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L'utilisation d'antibiotiques a diminué de près de 50 % dans les filières avicoles et porcines françaises en 15 ans. Cependant, cette évolution a été plus ou moins importante selon les élevages, et la mise en place de labels « sans antibiotiques » a pu se traduire dans certains cas par des excès de réduction d’usage des antibiotiques, au détriment de la santé et du bien-être des animaux. Pour avancer dans la rationnalisation du recours aux antibiotiques, une démarche participative a été menée, associant des représentants des vétérinaires praticiens, des interprofessions porcine et avicole, des instituts techniques, du ministère de l’agriculture et des chercheurs. L’article présente les étapes majeures de la démarche et leurs résultats, concernant la vision à long terme partagée par le groupe sur l'utilisation des antibiotiques en élevage, et l’analyse des verrous à lever pour avancer vers l’objectif partagé. Les résultats montrent entre autres l'importance de la standardisation et de la diffusion de dispositifs de suivi, à l’échelle de la ferme, de la santé et du bien-être des animaux, de l'utilisation des antibiotiques et du niveau de résistance aux antibiotiques, afin de permettre aux éleveurs et vétérinaires de piloter avec précision l’usage des antibiotiques. Les deux autres champs d’action du collectif concernent i) le besoin d'une meilleure communication et information des consommateurs sur la question de la santé animale, du bien-être et du bon usage des antibiotiques et ii) la compétitivité économique de la filière et la viabilité économique des exploitations qui veulent investir en prévention.

In this study, we are testing psychometric properties of the propensity to trust scale we have developed in four previous studies. This study is the fith and final study of a research project aiming to develop a scale measuring individual's propensity to trust social groups. The team has already conducted four studies to create this scale. In the first study, the team developed a version of the scale for four targets, then a version of the scale for three targets in a second study. The third study involved creating a version of the scale for one interchangeable target. The fourth study aims to conduct a confirmatory factor analysis to validate the bi-factorial structure of the PTSIT. In this study, further psychometric analyses, including concurrent validity (propensity to trust), convergent (interpersonal trust) and discriminant (body self-esteem) validity, test-retest reliability and gender invariance, will be tested to test the robustness of the scale.

Despite the strong decrease in antimicrobial use in the French poultry and pig sectors over the last decade, room for improvement remains. A participatory approach was set up in France, involving representatives of veterinarians, the pig and poultry industries, technical institutes, the French Ministry of Agriculture, and researchers, to further improve how antimicrobials are used on farms. By successively defining a shared, long-term vision of future antimicrobial use on farms, identifying lock-in mechanisms impeding this future vision from being realized, and articulating practical questions on how to move in the desired direction, the group rapidly reached a consensus. The results highlight the need for consensual standardized monitoring tools that would allow farm- ers and veterinarians to jointly monitor the health, welfare, antimicrobial resistance, and antimicro- bial use on farms. Other results relate to better communication and training for citizens regarding animal health, animal welfare, and proper antimicrobial use; some benefits but also counterproduc- tive effects of antibiotic-free labels that imperil animal health and welfare; the economic competi- tiveness of farms on international markets; and the economic sustainability of farm animal veteri- nary practices. These results call for a concerted way to produce tools for farmers and veterinarians and the broader involvement of other food sector actors.

This study aimed at describing the iron status of piglets at weaning in French indoor and outdoor farms. It was carried out in the spring of 2019 in 20 organic farms located in the West of France. In each farm, approximately 30 piglets (half males and females) from 4 to 7 litters were blood sampled. In total, 565 piglets of 42.1±3.2 days of age, weighing 12.0±3.0 kg live weight were bled at 1.1±1.7 days from weaning (mean±SD). Among the 11 outdoor and 9 indoor organic farms that were investigated, iron injection was used in most of indoor farms (200 mg: 8 farms, 100 mg: 1 farm, no supplementation: 1 farm), while in outdoor systems, mostly no supplementation was performed (200 mg: 1 farm, no supplementation: 10 farms). In comparison with the indoor/iron injected piglets, the outdoor/non-supplemented piglets had a greater blood haemoglobin concentration (118 vs. 105 ± 2 g/L, mean±SE, P < 0.001) and a bigger red blood cell volume (60 vs. 56 ± 1 fl, P < 0.01), indicating a better iron status. In the only indoor farm that did not use iron supplementation, these two variables were low (81 ± 3 g/L and 48 ± 1 fl, respectively), suggesting an iron deficiency. To conclude, outdoor piglets find a sufficient amount of iron in their natural environment, probably by foraging and ingesting soil, to fulfil their needs. Indoors, an iron supplementation is necessary, but a single intramuscular iron injection, besides its controversial acceptability in organic farming, might be suboptimal to prevent anaemia in piglets. Thus, there is a need for finding alternative solutions to iron injection for newborn piglets.

Additional file 1. Studies about coinfections in the pig respiratory tract and their consequences.

