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In dieser Masterarbeit wird untersucht, wie wohnungslose Frauen die COVID-19-Pandemie erlebt haben. Mittels der Methode des narrativen Interviews wurden gezielt Interviews mit be-troffenen Frauen durchgeführt. Diese Gespräche werden daraufhin gemäß den Prinzipien der Reflexiven Grounded Theory systematisch analysiert und interpretiert. Die qualitative Erhebung zeigt, dass wohnungslose Frauen aufgrund eingeschränkter ökonomischer, gesundheitlicher und sozialer Handlungsspielräume Schwierigkeiten haben, die pandemiebedingten Herausforderun-gen zu bewältigen. Ihre Lebenssituation wird durch die Verschärfung bereits bestehender Prob-leme weiter prekarisiert. Trotz Bemühungen, sich vor einer Infektion zu schützen, sind diese aufgrund der schwierigen Lebensbedingungen oft schwer umsetzbar. Die Pandemie führt zu erhöhtem Stress und einer Zunahme psychischer Probleme, verstärkt aber auch resignative Ten-denzen, da die Krise der Pandemie die gesellschaftliche Teilhabe dieser Frauen stark einschränkt und damit ihre bereits marginalisierte Position verstärkt. Zudem erhöht die Pandemie die Risiken für häusliche und partnerschaftliche Gewalt und verschärft die Barrieren für den Zugang zu Schutz und Unterstützung. Die COVID-19-Pandemie und die Wohnungsnot von Frauen sind zwei sich überschneidende Krisen. Wohnungslose Frauen sind verstärkt mit ökonomischen, gesundheitlichen und sozialen Herausforderungen konfrontiert, was einen dringenden Bedarf an bedürfnisorientierter Unterstützung dieser vulnerablen Gruppe während der Pandemie unter-streicht., This master’s thesis investigates how homeless women experienced the COVID-19 pandemic. Through narrative interviews, targeted interviews are conducted with the affected women and systematically analyzed and interpreted according to the principles of Grounded Theory. The qualitative survey reveals that the interviewed women face difficulties in coping with pandemic-related challenges due to limited economic, social, and health capacities. Their living situation has been made more precarious by the exacerbation of existing problems. Despite efforts to pro-tect themselves from infection, these are often difficult to implement due to challenging living conditions. The pandemic has led to increased stress and a rise in mental health issues but has also reinforced resignative tendencies, as the crisis has barely changed their already marginalized status. The social participation of these women had already been severely limited before the pandemic. Additionally, the pandemic has increased risks of domestic and partnership violence and has intensified the barriers to access protection and support. The COVID-19 pandemic and women's housing insecurity present two intersecting crises. Homeless women face increased existential, health, and social challenges, underscoring an urgent need for needs-oriented support during the pandemic., Sophia Dohr, in englischer Sprache, Masterarbeit Universität Innsbruck 2024

Angesichts der Corona-Krise rückt die europäische Flüchtlingspolitik derzeit in den Hintergrund. Doch die Situation der Geflüchteten an der EU-Außengrenze, auf den Inseln der Ägäis und an anderen Orten an den Rändern Europas verschlechtert sich zunehmend, verstärkt durch die globale Pandemie. Benjamin Etzold vom Bonner Friedens- und Konfliktforschungsinstitut BICC und weitere Forscherinnen und Forscher des EU-geförderten Projekt TRAFIG sind nicht nur über die humanitäre Situation, sondern auch über die Politik der EU zutiefst besorgt. Nachdrücklich fordern sie EU-Maßnahmen zum Schutz der Geflüchteten – und nicht vor ihnen.

This working paper presents the findings of the empirical research on the role of connectivity and mobility for displaced people in Germany in the framework of the TRAFIG project. The findings are based on qualitative fieldwork in Germany, with 73 qualitative interviews with displaced people and experts in the field. This paper uses a figurational perspective; figurations are characterised as dynamic social constellations which emerge in the context of displacement between displaced people and state and other actors at the local, translocal and transnational scale. This working paper discusses the figurations of displacement in which refugees in Germany are embedded. Our analysis demonstrates the importance of family figurations in displacement, among them the "figuration of a transnationally separated family", "figuration of the jointly displaced family", or the "figuration of the transnationally extended family". Family figurations are deeply intertwined with local and transnational bureaucratic figurations, which structure the experiences of refugees. Bureaucratic figurations evolve with respect to German authorities, those of the countries of origin and other local actors. Despite the significance of family figurations, connectivity is not restricted to it. Refugees are also connected within non-kin figurations, such as within an "ethnic network-based" or "volunteer-refugee" figuration. The analytical category of figurations provides valuable insights into how displaced people embedded in certain social constellations can best be supported. It shows that transnational life is a reality for displaced persons and an integral part of their everyday lives. As the German case demonstrates, displaced people use mobility and connectivity as a way out of protracted displacement.

