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An Adlerian view on some examples of pastoral care in a clinical setting and with people in old-age The final thesis for the Individual Psychological Counselor provides insights into the diverse application of individual psychological concepts in pastoral practice by looking at encounters in different contexts. The reflections show how individual psychology can help to understand and support people in different life situations by emphasizing the importance of a sense of community, feelings of inferiority and lifestyles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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With increasing life expectancy, the prevalence of dementia is increasing worldwide. Dementia is among the greatest challenges for healthcare and social systems of the future. Approximately 40% of newly diagnosed cases of dementia are associated with risk factors that can potentially be influenced by preventive measures. Based on the evidence from longitudinal studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses, the Lancet commission on dementia prevention, intervention and care has defined 12 risk factors that are associated with an increased risk for dementia: low level of education, hearing impairment, traumatic brain injury, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, depression, obesity, social isolation, and air pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Preventive measures addressing the exposome can counteract neurodegenerative diseases. Objective: This article gives an overview on the influence of general and individual exogenous factors (environmental influences and lifestyle changes) as well as endogenous factors (e.g. metabolic alterations) on the development and progression of Alzheimerʼs disease (AD) and Parkinsonʼs disease (PD). Methods: Summary and evaluation of current scientific studies and evidence regarding the exposome and prevention of AD and PD. Results: Numerous studies could demonstrate a potential influence of environmental influences associated with industrialization (general exogenous factors), such as pesticides, solvents or air pollution on the development of AD and PD. Additionally, individually addressable changes of lifestyle (individual exogenous factors, e.g. physical activity, cognitive stimulation, nutrition and sleep) contribute to disease protection and modification and are becoming increasingly more important in light of still limited therapeutic interventions. Moreover, other exogenous factors (medication, noise pollution, head trauma and heavy metals) are discussed as risk factors for AD and/or PD. Endogenous factors (e.g., changes of the enteral microbiome, systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation, metabolic changes) can contribute to disease development by a higher potential for interacting with exogenous factors. Conclusion: Despite the comprehensive scientific evidence confirming the significance of the exposome for the pathogenesis of AD and PD, the great potential of preventive measures has not yet been exploited. A clarification of the high potential of lifestyle changes should be a therapeutic standard not only for individuals with manifest PD/AD but also for individuals with a risk profile or with suspected prodromal disease. Further investigations on the influence of environmental factors and the implementation of preventive strategies to avoid exposure should be the focus of international efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: The scientific state of knowledge on modifiable risk factors for dementia has greatly improved in recent years. The established risk and protective factors include physical and social inactivity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, excessive alcohol consumption and smoking; however, it is assumed that this knowledge is so far insufficiently disseminated among the general population, indicating untapped potential for primary prevention of dementia. Objective: To assess the state of knowledge on established risk and protective factors for dementia in the general population. Material and methods: Based on a systematic literature search in the PubMed database, international studies that investigated the knowledge on modifiable risk and/or protective factors for dementia in samples from the general population were identified. Results and conclusion: A total of 21 publications were included in the review. The majority of publications (n = 17) collated risk and protective factors using closed questions, while n = 4 studies used open questions. Lifestyle factors, e.g. cognitive, social and physical activity, were most frequently named as protective against dementia. Furthermore, many participants recognized depression as a risk factor for dementia. Knowledge of cardiovascular risk constellations for dementia, such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia or diabetes mellitus were much less known among the participants. The results indicate that there is a need for a targeted clarification of the role of pre-existing cardiovascular diseases as risk factors for dementia. Studies assessing the state of knowledge on social and environmental risk and protective factors for dementia are currently scarce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The study analyzes the relationship between emotions and images of God from the perspective of lifestyle. Questionnaire data from 6 to 25-year-olds are used to show how emotional experiences shape the image of God in children and adolescents. The results suggest that images of God are to be understood as expressions of contextual student experiences. The present study examines the relationship between emotions towards God and value dimensions. Data from students in Baden-Württemberg were used. The results show that certain emotions correlate with certain values. These results suggest that value preferences are related to emotional experiences and are relevant for the religious-educational concept of lifestyle. The sample included a total of 1206 respondents aged 7 to 25 years. Figures 1-5 show the correlation between different emotions and the two value dimensions according to Shalom Schwartz. The present study examines the emotional dimension of images of God in adolescents. It is evident that positive emotions towards God prevail in the upper field, while negative emotions prevail in the lower field. The results suggest that the emotional relationship with God plays an important role in shaping images of God. It is recommended to initially emphasize the expressive dimension in religious education and later address the interpretive level. The text discusses the importance of emotions in religious education and how they can influence the understanding of images of God. It is argued that in teaching, the individual emotional prerequisites of the students should be appropriately taken into account in order to enable a freer reflection of the theological-substantive level of images of God. A better understanding of emotions can create more favorable conditions for reflecting on images of God. [Extracted from the article]

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