International audience; Monitoring antimicrobial usage in pig farm is a key element of a reduction plan.The objective of this study was to analyse the antimicrobial usage evolution in the same farms between 2010-2013-2016 and to identify the factors of variations. The study monitored antimicrobial usage by weight group in 2016 in 33 farrow-to-finish farms in the West of France. The antimicrobial usage had ever been registered twice for 23 of them in 2010 and 2013 and once for 10 of them in 2013. It was quantified by the number of Course Doses per produced pig per year (nCD/pig). Farmers were asked about the factors that could explain the evolution between 2013-2016. On average, antimicrobial usage significantly decreased over six years (-38 %). However, a high variability of individual evolutions was observed: among the 23 farms with three annual data, 43 % decreased their use between 2010-2013 (-3 nCD/pig on average) but had a stable use between 2013-2016 (-0,2 nCD/pig). 26 % decreased their use between 2010-2013(-4 nCD/pig on average) and also between 2013-2016 (-2 nCD/pig). 9 % increased then decreased their use during the two periods (+4 then -7 nCD/pig). One farm had the opposite trajectory (-9 then +2 nCD/pig) and another always increased its use (+2 then +5 nCD/pig). Among the 33 farms with data in 2013-2016, 36 % decreased their use (-2 nCD/pig on average), 39 % had a stable use and 24 % increased their use (+3 nCD/pig). For sows, suckling piglets and fattening pigs, most of the farms had stable usage between 2013-2016. Only antimicrobial usage for weaned piglets was more frequently reduced,. Increases were explained by occurence of sanitary problems (mainly urogenital, digestive and respiratory problems on sows, piglets and fatteners respectively). Decreases were explained by vaccination, stop of preventive treatments and improvement of herd management. This study highlights the variability of individual trajectories in antimicrobial usage, due to sanitary issues that may be different according to each weight group. It usefully complements the monitoring of average evolution at the country level

To guarantee the best quality of water from the source to the animal troughs, it's important to be aware that water quality can be adversely by the formation of biofilms in distribution systems, which represent persistent reservoir for potentially pathogenic bacteria. In addition, the presence of biofilm in water distribution systems makes disinfection difficult or it can decrease the efficacy of oral treatments administered to the animals like vaccines, antibiotics or nutritional factors. In pig husbandry, weaning is a critical management period since piglets become exposed to social, environmental as well as nutritional changes which might be regarded as stressful events. In this study, we have chosen this sensitive period to evaluate in pig farms the effects of different mechanical and chemical waterlines cleaning protocols, similar to those used in poultry farms. Two different protocols were tested. They combined: (1) the mechanical action of draining; (2) one detergent (either an alkaline or an enzymatic one); (3) another draining state; and finally (4) one acid used at an antibacterial concentration. The experiment was setup during the down period in post-weaning rooms. To follow the bacteriological quality of water during protocols, we counted the total flora at 22 and 37°C in water. Before and after the experiment, cotton swabs were applied into the pipes to evaluate biofilm. Bacterial concentration in water increased along the pipelines: total flora was higher at watering place than at the entry of the building. Both protocols combining mechanical and chemical procedures reduced total flora, improved water quality and cleanliness of pipes. Our results show that waterlines cleaning protocols (transposed from those used in poultry farms) reduce water's total flora and could be part of the health prevention measures for troubles which are linked to a poor water quality. The improvement of water management could be also used to reduce antibiotic consumption during the period. It would be interesting to measure the re-contamination of water flowing in pipes in order to adapt protocols mixing optimization of water quality for animals and convenience for farmers

Because of the rising threat from antimicrobial resistance, pig farmers are strongly encouraged to reduce their antimicrobial usage. In order to achieve national and European reduction targets, herd level action is needed. An intervention study showed that farms with higher compliance with the intervention plans tended to achieve bigger reduction. Moreover, farmers who followed the vet recommendations often trust the measure. In human medicine, patients' trust in their physician is considered essential for good quality and effective medical care. Several questionnaires/scales exist in human medicine, but none of them have been developed in veterinary medicine. Assessing farmers' trust in their veterinarians is probably an essential step to improving adherence to treatments or recommendations. Thus, a scale is needed, which is capable of identifying the different levels and dimensions of the trust. The aim of this study was to develop and validate the Trust in Veterinarian Scale (TiVS), which aims to measure swine farmers' trust in their veterinarian. The scale construction process used a literature review and involved a panel of voluntary professionals through focus groups and open-ended qualitative interviews. A list of items, based on a multidimensional theoretical framework, explored the different dimensions of trust. Dimensionality, internal consistency, test-retest reliability and construct validity were investigated. The scale comprised at the moment 52 items, divided in seven dimensions (Competence, Availability, Integrity, Fidelity, Honesty, Caring, Global trust) with excellent psychometric properties. TiVS is the first scale adapted to pig farmers' trust in veterinarian. Many factors have an impact: history, psychology, competence, economical context, production organisation, agricultural advisor, etc. So, trust between farmers and veterinarians is a dynamic concept, changing over time and circumstances. Assessing farmers' trust in their veterinarians is probably an essential step to improve adherence to treatments or recommendations. Thus, this scale could be used to identify the different levels and dimensions of trust. Further studies are needed to confirm our result and validate TiVS in other production

