Poland it was found on soil, wood and bark of Picea abies (L.) H.Karst. in open habitats and forests (Matwiejuk 2017)., Published as part of Farkas, Edit, Lőkös, László & Veres, Katalin, 2023, Analysis of lichen secondary metabolites and morphometrics in the Cladonia chlorophaea species group (Cladoniaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) in Hungary, pp. 61-82 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (5) on page 73, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a5, http://zenodo.org/record/8055982, {"references":["STENROOS S., AHTI T., LOHTANDER K. & MYLLYS L. 2011. - Suomen jakalaopas [Lichen flora of Finland]. Norrlinia 21: 1 - 534.","STENROOS S., VELMALA V., PYKALA J. & AHTI T. 2016. - Lichens of Finland. Norrlinia 30: 1 - 896.","AHTI T., STENROOS S. & MOBERG R. 2013. - Nordic Lichen Flora. Vol. 5: Cladoniaceae. Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University on behalf of Nordic Lichen Society, Uppsala, 117 p.","MATWIEJUK A. 2017. - The revision of specimens of the Cladonia pyxidata - chlorophaea group (lichenized Ascomycota) from northeastern Poland deposited in the herbarium collections of University in Bialystok. Acta Mycologica 51 (2): 1087. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5586 / am. 1087"]}

Cladonia cryptochlorophaea Asahina (Fig. 12) NOTES The Hungarian specimens contain fumarprotocetraric, cryptochlorophaeic, quesitic (?), norrangiformic and thamnolic acids. a ccrg mn a ccrg mn a ccrg mn a ccrg mn a ccrg mn a ccrg mn Their colour is dark greenish grey, weakly black melanotic at base. The scyphi are hardly dentate at margin, the basis of the stalk is usually blackening (Stenroos et al. 2011, 2016; Ahti et al. 2013). The podetia are medium tall (1.7-15.1 mm) with relatively wide (1-6.9 mm) and short(0.7-5.6 mm) cup.The soredia are granulose, their diameter is medium to large (13-138 µm). C. cryptochlorophaea differs from C. asahinae in the width of cup and podetium height related to cup width, from C. chlorophaea in the height of the cup and podetium height, from C. merochlorophaea in podetium height, size of soredia and width of stalk and from C. novochlorophaea in the height of the cup and the ratio of the corticated part of the podetium to the height of the whole podetium. None of the measured characters were significantly different between C. cryptochlorophaea and C. grayi (Table 1). It is a rare species, collected on calcareous and siliceous soil, in deciduous, more often in coniferous forest, at the edge of the forests or along paths between 200 and 650 m a.s.l. in the Őrség, the Vendvidék, the Little Hungarian Plain, the Bakony, the Bükk and the Zemplén Mts, more or less covering the country’s hilly regions., Published as part of Farkas, Edit, Lőkös, László & Veres, Katalin, 2023, Analysis of lichen secondary metabolites and morphometrics in the Cladonia chlorophaea species group (Cladoniaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) in Hungary, pp. 61-82 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (5) on pages 70-71, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a5, http://zenodo.org/record/8055982, {"references":["STENROOS S., AHTI T., LOHTANDER K. & MYLLYS L. 2011. - Suomen jakalaopas [Lichen flora of Finland]. Norrlinia 21: 1 - 534.","STENROOS S., VELMALA V., PYKALA J. & AHTI T. 2016. - Lichens of Finland. Norrlinia 30: 1 - 896.","AHTI T., STENROOS S. & MOBERG R. 2013. - Nordic Lichen Flora. Vol. 5: Cladoniaceae. Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University on behalf of Nordic Lichen Society, Uppsala, 117 p."]}