Poverty and social exclusion are often associated with unemployment, but being employed is not always sufficient to provide decent living conditions for workers and their families. In this context, the aim of this article, drawing on SILC micro data, is to assess the underlying causes of severe material deprivation in North Macedonia from the point of view of employment status, particularly the differences between employed and unemployed workers. The results show that employed workers face a much greater risk of severe material deprivation if they are positioned in the so-called secondary labour market; while the unemployed with low capital accumulation and those living in households with low work intensity face the highest risks of all. North Macedonia’s adjustment mechanisms do help cushion the consequences, but the article concludes with several policy recommendations for additional action to reduce severe material deprivation covering: education and training; active labour market policies; unionisation and collective bargaining; wage subsidies and taxation; and a statutory minimum wage.

Die Analyse dokumentiert die Arbeits- und Lebensbedingungen der sog. Live-Ins in der häuslichen Pflege und verdeutlicht anhand von Fallbeispielen aus der Beratungspraxis typische Problemkonstellationen. Die Kernprobleme sind ausufernde Arbeitszeiten sowie unbezahlte Arbeit. Es kommt zu Verletzungen von Arbeitsrecht aufgrund der Ausgestaltung der Beschäftigung etwa durch (menschen-)rechtswidrige Vertragsinhalte, intransparente Arbeitsverträge, irreguläre Beschäftigung oder auch (schein-)selbstständige Tätigkeit.

Menschen leben regional: Wohnen, Arbeiten, Einkaufen und Freizeitgestaltung finden für die allermeisten nicht nur in einer Kommune statt. Dementsprechend setzen sie auch voraus, dass der Alltag im regionalen Kontext unabhängig von örtlichen Zuständigkeiten funktioniert. Die dazu notwendige überörtliche Betrachtung und das Zusammendenken unterschiedlicher Fachperspektiven ist die Kernaufgabe der Regionalplanung. In diesem Papier werden wesentliche Beiträge der Regionalplanung zur Zukunftsgestaltung präsentiert. So trägt sie mit einem wirksamen Rahmen für kompakte, verkehrsreduzierende und dem Klimawandel Rechnung tragende Siedlungsstrukturen, mit der Flächensicherung für erneuerbare Energien sowie mit ihren Festlegungen zu den grünen Infrastrukturen Verantwortung für die Bewältigung der Energie- und Klimakrise und die Stärkung regionaler Resilienz. Die Schaffung gleichwertiger Lebensverhältnisse setzt sie auf regionaler Ebene um, trägt zur Bewältigung des demografischen Wandels bei und leistet einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Sicherung der öffentlichen Daseinsvorsorge. Eine besondere Stärke der Regionalplanung liegt in der Koordination von baulicher Entwicklung und umweltverträglicher Mobilität. Mit ihrem überörtlichen Ansatz schafft sie einen stabilen Rahmen für einen schonenden Umgang mit den Flächen und die Eindämmung der Zersiedelung. Dazu sind demokratische, transparente und rechtssichere Verfahren als ein wichtiges Merkmal der Regionalplanung erforderlich. Die Hinweise zu rechtlichen Klarstellungen und Ergänzungen werden vor allem an die Gesetzgebung und das Regierungshandeln auf Bundes- und Landesebene adressiert. Deutlich formuliert wird auch der Wunsch nach einer noch stärkeren Unterstützung der Regionalplanung durch die Politik auf allen Ebenen., People are living in a regional context. For most of them living, working, shopping and leisure activities do not only take place in one municipality. Accordingly, they also require that everyday life works in a regional context, independent of local responsibilities. The necessary supra-local consideration and the coordination of different sectoral perspectives is the core competence of regional planning. This paper presents key contributions of regional planning to shaping the future. With an effective framework for compact settlement structures that reduce traffic and take climate change into account, the securing of land for renewable energies and its planning tools for green infrastructures, it bears responsibility for overcoming the energy and climate crisis and strengthening regional resilience. Regional planning implements the creation of equivalent living conditions at the regional level, contributes to coping with demographic change and makes a significant contribution to securing public services of general interest. A particular strength of regional planning is the coordination of settlement development and sustainable mobility. With its supra-local approach, it creates a stable framework for the careful use of land and the prevention of urban sprawl. The paper also emphasizes that democratic, transparent and legally-binding procedures are an important feature of regional planning. Finally, however, the paper also describes how politics at all levels can support regional planning even better. Suggestions for legal clarifications and additions are primarily addressed to legislation and government at federal and federal state levels. The wish for even stronger support of regional planning by politicians at all levels is also expressed.