Background and Objectives Colostrum intake evaluation is described in literature but the methods use is not applicable in production farms (time-consuming and costly). This study aims to define a more feasible protocol focusing on growth (i.e. quantity ingested) and maternal immune transfer. Material & Methods To determine references values, 864 identified piglets of 10 production farms were weighed at birth and 24h after to calculate the 24h weight gain (WG24). They were also weighed at the end of farrowing and 24h later to calculate an approximate 24h weigh gain (WG24A). Blood samples of 496 piglets at 24h were analyzed for total IgG dosage. Results WG24A is correlated to WG24 (r=0.66). But data of piglets weighed within 2-3 hours after birth show that the weight gain in the first 2.5h represents 46% of WG24. Using WG24A led to misestimate this crucial period. Consequently, suggested protocol is to spend two half days on farms during farrowing period. On day One, a minimum of 30 newborn piglets are identified and weighed at birth with a precise scale. On day Two, 24h later, the same piglets are weighed. Then, WG24 are compared to threshold values obtained in the 10 studied farms for 90% piglet-survival: piglets’ birth weight < 1kg: WG24 ? 75g / [1- 1.2kg[: WG24 ? 50g / ? 1.2kg: WG24 positive. Additionally, on day Two, six piglets from six litters are selected (one light, one medium, one heavy per half of farrowing) and blood sampled to investigate the immune status. Reference is a maximum of 10% piglets below 20mg/ml of total IgG. Discussion & Conclusion This protocol that can be easily implemented in commercial farms has been validated using a thorough study of weight gain and immune transfer during the first two days of piglet life in farms with hyperprolific sows

Background and Objectives Immune transfer via the colostrum in the pig can be investigated using a total IgG test in early life. However, the effectiveness of the different types of IgG for the immune response remains unknown. This is the reasoning behind looking at antibodies specific for one particular disease. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the maternal transfer of Influenza specific antibodies. Material & Methods In 10 farms, piglets were blood sampled at one day of life (n=496) for total IgG dosage (RID) and at 3 weeks of life (n=495) for Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test for six different Influenza serotypes. The colostrum of 59 corresponding sows was also sampled and the same HI test was performed on them. All farms were either supposed positive for an infection with Influenza and/or were vaccinating the sows with a trivalent Influenza vaccine. HI test results are presented in 2-fold dilution (1=20 in HI test; 10 = 10240). Results First results regarding H1avN1 show that all but one colostrum sample were positive. Titers varied from three to 10; those of the piglets from zero to seven. HI titers of the piglets were not linked with total IgG level at day one. At day one, 10% of piglets have less than 20 mg/ml of total IgG and around 40% of these die before three weeks. At three weeks, 18% of piglets had a zero H1avN1 titer. The main criterion for the variation in the piglets’ titer at 3 weeks was the colostrum titer of the sow. Piglets that were cross-fostered in the first 24 hours had lower values. Discussion & Conclusion These preliminary results reveal interesting details about the transfer of immunoglobulins from sows to piglets regarding six Influenza subtypes and its variation factors

International audience; Background and Objectives The control of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) associated diseases (PCVD) is based on management strategies, control of the co-infections, and vaccination. Several vaccines are registered and many different protocols including gilts, sows or piglets are implemented worldwide to reduce horizontal and vertical transmission. This survey investigates the infection pressure of PCV2 in various age categories of pigs and the impact of different vaccination’s protocol on PCV2 excretion. Material & Methods From December 2017 to March 2018, twenty farms located in the West of France were included in the study. In a single visit, laryngeal swabs were collected from 10 sows and from 2 piglets per sow just before weaning and five oral fluids were taken in pens during the post-weaning and the fattening period (pigs from 6 to 24 weeksold). All samples were tested individually for PCV2 qPCR. Results Few piglets (5/400 ie 1.2%) from four farms were shedding PCV2 just before weaning. In seven breeding herds, positive PCR results were observed in sows (5.5% positivity in sows). The pair sow-piglet shedding was not systematic. Gilt vaccination seems to prevent the risk of having PCV2 positive sows in farrowing unit (p = 0.04) and both gilts and sows vaccination tend to reduce piglets shedding at weaning (p=0.12; p=0.275). The vaccination of the breeding herd tends also to lower the risk of PCV2 shedding piglets in post-weaning period (p= 0,09; p=0,27). Discussion & Conclusion PCV2 infection in a herd can be maintained thanks to the presence and the circulation of the virus within the breeding herd and thus shedding by gilts and young sows in farrowing-units. In our survey the prevalence of PCV2 shedding piglets is low at weaning and the vaccination of the breeding herd appears as a key point to control PCV2 infection dynamic.