Tephromela vinacea L.A.Santos, Aptroot, Lücking & M.Cáceres, sp. nov. (Figs 3E, F; 4C, D) Similar to Tephromela atra but corticolous and differing in the presence of a fatty acid, and in the wine-red pigment in the upper hymenium and epihymenium. HOLOTYPE. — Brazil. Pernambuco, Buíque, Parque Nacional Vale do Catimbau, alt. 745 m, 8°30’41”S, 37°16’37”W, on bark of tree, 13-15.VIII.2017, L.A. Santos s.n. (holo-, ISE [ISE46534]). ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Brazil. Pernambuco, Buíque, Parque Nacional Vale do Catimbau, alt. 745 m, 8°29’49”S, 37°18’02”W, on bark of tree, 13-15.VIII.2017, L.A. Santos s.n. (ISE [ISE54172]); Mato Grosso do Sul, Fazenda Marambaia, Bonito, alt. 650 m, 20°58’S, 56°42’W, on wood, 30.X.2018, A. Aptroot 77088 (ABL, CGMS); Fazenda Santa Fé, Jardim, alt. 650 m, 21°32’S, 56°45’W, on bark of tree, 02.XI.2018, A. Aptroot 77478 (ABL, CGMS); Bonito, outskirts, near tower, alt. 475 m, 21°07’44”S, 56°30’41”W, on bark of tree, 09.XI.2018, A. Aptroot 78049 (CGMS). ETYMOLOGY. — The species is named after the wine-red pigmented gel that surrounds the paraphyses. CHEMISTRY. — Apothecia and medulla UV+ greenish white, C-, P-, K-. Alectoronic acid, atranorin and an unknown hydrophobic substance detected by TLC. This unidentified fatty acid has an RF value of 18 in solvent C. ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION. — On exposed tree branch in Caatinga vegetation in NE Brazil and on trees and especially wooden poles in Cerrado in S Brazil; known only from Brazil, but probably occurring in adjacent countries. MYCOBANK. — MB 846316. GENBANK. — OP881896. DESCRIPTION Thallus crustose, whitish to pale ochraceous-grey, rimose to areolate, minutely verrucose, somewhat glossy, c. 0.1 mm thick. Prothallus black to greyish-white or absent. Photobiont an unicellular green alga, arranged in one layer below the cortex, algal layer 37-70 µm high. Apothecia always present, sessile, roundish, homogeneously distributed on the thallus, with somewhat unevenly crenate, sometimes lobate margin. Disk black, 0.5-2 mm in diam., flat to slightly convex, epruinose. Thalline margin concolorous with the thallus, c. 0.3 mm wide, raised above the level of the disk (100-125 µm). Proper exciple thickest at the base, becoming thinner at the edges, pale to intense yellow-brown, intensifying yellow in K. Exciple with crystals that after treatment with K partly or completely dissolve. Hymenium c. 63-100 µm thick, pale wine red. Epihymenium dark wine red, K+ intensifying wine red. Paraphyses simple, septate, 2-3 µm wide, with 4-6 µm wide hyaline apical cells, surrounded by wine red pigmented gel. Subhymenium 37.5-50 µm thick, brown. Hypothecium 62-87.5 µm thick, golden brown. Asci slightly clavate, 40-55 µm tall, 8-spored. Ascospores simple, hyaline, ellipsoid, 10-13 ×5-8 µm. Pycnidia black. Conidia rod-shape, 12.5-15 × 1 µm. DISCUSSION The new species superficially resembles Tephromela atra, but differs in secondary chemistry and is not closely related to the latter phylogenetically (Fig. 2). Fatty acids were first reported for the genus in Muggia et al. (2014). At the time, the authors did not describe the material as a new taxon and questioned the application of chemical characters in the delimitation of species within the genus. Subsequently, based on the presence of fatty acid, Cestaro et al. (2016) described T. pacifica. Kantvilas (2015) and Kantvilas & Elix (2017) also recently used chemical patterns to describe new species with unique chemistry. The metabolite found in our species is a fatty acid, as reported by Cestaro et al. 2016, but has a chemical standard, with a RF value of 18 in solvent C, different from that found by Cestaro et al. (2016) with a RF value of 50. Most similar to the new species are T. alectoronica, described from Australia but in the protologue also reported from Brazil, and T. rhizophorae Kalb, described from Brazil. Both lack fatty acids but contain traces of physodalic acid instead. The ascospores of T.rhizophorae are distinctly smaller (8-10×5-6 µm) whereas those of T. alectoronica are only slightly larger (12- 17 ×6-9 µm). Thus, without co-chromatography, T. vinacea L.A.Santos, Aptroot, Lücking & M.Cáceres, sp. nov. and T. alectoronica are difficult to distinguish. The specimen clustering as sister to T. vinacea L.A.Santos, Aptroot, Lücking & M.Cáceres, sp. nov., and here named T. aff. vinacea (Fig. 2) is of interest in this respect. It presents a UV + greenish white fluorescence, although alectoronic acid was not clearly detectable with TLC. It was collected at one of the localities where Kalb (2008) originally reported material identified as T. alectoronica (Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso). Thus, Kalb’s material might be conspecific with this sequenced specimen, which would imply that the Brazilian material of T. alectoronica is not that species but is represented by the clade here named T. aff. vinacea, quite distant from the Australian T. alectoronica (Fig. 2). However, given that the underlying specimen is rather small and the chemistry could not be determined with certainty, we refrain from any formal conclusions in this case., Published as part of Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge & Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva, 2023, Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico, pp. 11-25 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2) on pages 18-20, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7815402, {"references":["MUGGIA L., PEREZ- ORTEGA S., FRYDAY A., SPRIBILLE T. & GRUBE M. 2014. - Global assessment of genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity in the lichen-forming species Tephromela atra. Fungal Diversity 64: 233 - 251. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 013 - 0271 - 4","CESTARO L., TONSBERG T. & MUGGIA L. 2016. - Phylogenetic data and chemical traits characterize a new species in the lichen genus Tephromela. Herzogia 29 (2): 383 - 402. https: // doi. org / 10.13158 / heia. 29.2.2016.383","KANTVILAS G. 2015. - Observations on the genus Tephromela (lichenised Ascomycetes) in Tasmania, with the description of a new species. Herzogia 28: 430 - 444. https: // doi. org / 10.13158 / heia. 28.2.2015.430","KANTVILAS G. & ELIX J. A. 2017. - Tephromela baudiniana sp. nov. (lichenised Ascomycetes) from Kangaroo Island. Swainsona 31: 27 - 30.","KALB K. 2008. - New or otherwise interesting Lichens. IV. Sauteria 15: 239 - 248."]}

Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M.Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2