National audience

To update data on the many practices and perceptions of antimicrobial use on pig farms, a study was performed to compare antimicrobial use, technical performances, management practices, farmers’ perception of their antimicrobial use and farmers’ attitudes toward antimicrobial resistance. The survey was performed on 20 selected French pig farms in western France among the 156 monitored since 2015 for antimicrobial use (based on veterinarian prescriptions). A questionnaire was filled in during an interview with each farmer. The relations among practices, technical performances and perceptions was analysed with chi-square or Kruskal-Wallis tests. No link was observed between technical performances and antimicrobial use. Vaccination was considered a major tool for decreasing antimicrobial use. as were biosecurity (17/20) and the use of "alternatives" (15/20). Nevertheless, during an open question about ineffective measures, these “alternatives” were cited (5/20). In all of the interviews, pig farmers emphasised the strong advisory role of veterinarians and the national government in making antimicrobial resistance a main concern. Farmers’ proposals of key measures for decreasing antimicrobial use included better training and more information/knowledge about diseases, treatments and alternatives (8/25). This study highlights obstacles to and mechanisms for decreasing antimicrobial use on pig farms. Many positive and encouraging points emerged, such as the strong implication of veterinarians as the main advisors on animal health. A strengthened advisory role implies that veterinarians should have better communication skills (requested by the farmers) and adjust their advice to the perceptions and attitudes of farmers. Finally, the absence of a link between technical performances and antimicrobial use is also a major point to help veterinarians encourage farmers to reduce their antimicrobial use and comply with the alternative measures they recommend; Réduire efficacement l’usage des antibiotiques implique d’en décrire précisément les pratiques et d’en comprendre les déterminants. Depuis 2015, les consommations d’antibiotiques de 156 élevages de porcs adhérents de Sanders Bretagne et Ouest ont été suivies grâce au logiciel Indicavet. Ils sont classés en quatre catégories selon leurs valeurs d’ALEAS (Animal Level of Exposure to Antimicrobials) un indicateur d’exposition aux antibiotiques) calculées par trimestre à partir des prescriptions des vétérinaires : les faibles consommateurs stables entre 2015 et 2016 (35 élevages), les forts consommateurs stables (9), les élevages ayant diminué (92) et les élevages ayant augmenté (20). Cinq élevages de chaque catégorie ont été sélectionnés pour l’enquête. Un entretien individuel a été réalisé à l’aide d’un questionnaire comportant trois grandes parties : modalités d’usages, perception des éleveurs vis-à-vis des antibiotiques et de l’antibiorésistance, informations générales sur l’élevage. Aucun lien entre les performances techniques des élevages et les consommations d’antibiotiques n’a été observé. Les facteurs majeurs ayant permis aux éleveurs de réduire leur usage d’antibiotiques (question à choix multiples) sont la vaccination (17/20), la biosécurité (17/20) et les alternatives (15/20). Interrogés sur les leviers pour les aider à réduire l’usage des antibiotiques (question ouverte), les éleveurs ont cité deux mesures : (i) une meilleure information/formation sur les maladies et traitements et (ii) une meilleure connaissance des alternatives. Les éleveurs de porcs considèrent le vétérinaire comme l’interlocuteur privilégié vis-à-vis de la santé des animaux et de la situation sanitaire de l’élevage, avec une place essentielle dans le processus de réduction d’usage. Enfin, l’antibiorésistance, la santé publique et l’attente sociétale sont les points les plus cités lorsqu’il était demandé aux éleveurs «Pourquoi réduire l’utilisation des antibiotiques?»

National audience; The aim of this study was to monitor antibiotic use in 2016 on 23 farms that had been surveyed in 2010 and 2013, in order to analyse their individual trajectory of antibiotic use from 2010 to 2016. Only 35% of farms had the same type of change (decrease, stability or increase) in their total antibiotic use during the two periods 2010-2013 and 2013-2016. By physiological stage, overall average use decreased or remained stable from 2010-2016, but different trends emerged among farms: for sows, antimicrobial use decreased in 52% of farms, remained stable in 35% of farms and increased in 13 % of farms. increased use concerned 13% of the farms and decreased use were observed in 51% of the farms. For suckling piglets, increased use concerned 61% of farms and decreased use were observed in 17 % of farms. For weaned piglets, the large majority of farms (87%) had a decline of their antimicrobial use, whereas 9% had a stable evolution and 4% an increase. For fattening pigs, use remained stable in 70% of farms, increased in 4 % of farms and decreased in 26% of farms. This is most likely explained by differences in pathology between farms and observation periods, and also by the margin of progress remaining at the end of each period. To understand drug use on farms better, it is important to implement computerized register listing all the treatments in the farms: this allows individual, automatized and centralized data-collection and data-analysis, as recommended by the French GVET approach (Management of Veterinary Treatments)

This study aimed to describe and examine colostrum intake on commercial farms and analyse the factors of variation identified in the literature. One thousand piglets from 10 farms were followed individually from birth to 3 weeks of age with three weighings in the first 36 hours of life and one weighing at 3 weeks of age. For half of them, a serological examination at 24 hours assessed the transfer of passive immunity (RID, Radial immunodiffusion and Immunocrit). In parallel, the breeding management was described in detail. Many elements from the literature are highlighted, such as the influence of litter size and birth weight. Thus, the survival of a piglet of one kg or less at birth is conditioned by a weight gain at 24 hours (WG24) higher than the WG24 of a piglet born heavier. Growth during the first three hours of life influences the WG24, which itself is correlated with the average daily gain at 3 weeks. Mortality rate increases as parturition time increases (14% in the first hour, 57% from the seventh hour onwards), and 66% of losses of live born piglets occur within three days after birth. Immunocrit is correlated with IDR (r = 0.75) for values of RID below 40 mg/ml. Cross-fostering before six hours after farrowing are associated with a poorer immune transfer. An energy deficit (low colostrum intake) is more common than an immunodeficiency (31% vs. 10%, respectively; thresholds: 20 mg/ml serum IgG at 24 hours and 50g WG24). This study also shows a great diversity of farmers' practices and, despite available equipment, a lack of thermal comfort offered to piglets.; Ce travail vise à décrire et étudier la prise colostrale en élevages de production et à en analyser les facteurs de variation à la lumière de la bibliographie. Mille porcelets provenant de 10 élevages ont été suivis individuellement de la naissance à trois semaines d’âge avec trois pesées au cours des 36 premières heures et une à trois semaines. Pour la moitié d’entre eux, un examen sérologique à 24 h a permis d’évaluer le transfert d’immunité passive (IDR, Immunodiffusion radiale et Immunocrit). En parallèle, la conduite d’élevage a été décrite avec précision. De nombreux éléments de la bibliographie sont confirmés, comme l’influence de la taille de portée et du poids de naissance. Ainsi, la survie d'un porcelet d’un kg ou moins à la naissance est conditionnée à une prise de poids supérieure à celle d’un porcelet né plus lourd. La croissance des trois premières heures de vie conditionne le gain de poids à 24h (GP24), lui-même corrélé au gain de poids quotidien (GMQ) à trois semaines. La mortinatalité augmente au fur et à mesure de la mise bas (14 % la première heure ; 57 % à partir de la septième heure) et 66 % des pertes sur nés vivants surviennent dans les trois premiers jours. L’immunocrit est corrélé à l'IDR (r = 0,75) pour des valeurs inférieures à 40 mg/ml. Les adoptions réalisées dans les six premières heures de vie sont associées à un moins bon transfert immunitaire. Un déficit énergétique (faible ingestion de colostrum) est plus fréquent qu’un déficit immunitaire (31 % vs 10 % ; seuils à 20 mg/ml d’IgG sériques à 24h et 50g de GP24). Ce travail montre aussi une grande diversité de pratiques des éleveurs et, malgré des équipements présents, un défaut de confort thermique offert aux porcelets.