Tephromela multireflexa Aptroot & M.F.Souza, sp. nov. (Fig. 3A, B) Similar to Tephromela atra, but corticolous and differing in the apothecium thalline margin containing lichexanthone in the cortex and α- collatolic acid in the medulla. HOLOTYPE. — Brazil. Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Chapada dos Guimarães, Pousada do Parque private area, alt. 700 m, 15°26’50”S, 55°49’50”W, on bark, 12-19.IX.2020, A. Aptroot & M.F. Souza 81950 (holo-, CGMS; iso-, ABL). ETYMOLOGY. — The name refers to the two different UV-reflectant colours. CHEMISTRY. — Thallus UV-, C-, P-, K-, apothecium margin UV+ yellow, apothecium medulla UV+ bluish-green. With lichexanthone (apothecial margins) and α- collatolic acid detected by TLC. ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION. — On exposed tree branch in Cerrado forest; known only from the type collection from Brazil. MYCOBANK. — MB 846314. DESCRIPTION Thallus crustose, mineral to greenish-grey, rimose to areolate, minutely verrucose, somewhat glossy, c. 0.3 mm thick, areoles 0.05-0.2 mm in diam. Prothallus absent. Photobiont an unicellular green alga, arranged in one layer below the cortex. Apothecia present, sessile, roundish to lobate, homogeneously distributed on the thallus. Disk black, 0.5- 2.5 mm in diam., flat to slightly convex, epruinose. Thalline margin concolorous with the thallus, glossy, c. 0.3 mm wide, raised above the level of the disk, minutely crenate. Proper exciple thickest at the base, becoming thinner at the edges, hyaline. Exciple with crystals that after treatment with K partly dissolve. Hymenium c. 90-180 µm thick, blue, colour in K unchanged. Subhymenium 50-70 µm thick, dark blue, in K dark purple. Epihymenium dark purple, pigment in K dissolving leaving the blue of the hymenium. Paraphyses simple, septate, 2-3 µm wide, with 4-6 µm wide hyaline apical cells, surrounded by lilac pigmented gel. Hypothecium 0-80 µm thick, pale yellow, intensifying orange yellow in K. Asci slightly clavate, 70-55 µm tall, 8-spored. Ascospores simple, hyaline, ellipsoid, 14-16×5-6.5 µm, wall 1 µm thick. Pycnidia not observed. DISCUSSION The substance α- collatolic acid is commonly occurring in the genus Tephromela, while lichexanthone is so far only reported from T. velloziae. In that species, and in two further species described below, lichexanthone occurs in the thallus and the apothecium margins, not only in the thallus. The new species is the first in the genus that combines both lichexanthone and α- collatolic acid., Published as part of Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge & Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva, 2023, Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico, pp. 11-25 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2) on pages 16-18, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7815402

Tephromela xanthonica Guzmán-Guillermo, sp. nov. (Figs 3G, H; 4E, F) Similar to Tephromela velloziae, differing in its saxicolous ecology and its areolate thallus. HOLOTYPE. — Mexico. Veracruz, Municipality of Las Vigas de Ramírez, locality of Volcancillo, alt. 2300 m, 19°37’00.5”N, 97°04’01.0”W, on volcanic rock, IX.2020, Cárdenas-Mendoza s.n. (holo-, XALU [XALU1413]; para-, XALU [XALU1414, XALU1415, XALU1416, XALU1417]). ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Brazil. Minas Gerais, Catas Altas, Caraça, alt. 1200-1400 m, 20°06’S, 43°29’W, on sandstone, 17-25.V.2021, L.A. Santos & Aptroot 52016, 52057 (ISE, CGMS). ETYMOLOGY. — The name refers to its chemistry. CHEMISTRY. — Thallus UV+ yellow, C-, P-, K-, apothecium margin UV+ yellow. With lichexanthone. ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION. — On exposed volcanic rock associated with Pinus forest in Volcancillo, Veracruz, and on sandstone in Campo rupestre in Caraça, Minas Gerais, Brazil; known from Brazil and Mexico. MYCOBANK. — MB 846317. DESCRIPTION Thallus crustose, mineral to greenish-grey, rimose to verrucose, somewhat glossy, c. 0.3 mm thick, areoles 0.5-1 mm in diam. Prothallus absent. Photobiont an unicellular green alga, arranged in one layer below the cortex. Apothecia present, sessile, roundish to lobate when old, numerous on the center of the thallus. Disk black, 0.5-2.5 mm in diam., flat to slightly convex, epruinose. Thalline margin concolorous with the thallus, glossy, 0.15-0.18 mm wide, raised above the level of the disk, minutely crenate, with motes of white pruina when young. Proper exciple thickest at the base (50-60 µm), becoming thinner at the edges, intense yellowbrown. Hymenium c. 100-130 µm thick, pigment reddish purple, K+ purple. Subhymenium 80-90 µm thick, purple pigmented, dark purple in K. Epihymenium reddish-purple, pigment K+ purple. Paraphyses simple, septate, surrounded by dark red pigmented gel. Hypothecium 0-60 µm thick, with similar colorations as the hymenium. Asci slightly clavate, 65-55 µm tall, 8-spored. Ascospores simple, hyaline, ellipsoid, 9-13 × 5-6 µm, wall 1-2 µm thick. Pycnidia not observed. DISCUSSION Tephromela velloziae was described as containing lichexanthone and it also agrees in ascospore size (Kalb 1984). However, the isotypes Kalb 349 (B[B600157687, B600093712]) deposited in Herbarium Berolinense (digital material consulted in BiNHum 2021) and mentioned in the original description (Kalb 1984), differ morphologically and in ecology from the new species. They have a verrucose thallus without areoles, in contrast to the areolate thallus of T. xanthonica Guzmán-Guillermo, sp. nov. Also, T. velloziae grows on dead stems of a semi-woody herb in semi-arid Caatinga vegetation, whereas T. xanthonica Guzmán-Guillermo, sp. nov., is a saxicolous species, found growing on sandstone and on volcanic rock between species of Cladonia, Stereocaulon, Rhizocarpon, and other unidentified crustose lichens, in temperate to tropical montane ecosystem, including Pinus forest at 2250-2300 m in Mexico and campos rupestres at 1200-1400 m in Brazil., Published as part of Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge & Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva, 2023, Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico, pp. 11-25 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2) on pages 20-21, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7815402, {"references":["KALB K. 1984. - Lichenes Neotropici ausgegeben von Klaus Kalb. Fasc. VIII (nos 301 - 350). Published by the author, Neumarkt / Opf.","BINHUM. 2021. - Biodiversitatsnetzwerk des Humboldt-Rings. Available athttps: // www. binhum. net / (accessed 13 April 2021)."]}

KEY TO SPECIES OF TEPHROMELA M.CHOISY IN BRAZIL The Brazilian material keying out here possibly does not represent T. alectoronica s.str. but perhaps T. aff. vinacea in our phylogenetic tree. 1. Saxicolous or muscicolous on rock or soil or lichenicolous on saxicolous Lecanora...................................... 2 — Corticolous or on Vellozia stems or lichenicolous on corticolous Dirinaria................................................ 10 2. Lichenicolous on saxicolous Lecanora........................................... T. campestricola (Nyl.) Rambold & Triebel — Saxicolous or muscicolous on rock or on soil............................................................................................... 3 3. Apothecia with constricted base; medulla UV+ greenish-white (alectoronic and α- collatolic acids) or medulla UV+ yellow (lichexanthone)........................................................................................................................ 4 — Apothecia margin not distinguishable from raised thallus parts (apothecia seemingly emarginate or immersed)................................................................................................................................................... 7 4. Medulla UV+ greenish-white (alectoronic and α- collatolic acid).............................. T. atra (Huds.) Hafellner — Medulla UV-negative; thallus and apothecium margin UV+ yellow (lichexanthone)................................... 5 5. Hymenium, epihymenium and subhymenium all equally reddish purple............................................................................................................................................................ T. xanthonica Guzmán-Guillermo, sp. nov. — Subhymenium reddish; epiphymenium bluish; hymenium hyaline or mottled bluish and brownish........... 6 6. Subhymenium reddish brown; epiphymenium and hymenium mottled bluish and brownish............................................................................................................... T. carassensis (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking, comb. nov. — Subhymenium dark orangish brown; epiphymenium dark blue to black; hymenium hyaline............................................................................................................. T. epichlorina (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking, comb. nov. 7. Apothecia (sub)convex, almost without thalline margin; thallus with black hypothallus visible between the areoles......................................................................................................................................................... 9 — Apothecia more or less flat, in raised thallus warts; thallus continuous to rimose......................................... 7 8. Ascospores 10-14 × 6-8 µm; medulla UV+ bluish-green (α- collatolic acid).............................................................................................................................................................................. T. buelliana (Müll. Arg.) Kalb — Ascospores 10-11 × 6-7 µm; medulla UV- (colensoic acid)................................................................................................................................................................................................... T. colensoica Rambold & Knoph 9. Ascospores 7-10 × 3.5-4.5 µm; medulla UV+ white (loxodellonic and glomelliferic acids)........................................................................................................................................................ T. matogrossensis Kalb & Elix — Ascospores 10-12 × 8-9 µm; medulla UV+ greenish-white (alectoronic and physodic acids).............................................................................................................................................................. T. immersa Kalb & Elix 10. Lichenicolous on corticolous Dirinaria...................................... T. cerasina (Müll. Arg.) Rambold & Triebel — Corticolous............................................................................................................................................... 11 11. Thallus UV-, but apothecial margins may be UV+ yellow; medulla UV- or UV+ greenish-white or UV+ bluishgreen......................................................................................................................................................... 12 — Thallus UV+ yellow (lichexanthone); ascospores 9-16 × 5-7.5 µm.............................................................. 16 12. Medulla UV- (no substances in medulla); ascospores long ellipsoid, 10-12 × 3-4 µm........................................................................................................................................................................ T. americana (Fée) Kalb — Medulla UV+ greenish-white or UV+ bluish-green; ascospores ellipsoid, at least 5 µm wide...................... 13 13. Apothecial margin UV+ yellow (lichexanthone), medulla UV+ bluish green (α- collatolic acid); fatty acids absend; ascospores 14-16 × 5-6.5 µm.................................................... T. multireflexa Aptroot & M.F.Souza, sp. nov. — Apothecial margin UV- or (medulla) UV+ greenish-white (alectoronic and/or physodic acids); fatty acids (TLC) present or absent....................................................................................................................................... 14 14. Ascospores 8-10 × 5-6 µm; in mangroves.......................................................................... T. rhizophorae Kalb — Ascospores 10-17 × 5-9 µm; in inland ecosystems...................................................................................... 15 15. Fatty acids present (TLC); ascospores 10-13 × 5-8 µm......................................................................................................................................................... T. vinacea L.A.Santos, Aptroot, Lücking & M.Cáceres, sp. nov. — Fatty acids absent (TLC); ascospores 12-17 × 6-9 µm.............................................. T. alectoronica Kalb s.lat. 16. On Vellozia stems; ascospores 9-12 × 5-7 µm........................................................................ T. velloziae Kalb — On tree bark; ascospores 14-16 × 6.5-7.5 µm........................................................................................................................................................................... T. obesimarginata L.A.Santos, Aptroot & M.Cáceres, sp. nov., Published as part of Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge & Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva, 2023, Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico, pp. 11-25 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2) on page 23, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7815402