International audience; The presence of pneumoviruses in pigs is extremely poorly documented. To inquire about these viruses in French pig farms, we used the published sequence of the nucleoprotein (N) of the recently identified Swine Orthopneumovirus (SOV) to express and purify SOV N as a recombinant protein in Escherichia coli. Then, SOV N was purified as nanorings and used to set up an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Using that ELISA we analysed the presence of anti-SOV N Immunoglobulins G (IgG) in various swine sera to inquire about the circulation of the virus in France. Since the virus has never been isolated, real positive controls were unavailable and negative controls challenging to obtain. Sera collected from specific pathogen free new born piglets before colostrum uptake were used as negative controls. These sera were negative for anti-SOV N IgG while most of the other sera collected in older animals from different pig farms in Brittany (France) were positive at various levels. To further confirm the validity of our ELISA assay cross-reactivity with bovine sera, human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) N, and whole inactivated bovine RSV (bRSV) particles were tested. Bovine sera were negative for IgG anti-SOV N and porcine sera did not react with inactivated bRSV. Interestingly, in two pig farms presenting respiratory clinical signs and negative or under control for common respiratory pathogens such as influenza virus and Mycoplasma spp, pigs were detected positive for anti-SOV N IgG. Several field and laboratory studies will be required to further characterize the circulation of the virus amongst pigs, to isolate the circulating virus, and to determine its potential pathogenicity and interactions with the porcine immune system. SOV may prove to be an overlooked actor of the porcine respiratory complex, important on its own or in association with other viral and bacterial micro-organisms.

National audience; La robustesse du porcelet au sevrage peut être vue comme sa capacité à exprimer des performances de croissance optimales sans manifester de problèmes de santé et ce quels que soient les conditions de sevrage. Dans cette étude, nous avons approché la robustesse au sevrage par les performances de croissance en post-sevrage. L'objectif était d'identifier des variables biologiques mesurées avant et juste après le sevrage qui pourraient servir à prédire la croissance du porcelet au sevrage. A cet effet, des suivis individuels de porcelets (n=288) ont été réalisés sur le terrain dans 16 élevages commerciaux de statuts sanitaires contrastés (mauvais : SAN- ou bon : SAN+). Les porcelets, sevrés à 28 jours d'âge, ont été prélevés à 26 et 33 jours d'âge et pesés à 26, 33 et 47 jours d'âge. Des variables biologiques sanguines (n=64) décrivant l'immunité, le stress, le statut oxydant et le métabolisme ont été mesurés à 26 et 33 jours d'âge. Le GMQ entre 26 et 47 jours d'âge rapporté au poids à 26 jours (GMQR 26-47) a été choisi comme indicateur de performance. Les porcelets ont été classés par rapport à la médiane de leur élevage dans les classes de GMQR 26-47 bas (GMQR-) ou haut (GMQR+). Le statut sanitaire de l'élevage était significativement associé avec 37 des 67 variables sanguines et zootechniques (P