Tephromela obesimarginata L.A.Santos, Aptroot & M.Cáceres, sp. nov. (Figs 3C, D; 4A, B) Similar to Tephromela velloziae but corticolous and differing in the unevenly thickened thalline apothecium margin and the larger ascospores. HOLOTYPE. — Brazil. Minas Gerais, Catas Altas, Caraça, alt. 1200- 1400 m, 20°06’S, 43°29’W, on tree bark, 17-25.V.2021, L.A. Santos & A. Aptroot s.n. (holo-, ISE [ISE52321]; iso-, CGMS). ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Brazil. Minas Gerais, Catas Altas, Caraça, alt. 1200-1400 m, 20°06’S, 43°29’W, on tree bark, 17-25.V.2021, L.A. Santos & A. Aptroot 52143, 52312, 52309 (ISE, CGMS). ETYMOLOGY. — The species is named after the irregularly thickened, plump, thalline apothecium margin. CHEMISTRY. — Thallus UV+ yellow, C-, P-, K-, apothecium margin UV+ yellow. With lichexanthone. ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION. — On exposed trees in Campo rupestre vegetation in SE Brazil; known only from Brazil. MYCOBANK. — MB 846315. GENBANK. — OP881898. DESCRIPTION Thallus crustose, whitish to pale ochraceous-grey, rimose to areolate, verrucose,somewhat glossy, c. 0.1 mm thick.Prothallus absent. Photobiont an unicellular green alga, arranged in one layer below the cortex, algal layer c. 50 µm high. Apothecia always present, sessile, roundish, homogeneously distributed on the thallus, with unevenly crenate, irregularly thickened margin. Disk black, 0.7-2 mm in diam., flat to somewhat concave or saddle-shaped, epruinose. Thalline margin concolorous with the thallus, c. 0.2-0.6 mm wide, raised above the level of the disk (100-150 µm). Proper exciple thickest at the base, becoming thinner at the edges, pale to intense yellow-brown, intensifying yellow in K. Exciple with crystals that after treatment with K partly or completely dissolve. Hymenium c. 100-150 µm thick, violet, K+ greenish-grey. Epihymenium violet, K+ greenish-grey. Paraphyses simple, septate, 2-3 µm wide, with 3-5 µm wide hyaline apical cells, surrounded by violet pigmented gel.Hypothecium 100-150 µm thick, violet, K+ greenish-grey, with a narrow golden-brown band below the hymenium (25-50 µm thick). Asci slightly clavate, 50-75 µm tall, 8-spored. Ascospores simple, hyaline, ellipsoid, 14-16 × 6.5-7.5 µm. Pycnidia black. Conidia not observed. DISCUSSION The new species somewhat resembles Tephromela velloziae, but differs in the irregularly thickened apothecium margin, the larger ascospores (14-16×6.5-7.5 µm vs 9-12× 5-7 µm), and the corticolous habit., Published as part of Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge & Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva, 2023, Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico, pp. 11-25 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2) on page 18, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7815402

Tephromela epichlorina (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking, comb. nov. (Fig. 5C, D) Lecanora epichlorina Vain., Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 7 (1): 91 (Vainio 1890). HOLOTYPE. — Brazil. Minas Gerais, Catas Altas, Caraça, alt. 1400- 1500 m, on moss on sandstone, 1885, E. Vainio distributed in Lichenes Brasilinses Exsiccati 164 (holo-, TUR [TUR-VAIN 5645]). ADDITIONAL SPECIMEN EXAMINED. — Brazil. Minas Gerais, Catas Altas, Caraça, on sandstone, 1997, Aptroot 41012 (ABL, SP). CHEMISTRY. — Thallus UV+ yellow, C-, P-, K-, apothecium margin UV+ yellow. With lichexanthone. ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION. — On sandstone in Campo rupestre in Caraça, Minas Gerais, Brazil; known only from Brazil. MYCOBANK. — MB 846230. DESCRIPTION Thallus crustose, mineral to greenish-grey, rimose to verrucose, somewhat glossy, c. 0.3 mm thick, areoles 0.5-1 mm in diam. Prothallus absent. Apothecia present, sessile, roundish to lobate when old, numerous on the center of the thallus. Disk black, 0.5-1.5 mm in diam., flat, epruinose. Thalline margin concolorous with the thallus, glossy, 0.15-0.2 mm wide, raised above the level of the disk, crenate. Hymenium c. 100-150 µm thick, hyaline. Subhymenium c. 200 µm thick, dark orange brown. Epihymenium dark blue to black, c. 60 µm thick, pigment unchanged in K. Asci slightly clavate, 8-spored. Ascospores simple, hyaline, ellipsoid, 9-15 ×5-6 µm, wall 1-2 µm thick. Pycnidia not observed. DISCUSSION This species was described in Lecanora but on account of the anatomical and chemical characters belongs in Tephromela, as also suggested by an annotation label by Klaus Kalb. For differences with T. carassensis (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking, comb. nov. and T. xanthonica Guzmán-Guillermo, sp. nov., see Discussion under T. carassensis (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking, comb. nov. and in the key below., Published as part of Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge & Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva, 2023, Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico, pp. 11-25 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2) on page 22, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7815402, {"references":["VAINIO E. A. 1890. - Etude sur la classification et la morphologie des lichens du Bresil. I. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 7 (1): 1 - 247."]}