National audience; L’UMR BIOEPAR, en collaboration avec d’autres équipes de recherche françaises et européennes mais également avec les acteurs socio-économiques de la filière, a conduit ces dernières années plusieurs projets de recherche sur la description de l’usage des antibiotiques en élevage porcin et l’identification de ses déterminants. Le projet européen MINAPIG (2012-2015) financé par le programme Emida Era-net visait à identifier et évaluer des stratégies pour améliorer la santé des animaux et ainsi réduire le recours aux antibiotiques en élevage porcin. Une étude terrain impliquant 227 élevages a été conduite avec un protocole commun en Allemagne, Belgique, France et Suède. Une réflexion sur les indicateurs décrivant l’utilisation des antibiotiques en médecine humaine et vétérinaire a été conduite. Elle fournit des connaissances pour raisonner le choix de ces indicateurs en fonction des objectifs de l’étude quantifiant l’utilisation des antibiotiques (description de l’évolution dans le temps, comparaison entre populations ou à différentes échelles par exemple). Pour contribuer à comprendre l’utilisation des antibiotiques, une méthode statistique innovante qui organise les différents déterminants (en lien avec la santé des animaux, les pratiques d’élevage, ainsi que les déterminants psychosociologiques) en catégories de variables explicatives a été appliquée. La catégorie décrivant la survenue de signes cliniques était celle contribuant le plus dans tous les pays. Un autre éclairage original consistant à identifier les « meilleurs éleveurs » de l’échantillon (faible utilisation d’antibiotiques et bonnes performances zootechniques) a également mis en évidence la nécessité de maîtriser la santé des animaux notamment par des approches vaccinales adaptées. Enfin, une étude d’intervention dans 70 élevages a démontré la possibilité de réduire nettement l’utilisation des antibiotiques sans impacter les performances techniques et économiques des élevages à condition (i) de définir, suite à un diagnostic de la situation sanitaire, un plan d’intervention pertinent et (ii) que l’observance des recommandations soit bonne. L’accompagnement de l’éleveur par ses conseillers et plus spécifiquement la relation de confiance éleveur-vétérinaire constituent des déterminants clés d’une bonne observance. Ces résultats rejoignent les conclusions du projet TRAJ (étude de trajectoires de réduction d’usage des antibiotiques) financé par le métaprogramme GISA qui avait mis en exergue l’importance des phénomènes d’apprentissage (cognitifs, techniques, organisationnels) pour le changement. L’exploration de cette question de recherche se poursuit dans le cadre de deux projets (Sant’Innov et ProP&Co), financés par le PSDR Grand Ouest et le plan EcoAntibio2 respectivement, via un dispositif de recherche participative impliquant éleveurs, vétérinaires et organisations de production.

The robustness of a piglet at weaning can be seen as its ability to express optimal growth without any health problems and regardless of weaning conditions. The identification of the level of the robustness of piglets at weaning could allow implementing targeted cares and treatments. The aim of this study was to identify some biological markers measured around weaning that could be associated with the growth of the piglet after weaning. Blood variables (n=62) describing immunity, stress, oxidative status and metabolism were measured at 26 and 33 days of age on piglets (n=288) from 16 commercial farms selected with contrasting sanitary statuses (deteriorated: SS- or good: SS+). The sanitary status of the farm was significantly associated with 37 of 67 variables measured (P

Introduction: Monitoring antimicrobial usage in pig farms is a key element of a reduction plan. The objective ofthis study was to analyse the antimicrobial usage evolution in the same farms between 2010-2013-2016 and to identify the factors of variations.Material & Methods: The study monitored antimicrobial usage in 2016 in 33 farrow-to-finish farms in the West of France. The antimicrobial usage had ever been registered twice for 23 of them in 2010 and 2013 and once for 10 of them in 2013. It was quantified by the number of Course Doses per produced pig per year (nCD/pig). Farmers were asked about the factors that could explain the evolution between 2013-2016.Results: On average, antimicrobial usage significantly decreased over six years (-38%). However, a highvariability of individual evolutions was observed: among the 23 farms with three annual data, 43% decreased their use between 2010-2013 (-3 nCD/pig on average) but had a stable use between 2013-2016 (-0,2 nCD/pig). 26% decreased their use between 2010-2013 (-4 nCD/pig on average) and also between 2013-2016 (-2 nCD/pig). 9% increased then decreased their use during the two periods (+4 then -7 nCD/pig). One farm had the opposite trajectory (-9 then +2 nCD/pig) and another always increased its use (+2 then +5 nCD/pig). Among the 33 farms with data in 2013-2016, 36% decreased their use (-2 nCD/pig on average), 39% had a stable use and 24% increased their use (+3 nCD/pig).Increases were explained by occurrence of sanitary problems (mainly urogenital, digestive and respiratory problems on sows, piglets and fatteners respectively). Decreases were explained by vaccination, stop of preventive treatments and improvement of herd management.Discussion & Conclusion: This study highlights the variability of individual trajectories in antimicrobial usage, due to sanitary issues. It usefully complements the monitoring of average evolution at the country level

Introduction: Alternative, especially preventive measures have to be implemented to reduce the need for antimicrobial treatments. An intervention study showed that farms with higher compliance with intervention plans tended to achieve bigger reduction. Moreover, farmers who followed the vet recommendations often trust the measure. In human medicine, patients’ trust in their physician is considered essential for good quality and effective medical care. Several questionnaires/scales exist in human medicine, but none of them have been developped in veterinary medicine.The objective of this study was to develop and validate the Trust in Veterinarian Scale (TiVS), which aims to measure swine farmers’ trust in their veterinarian.Material and methods: The scale construction process used a literature review and involved a panel of voluntaryprofessionals through focus groups and open-ended qualitative interviews. A list of items, based on a multidimensional theoretical framework, explored the different dimensions of trust. Dimensionality, internal consistency, test–retest reliability and construct validity were investigated. The scale-development process comprised an explanatory principal component analysis, Cronbach’s a-coefficients and structural equation modeling.Results: The validated scale comprised 25 items, divided in five dimensions (Competence, Integrity, Fidelity,Caring, Global trust) with excellent psychometric properties. Items had good communality within their owndimension and structural equation modeling strongly supported the possibility of calculating a global score.Discussion/Conclusion: TiVS is the first scale adapted to pig farmers’ trust in veterinarian. Many factors have an impact: history, psychology, competence, economical context, production organisation, agricultural advisors… So, trust between farmers and veterinarians is a dynamic concept, changing over time and circumstances. Assessing farmers’ trust in their veterinarians is probably an essential step to improve adherence to treatments or recommendations. Thus, this scale could be used to identify the different levels and dimensions of trust. Further studies are needed to confirm our result and validate TiVS in other production

European and national initiatives have been developed to mitigate the risk from antimicrobial use in animals. However, they are facing challenges and information gaps, especially related to how to quantify, explain and reduce antimicrobial use. In order to update data concerning the different practices and perception for antimicrobial usage in pig farms, a study has been conducted to compare antimicrobial usage, technical performances, management practices, farmers' perception of their antimicrobial usage and farmer' attitudes toward antimicrobial resistance. He survey was carried out in 20 selected pig farms located in the West region in France among 156 monitored since 2015 for their antimicrobial usage (based on vet prescriptions). A questionnaire has been filled during an interview with farmers. The association between practices, technical performances or perceptions has been analysed Chi² or Kruskal-Wallis tests. No link has been seen between technical performances and antimicrobial usage. Vaccination is considered as a major tool of antimicrobial reduction like biosecurity (17/20) or the use of 'alternatives' (15/20). Nevertheless, during an opened question concerning the ineffective measures, these 'alternatives' have been cited (5/20). In all the interviews, pig farmers underline the strong advisory role of the veterinarian and state that antimicrobial resistance is a main concern. Among the farmers' proposals as key measures for antimicrobial reduction, a better training and more information/knowledge concernin diseases, treatments or alternatives were cited (8/25). This study highlights brakes and levers for antimicrobial reduction in pig farms. Many positive and encouraging points like the strong implication of the veterinarian as the main advisor on animal health. Strengthened advisory role implies veterinarians to have better communication skills as asked by the farmers and to adjust their advices to the perceptions and attitudes of the farmers. Finnaly, the absence of link between the technical performances and the consumption of antimicrobials is also a major point to help veterinarians to engage farmers to reduce their antimicrobial use and comply with the alternative measures they recommend

National audience; In the pig, respiratory co-infections involving multiple pathogens are more frequent than single infections. Amongst porcine respiratory viruses, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and swine influenza type A virus (swIAV) are frequently associated. Previously, we performed co-infections and superinfections (maximum 3h of delay between infections) with swIAV and PRRSV in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM) and precision cut lung slices (PCLS). Interference caused by the first virus on replication of the second virus was observed, though limited. On the host side, additive and synergistic effects were identified. However, the main target cell of swIAV is the epithelial cell, while for PRRSV it is the PAM; it was practically impossible to have co-infections of the same cells. This constraint complicated the study of interference between the two viruses. Consequently, in a second series of experiments we used an epithelial cell line expressing CD163, the main receptor of PRRSV. Results showed that swIAV, as well as PRRSV, were highly interfering with each other when infecting the same cells with consequences for the cellular antiviral response. More recently, we started to perform co-infections as well as superinfections with local strains of PRRSV, swIAV, and Aujeszky disease virus (ADV), as a DNA virus control, but this time with longer delays between infections. Moreover, we initiated preliminary works in order to assess a potential induction of trained immunity. A better understanding of the complex interactions existing between infectious agents in the respiratory tract will enable more rational preventive and therapeutic actions against the porcine respiratory complex

Porcine ear necrosis syndrome: exploration of pathogenesis. 9. European Symposium of Porcine Health Management (ESPHM)

In order to assess the different approaches for water management in pig and poultry farms, a study was conducted to compare water supplies, their optimization and the different management practices for piglets in post-weaning rooms and broiler chickens. Twenty-five pig and poultry farmers were selected in the West region in France. A questionnaire was completed during an interview. The association between practices and production characteristics was analyzed with Khi-deux tests. Water quality was a main concern for pig and poultry farmers in all the interviews. Both bacteriological and chemical parameters are regarded as important for water quality. Water mainly comes from drilling. If 60% of pig farmers use chlorination, 80% of poultry farmers perform it with different disinfectants and the remaining 20% use tap water. Water is also an administration route for drugs and nutritional factors. Regarding the sanitary status of animals, some recurrent diseases can be linked to unsuitable water quality, such as digestive disorders in piglets and lameness of birds. Compared to pig producers, poultry farmers have a better monitoring of water consumption and better water pipe maintenance. No pig farmers perform pipe draining while 72 % of poultry farmers do. During the down period, all the poultry farmers set up protocols with mechanical and chemical procedures whereas 24 out of 25 pig farmers only clean the troughs in post-weaning rooms. This study underlined that the control of water management is more settled in poultry farming compared to the pig industry. These different treatments and maintenance practices could help to prevent digestive disorders in weaners and thus to reduce antibiotic consumption.

For many criteria regarding water quality, pig producers are less aware than poultry producers. The differences in their practices concern the monitoring of water consumption and water pipe maintenance. Water quality can be adversely affected by the formation of biofilms in distribution systems, which represent a persistent reservoir for potentially pathogenic bacteria. Moreover, it makes disinfection difficult and can decrease the efficacy of oral treatments administered to the animals, such as vaccines, antibiotics or nutritional factors. In pig husbandry, weaning is a critical management period since piglets become exposed to many changes often regarded as stressful events. Digestive disorders are the main health problem and could be linked to unsuitable water quality. In this study, we have chosen this sensitive period to evaluate in three pig farms the effects of mechanical and chemical waterline cleaning protocols commonly used in poultry farms. Two different protocols combining the mechanical action of draining, a detergent (either alkaline or enzymatic), another draining state and finally an acid used at an antibacterial concentration were tested during the sanitary break in post-weaning rooms. To follow the bacteriological quality of water during protocols, we counted the total flora at 37°C in water and evaluated the biofilm before and after the experiment with cotton swabs. Bacterial concentration in water increased along the pipelines: total flora was higher at the watering place than at the entry of the building. Both protocols reduced total floral, improved the water quality and the cleanliness of pipes. Our results show that cleaning and processing water quality measures could be part of the health prevention measures for troubles which are linked to poor water quality.