Tephromela carassensis (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking, comb. nov. (Fig. 5A, B) Lecanora carassensis Vain., Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 7 (1): 91 (Vainio 1890). HOLOTYPE. — Brazil. Minas Gerais, Catas Altas, Caraça, alt. 1400- 1500 m, on moss on sandstone, 1885, E. Vainio distributed in Lichenes Brasilinses Exsiccati 1572 (holo-, TUR [TUR-VAIN 5217]). ADDITIONAL SPECIMEN EXAMINED. — Brazil. Minas Gerais, Catas Altas, Caraça, on sandstone, 1997, Aptroot 40719 (ABL, SP). CHEMISTRY. — Thallus UV+ yellow, C-, P-, K-, apothecium margin UV+ yellow. With lichexanthone. ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION. — On mosses on sandstone in Campo rupestre in Caraça, Minas Gerais, Brazil; known only from Brazil. MYCOBANK. — MB 846318. DESCRIPTION Thallus crustose, mineral to greenish-grey, rimose to verrucose, somewhat glossy, c. 0.3 mm thick, areoles 0.5-1 mm in diam. Prothallus absent. Apothecia present, sessile, roundish to lobate when old, numerous on the center of the thallus. Disk black, 0.5-1.5 mm in diam., flat, epruinose. Thalline margin concolorous with the thallus, internally with small crystals, glossy, 0.15-0.18 mm wide, raised above the level of the disk, crenate. Hymenium c. 100 µm thick, mottled bluish grey and pale brown. Subhymenium c. 200 µm thick, dark reddish brown. Epihymenium bluish grey, c. 60 µm thick, pigment unchanged in K. Asci slightly clavate, 8-spored. Ascospores simple, hyaline, ellipsoid, 9-12×5-6 µm, wall 1-2 µm thick. Pycnidia not observed. DISCUSSION This species was described in Lecanora but on account of the anatomical and chemical characters belongs in Tephromela, as also suggested by an annotation label by Klaus Kalb. It agrees in many aspects with T. epichlorina (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking, comb. nov. (see below), and both were described from the same locality, but there are notably differences in the pigmentation patterns of the hymenium, epihymenium, and subhymenium. Both species differ from T. xanthonica Guzmán-Guillermo, sp. nov. also largely in apothecial pigment patterns (see key below).

The new genus Australidea Kantvilas, Wedin & M. Svensson is described to accommodate Lecidea canorufescens Kremp., a widespread lichen in temperate Australasia. It is characterized by a crustose thallus with a green photobiont, reddish brown, biatorine apothecia with an internally hyaline, cupulate proper exciple constructed of branched and anastomosing hyphae, mainly simple paraphyses, 8-spored, Porpidia-type asci and simple, hyaline, non-halonate ascospores. A phylogenetic analysis places the new genus in the family Malmideaceae. Lecidea canorufescens Kremp., L. glandulosa C. Knight, L. immarginata R. Br. ex Cromb. and L. intervertens Nyl. are lectotypified. These names, plus L. dacrydii Müll. Arg. and L. eucheila Zahlbr., are all synonyms of Australidea canorufescens (Kremp.) Kantvilas, Wedin & M. Svensson comb. nov. Several genera superficially similar to Australidea, including Malcolmiella Vĕzda, Malmidea Kalb et al. and Myochroidea Printzen et al., are compared. A comprehensive anatomical and morphological description of the genus Malcolmiella, recorded for Tasmania for the first time, is also provided. The new combination M. interversa (Nyl.) Kantvilas, Wedin & M. Svensson is introduced and the names M. cinereovirens Vĕzda and M. cinereovirens var. isidiata Vĕzda are reduced to synonyms. The systematic position of this genus remains unclear, although phylogenetic analysis suggests its affinities lie with a group of genera that includes Bryobilimbia Fryday et al., Romjularia Timdal and Clauzadea Hafellner & Bellem.

In recent years, several species that have long been considered to belong in Bacidia s. lat. have been transferred to other genera such as Bellicidia, Bibbya, Scutula, and also to Toniniopsis, accommodating species previously placed in Bacidia and Toninia. One of its widespread species, Toniniopsis subincompta, can be recognized by its thinly granular thallus, dark brown to black apothecia, green epithecium, red-brown hypothecium, and bacilliform ascospores. However, it shows considerable variation in thallus structure, and coloration of apothecia, hypothecium and exciple. We sequenced 20 specimens of T. subincompta to investigate whether there is phylogenetic support for the delimitation of species in accordance with the variability of the observed characters. For phylogenetic analyses, we used newly generated sequence data from the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (nrITS), mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) and DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit (RPB2). Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses, as well as three species delimitation programs, provided consistent evidence that T. subincompta forms two separate lineages, to be recognized at the species level. The complex nomenclature of T. subincompta (basionym Lecidea subincompta) shows it to be a synonym of Bellicidia incompta. For the most common taxon previously called Bacidia (Toniniopsis) subincompta, the new combination T. separabilis is made, rather than proposing a conserved type for Lecidea subincompta. Toniniopsis dissimilis is newly described to accommodate the less common taxon. Toniniopsis dissimilis is characterized by a predominantly wrinkled to warted to subsquamulose thallus; generally grey-brown to dark brown apothecia, often with a lighter margin; a dark brown hypothecium, frequently gradually merging into the coloration of the exciple below and the lateral part of the exciple attached to the hymenium; a mostly colourless rim and lateral part of the exciple. The closely related T. separabilis is characterized by a thallus of mostly single or contiguous ±loose granules, often forming short, coralloid, isidium-like bulges; darker apothecia, with a margin mostly of the same colour or darker than the disc; a comparatively thinner hypothecium easily separated from the exciple below. The rim and lateral part of the exciple often contain either a blue, brown or mixed blue-brown colour in the upper part or along the whole margin. Lectotypes of Bacidia vegeta, Lecidea bacillifera f. melanotica and Secoliga atrosanguinea var. affinis (the synonyms of T. separabilis) are selected. Cyanotrophy and the occurrence of albino morphs in T. separabilis are discussed.

The genus Micarea was studied for the first time in the Taita Hills, Kenya. Based on new collections and existing data, we reconstructed a phylogeny using ITS, mtSSU and Mcm7 regions, and generated a total of 27 new sequences. Data were analyzed using maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony methods. Based mainly on new collections, we discovered four undescribed well-supported lineages, characterized by molecular and phenotypic features. These lineages are described here as Micarea pumila, M. stellaris, M. taitensis and M. versicolor. Micarea pumila is characterized by a minutely granular thallus, small cream-white or pale brownish apothecia, small ascospores and the production of prasinic acid. Micarea stellaris has a warted-areolate thallus, cream-white apothecia usually darker at the centre, a hymenium of light grey or brownish pigment that dissolves in K, and intense crystalline granules that appear as a belt-like continuum across the lower hymenium when studied in polarized light. Micarea taitensis is characterized by a warted-areolate thallus and cream-white or yellowish apothecia that sometimes produce the Sedifolia-grey pigment. Micarea versicolor is characterized by a warted-areolate, sometimes partly granular thallus and apothecia varying from cream-white to light grey to blackish in colour. This considerable variation in the coloration of its apothecia is caused by an occasional mixture of the Sedifolia-grey pigment in the epihymenium and another purplish brown pigment in the hymenium. Micarea stellaris, M. taitensis and M. versicolor produce methoxymicareic acid. The main distinguishing characters are presented in a species synopsis. Three of the new species are nested in the M. prasina group, and the fourth one (M. taitensis) resolves as a basal taxon to the M. prasina group. The new species inhabit montane cloud forests, which have fragmented dramatically throughout the Eastern Arc Mountains in recent decades. The genus Micarea was studied for the first time in the Taita Hills, Kenya. Based on new collections and existing data, we reconstructed a phylogeny using ITS, mtSSU and Mcm7 regions, and generated a total of 27 new sequences. Data were analyzed using maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony methods. Based mainly on new collections, we discovered four undescribed well-supported lineages, characterized by molecular and phenotypic features. These lineages are described here as Micarea pumila, M. stellaris, M. taitensis and M. versicolor. Micarea pumila is characterized by a minutely granular thallus, small cream-white or pale brownish apothecia, small ascospores and the production of prasinic acid. Micarea stellaris has a warted-areolate thallus, cream-white apothecia usually darker at the centre, a hymenium of light grey or brownish pigment that dissolves in K, and intense crystalline granules that appear as a belt-like continuum across the lower hymenium when studied in polarized light. Micarea taitensis is characterized by a warted-areolate thallus and cream-white or yellowish apothecia that sometimes produce the Sedifolia-grey pigment. Micarea versicolor is characterized by a warted-areolate, sometimes partly granular thallus and apothecia varying from cream-white to light grey to blackish in colour. This considerable variation in the coloration of its apothecia is caused by an occasional mixture of the Sedifolia-grey pigment in the epihymenium and another purplish brown pigment in the hymenium. Micarea stellaris, M. taitensis and M. versicolor produce methoxymicareic acid. The main distinguishing characters are presented in a species synopsis. Three of the new species are nested in the M. prasina group, and the fourth one (M. taitensis) resolves as a basal taxon to the M. prasina group. The new species inhabit montane cloud forests, which have fragmented dramatically throughout the Eastern Arc Mountains in recent decades.

During the study of Usnea from China, we identified and illustrated a new species, Usnea sulphuridiscoidea S. Y. Guo & L. F. Han from the Ailaoshan Mountain of Southwest China, based on morphological characteristics and nrDNA ITS sequence data. This new species can be distinguished morphologically from other apotheciate members of Usnea by the special lateral apothecia with sulphur disc, the inflated branches with glossy surface and numerous papillae as well as many fibrils, meanwhile lacking pseudocyphellae and soralia. The nrDNA ITS sequence data supported the recognition of the new species.

The diversity of lichen photobionts is not fully known. We studied here the diversity of the photobionts associated withCladonia, a sub-cosmopolitan genus ecologically important, whose photobionts belong to the green algae genusAsterochloris. The genetic diversity ofAsterochloriswas screened by using the ITS rDNA and actin type I regions in 223 specimens and 135 species ofCladoniacollected all over the world. These data, added to those available in GenBank, were compiled in a dataset of altogether 545Asterochlorissequences occurring in 172 species ofCladonia. A high diversity ofAsterochlorisassociated withCladoniawas found. The commonest photobiont lineages associated with this genus areA. glomerata,A. italiana, andA. mediterranea. Analyses of partitioned variation were carried out in order to elucidate the relative influence on the photobiont genetic variation of the following factors: mycobiont identity, geographic distribution, climate, and mycobiont phylogeny. The mycobiont identity and climate were found to be the main drivers for the genetic variation ofAsterochloris. The geographical distribution of the differentAsterochlorislineages was described. Some lineages showed a clear dominance in one or several climatic regions. In addition, the specificity and the selectivity were studied for 18 species ofCladonia. Potentially specialist and generalist species ofCladoniawere identified. A correlation was found between the sexual reproduction frequency of the host and the frequency of certainAsterochlorisOTUs. SomeAsterochlorislineages co-occur with higher frequency than randomly expected in theCladoniaspecies.

The identity of Lecanora ecorticata has been uncertain due to conflicting reports of the presence of zeorin and the loss of the holotype. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the species probably belongs in Ramalinaceae, where it is the first leprose species reported. Zeorin was found to be absent in recently collected material of L. ecorticata, including specimens from the type locality, and the report of zeorin in the lost holotype is considered to be due to contamination. A new genus, Lithocalla, is erected to accommodate L. ecorticata and a second closely related species, that occurs in the Falkland Islands, is newly combined as Lithocalla malouina. A lectotype is selected for L. ecorticata. Lithocalla is characterized by a leprose thallus containing usnic acid with fatty acids and terpenoids, but no zeorin; ascomata and conidiomata are unknown.