Introduction: Drinking water is an essential nutrient for animals. Indeed, when the physiological animal’s requirements are not satisfied, performances can decrease and/or diseases may appear, both having an economical impact for pig or poultry productions. On field, waterlines cleaning protocols seem more frequent in poultry farms than in pig farms. Is it a reality? Are poultry farmers more aware of water quality than pig producers? In order to update data concerning the different perception and practices for water management in pig and poultry farms, a study has been conducted to compare water supplies, their optimization and the different management practices for piglets in post weaning rooms and broiler chicken. Materials and Methods: A survey was carried out in pig and poultry farms located in the West region in France. Twenty-five pig producers and 25 poultry farmers have been selected. A questionnaire has been filled during an interview with farmers. The association between practices and the characteristics of the production has been analyzed with Khi-deux tests. Results: In all the interviews, pig and poultry farmers state that water quality is a main concern. Both bacteriological and chemical parameters are regarded as important for water quality, even if chemical analysis is less frequently performed. Water mainly comes from drilling (50 % for both productions). Sixty per cent of pig farmers use continuous water disinfection (chlorination) whereas 80 % of poultry farmers perform it with different disinfectants (the remaining 20 % use tap water). Water is also an administration route for antibiotics, anthelmintics, vaccines and nutritional factors. Regarding sanitary status of animals, some recurrent diseases can be linked to unadapt water quality. Digestive disorders during the post-weaning period (82 %) and lameness of birds (90 %) are the most frequent disorders. For many criteria poultry farmers are more aware of water quality than pig farmers. The main differences in their practices concern the monitoring of water consumption and the water pipe maintenance (including cleaning measures to eliminate the biofilm). None pig farmers perform pipes’ draining while 72 % of poultry farmers do. During the down period, all the poultry farmers set up protocols with mechanical and chemical procedures: 44 % use flushing, draining, base, acid and disinfectant whereas 24 out of 25 pig farmers only clean the troughs in post-weaning rooms. Conclusion: This study underlined that the control of water management is more settled in poultry farming compared to pig industry. These different treatments and maintenance practices could help to prevent digestive disorders in weaners and thus to reduce antibiotic consumption

Introduction: Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhyo) is the primary pathogen of enzootic pneumonia, a chronic respiratory disease in pigs. Mhyo is also considered as one of the main agents contributing to the porcine respiratory disease complex. Diagnosis of Mhyo is key for the control of this pathogen. Evaluation of clinical signs, slaughterhouse lung checks, serological analysis or direct identification of Mhyo by PCR can be part of the diagnostic approach. It has been showed recently that tracheo-bronchial swabbing (TBS) is one of the best sampling techniques for direct identification of Mhyo. To our knowledge, studies investigating the use of oral fluids (OF) for direct identification of Mhyo are scarce. The aim of this study was to compare TBS and OF sampling for direct identification of Mhyo by quantitative Real-Time PCR assay. Materials and Methods: Two farrow-to-finish farms positive for Mhyo were selected for this study, both located in Brittany, France. In farm 1, sucklers were sampled just before weaning (21 days old) and weaners around 70 days of age. In farm 2, only weaners were sampled at 33 days of age. For each farrowing or post-weaning pen, OF samples were collected using a cotton rope (Ø0.8 cm, 30 min/pen) and for each piglet, TBS were collected individually. Direct identification of Mhyo was then performed using a quantitative Real-Time PCR assay (Marois et al., 2009). Results: In farm 1, at 21 days of age, all the piglets sampled (n=114) were negative for Mhyo by TBS. The OF samples collected in the corresponding farrowing pens were also negative. Using TBS at 70 days of age, 19 pigs out of 100 were positive for Mhyo, results ranging from 5.5x102 to 5.1x107 CFU/ml. At the pen level, 4 pens were negative and 2 pens were positive using TBS, with 10 pigs out of 16 and 9 pigs out of 27 being positive respectively. All OF samples were negative for Mhyo. In farm 2, at 33 days of age, 21 piglets out of 33 and 2 piglets out of 18 were Mhyo positive using TBS in two different pens, results ranging from 5.6x102 to 4.5x103 CFU/ml. The corresponding OF samples of these two pens were negative. Conclusion: Contrary to TBS, pooled OF sampling did not allow direct identification of Mhyo using a quantitative Real-Time PCR assay. This difference in sensitivity could be explained by the individual sampling performed for TBS compared to OF samples taken at pen level and by the sampling material/site for Mhyo (saliva/mouth versus mucus/lower respiratory tract). DNA damage by enzymes in the saliva, low yield of DNA extraction from saliva and/or the presence of PCR inhibitors in the saliva can play a role in the lower sensitivity of OF samples compare to TBS.