Parmotrema sahyadrica Sequiera & A.Christy, sp. nov. (Fig. 1) Mycobank no.: MB 843254 Similar to Parmotrema enteroxanthum but differs in having simple and coralloid isidia and different secondary compounds. Thallus corticolous, 7-8 cm wide, lobes 6-10 mm wide, apically rounded, sometimes crenate, eciliate, medulla yellow, isidia mainly laminal. Type: INDIA, Kerala, Wayanad district, Kavumannam, 750m, 24 January 2019, Arun Christy 1745, (holotype KFRI!, isotype MCH!). Thallus corticolous, loosely attached to the substratum, 7-8 cm wide; lobes apically rounded, to crenate, 6-10 mm in wide; margin eciliate; upper surface yellowish grey, centrally dark grey, emaculate, smooth, coriaceous, thallus 170-220 ��m high, isidiate, less so towards margin; isidia laminal, dense, simple to coralloid, 200-300 ��m high, 60- 100 ��m in diameter; eciliate; lower side centrally black, wide marginal zone tan to brown, nude; rhizines sparse, simple, distributed in groups in the centre of the thallus, 0.4-0.5mm in length; medulla yellow in upper and lower part, apothecia and pycnidia absent. Chemistry: Cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-, UV-; Medulla K+ yellow turning darker, C+ slightly yellow-red, KC-, P-TLC results: In RF class 2 an unknown compound seen as icy blue in UV which is disappearing after 6-10 hours, between RF classes 2 and 3, galbinic acid is present which is yellow coloured, entothein seen as streaking yellow to beige coloured present between RF class 3-6 and Atranorin at RF 7. (Fig. 2) Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality, Sahyadri, the Sanskrit name for the Western Ghats, where this species is distributed. Distribution and Ecology: Found growing on Mangifera indica (Linnaeus 1753:200) in cultivated land in Kavumannam village of Wayanad district of Kerala state at an elevation of 750 m. Associated with other lichens such as Heterodermia hypocaesia (Yasuda ex R��s��nen 1940:139) D.D. Awasthi (1973:113), Parmotrema tinctorum and P. cristiferum. The new species is very much restricted in its distribution and has so far only been found at the type locality. Remarks: Parmotrema sahyadrica is characterized by a distinct yellow medulla with densely isidiate condition. This species is one among the few Indian species having a yellow-coloured medulla. Orange yellow pigmentation was occasionally reported in the lower cortical region of Parmotrema sancti-angelii and yellow coloration in the lower medulla was reported in Parmotrema permutatum (Stirton 1877 -78:252) Hale (1974:338). However, these species are different from Parmotrema sahyadrica in having a ciliate margin, farinose, marginal to submarginal soralia and different chemical reactions on the medulla. Table 1 denotes the comparison of morphological and chemical characters of P. sahyadrica with other yellow medullated Parmotrema such as Parmotrema enteroxanthum Hale (1977:434), Parmotrema endosulphureum (Hillman 1940:8) Hale (1974:336), Parmotrema sulphuratum (Nees & Flotow 1835:501) Hale (1974:339), Parmotrema sancti-angeli and Parmotrema permutatum., Published as part of Sequeira, Stephen, Christy, Arun, Anilkumar, Aswathi & Arsha, S. M., 2022, Parmotrema sahyadrica (Parmeliaceae): A new species of parmelioid lichen from Wayanad, Southern Western Ghats, India, pp. 287-292 in Phytotaxa 539 (3) on pages 288-291, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.539.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/6364218, {"references":["Sipman, H. J. M. (2005) Mason Hale's key to Parmotrema, revised edition: key to wide-lobed parmelioid species occurring in Tropical America (genera Canomaculina, Parmotrema, Rimelia, Rimeliella). Available from: http: // www. bgbm. org / sipman / keys / neoparmo. htm (Last update 28 October 2005; accessed October 2008)","Spielmann, A. A. (2009) Estudos taxonomicos em Parmotrema s. l. (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota liquenizados) com acido salazinico. PhD. Thesis. Sao Paulo. 152 pp.","Hale, M. E. (1974 b) Notes on species of Parmotrema (Lichenes: Parmeliaceae) containing yellow pigments. Mycotaxon 1: 105 - 116.","Benatti, M. N. & Marcelli, M. P. (2009) Especies de Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycetes liquenizados) commedula pigmentada do litoral centro-sul do Estado de Sao Paulo. Hoehnea 36 (4): 597 - 612. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 2236 - 89062009000400003","Divakar, P. K. & Upreti, D. K. (2005) Parmelioid lichens in India (a revisionary study). Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, India. 488 pp.","Awasthi, D. D. (2007) A Compendium of the Macrolichens from India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, India. 580 pp.","Mishra, G. K. & Upreti, D. K. (2017) The lichen genus Parmotrema A. Massal. (Lecanorales, Ascomycota) from India with addition distributional records. Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment 2 (2): 18 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.21756 / cab. v 2 i 02.11117","Hale, M. E. (1965) A monograph of Parmelia subgenus Amphigymnia. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 36: 193 - 358.","Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum. Vol. 1. Stockholm. 560. pp.","Rasanen, V. (1940) Lichenes ab A. Yasuda et aliis in Japonia collecti (I). The Journal of Japanese Botany 16: 139 - 153.","Stirton, J. (1877 - 1878) On certain lichens belonging to the genus Parmelia. Scottish Naturalist 4: 200 - 203, 252 - 254, 298 - 299.","Hale, M. E. (1977) New species in the lichen genus Parmotrema Mass. Mycotaxon 5 (2): 432 - 448.","Nees Von Esenbeck, C. G. D. & Von Flotow, J. (1835) Einige neue Flechtenarten. Linnaea 9 (4): 495 - 502."]}

A new species of Parmotrema with characteristic yellow medulla is described as new to science. The new species P. sahyadrica has a densely isidiate thallus with 6-10 mm wide lobes and contains entothein and atranorin as major compounds. The material was collected from Wayanad district of Kerala state at an elevation of 750 m.