Iran's conservative politicians, known to be loyal supporters of Ayatollah Khamenei, have been actively working to revitalise the regime's revolutionary values according to his vision. President Ebrahim Raisi's efforts to deliver on such aims are linked with his hopes of becoming the country's next supreme leader. As poverty and inflation increase in Iran, various rounds of protests demonstrate brewing socio-economic discontent among ordinary Iranians. While the regime's direct response consists of severe repression, President Raisi's administration has also reacted with a mixture of propaganda, populist economic policies, and attempts to strengthen relations with Eastern powers. Promoting a "modest lifestyle" as an Islamic and national virtue, condemning economic prosperity as part of materialistic, Westernised culture, and campaigning to change the nation's consumption habits are among the current regime's key responses to economic privation. Declaring a commitment to solve the nation's economic hardship through populist gestures and policies that are short of robust economic solutions has been emerging as an accompanying strategy. Doggedly pursuing the consolidation of ties with non-Western global powers has been continued as a strategy to cope with Western sanctions. These elements are embedded in the encouragement, promotion, and support of a new generation of political elite, frequently referred to as the "young jihadi managers," who in Khamenei's imagination, will be the vanguard of Iran's progress in the years to come. Iran on the path of re-revolutionising itself will be more resistant to demands for change domestically, less likely to abandon its regional security strategies, and harder for Europe to cooperate with. Therefore, it is important for EU and German policymakers to take Iran's longer-term strategies into consideration in order to develop lasting responses to them.

Es sind vor allem die Erfolge bei der Überwindung der Armut, die der von der chinesischen Kommunistischen Partei unter Xi Jinping geführten Regierung Legitimation im Inneren und internationale Reputation verschaffen. Diese Erfolge werden von Institutionen wie der Weltbank oder der UNESCO bestätigt, die in ihren Veröffentlichungen die Zahl von über 800 Millionen Menschen nennen, die in China ab 1978 "aus der Armut gehoben worden" seien. Aber wie plausibel sind solche Erfolgsmeldungen? Die Analyse einer Vielzahl von Quellen zur Entwicklung der Armut seit den 1950er-Jahren zeigt, dass die Armutsdaten unzuverlässig und widersprüchlich sind. Des Weiteren wird deutlich, dass die sich wandelnden Strategien für die Landwirtschaft nicht das Ziel hatten, die Armut zu überwinden. Vielmehr sollte die staatliche Agrarpolitik vor allem billige Arbeitskräfte und finanzielle Ressourcen für Investitionen in Industrie und Infrastruktur bereitstellen. Nicht die agrarpolitischen Maßnahmen des chinesischen Staates, sondern die ländliche Bevölkerung selbst sorgte durch vielfältige Aktionsformen und Anpassungsstrategien für eine bescheidene Verbesserung ihrer Lebensbedingungen. Entgegen dem ersten Augenschein in den glitzernden Metropolen ist China weiterhin kein reiches Land. Nach wie vor bildet die Armut der Landbevölkerung die strukturelle Voraussetzung für das industrielle Wachstum., The rule of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) under Xi Jinping owes its domestic legitimacy and its international reputation to a large extent to its alleged success in overcoming poverty. This claim is validated by institutions such as the World Bank and UNESCO, which mention in their publications that in China over 800 million people have been ›lifted out of poverty‹ since 1978. But how plausible are such reports of success? A detailed analysis of data from a large number of sources, both Chinese and Western, on the development of poverty reveals many discrepancies and inconsistencies. Furthermore, the evolution of the agrarian policies of the CCP since the 1950s shows that these policies were not designed in order to reduce poverty in the rural areas, but were rather aimed at producing a surplus labour force for industrial and infrastructural development and providing financial resources for investment. It is argued that it was the agency of the rural population itself that made the modest improvements in their living conditions possible. Contrary to first impressions in the glittering metropolises, China is still not a rich country, and the poverty of the rural population was and is even today a structural prerequisite for industrial growth.

Erwerbstätigkeit im Ruhestandsalter hat im öffentlichen, politischen und akademischen Diskurs in den letzten Jahren an Bedeutung gewonnen. Die Beschreibung des Entscheidungsprozesses für oder gegen eine fortgeführte Erwerbstätigkeit über die Grenzen des Ruhestandsalters hinaus ist für Deutschland bisher nur lückenhaft vorgenommen worden. Als Grundlage für die Analyse dieses Entscheidungsprozesses verwendet dieses Buch eine Heuristik, die auf dem Rubikon-Modell der Handlungsphasen beruht. Neben der Beschreibung spezifischer Konstellationen formeller und informeller Tätigkeiten in einzelnen Phasen werden auch die sozialen, ökonomischen und gesundheitlichen Bedingungen in den Blick genommen, die das gewünschte oder notwendige Arbeiten von Menschen im Ruhestand fördern oder einschränken. Dies ermöglicht eine differenzierte Sichtweise auf den Prozess der Grenzgänge zwischen Erwerbsarbeit und Ruhestand und kann dadurch eine Orientierung für die politische, gesellschaftliche und insbesondere für die individuelle Gestaltung des jungen Alters bieten. Tabellenanhang: s. https://shop.budrich.de/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Anhangtabellen.pdf

Der Deutsche Alterssurvey (DEAS) ist eine bundesweit repräsentative Quer- und Längsschnittbefragung von Personen, die sich in der zweiten Lebenshälfte befinden, und wird aus Mitteln des Bundesministeriums für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (BMFSFJ) gefördert. Die umfassende Untersuchung von Personen im mittleren und höheren Erwachsenenalter dient dazu, Mikrodaten bereitzustellen, die sowohl für die sozial- und verhaltenswissenschaftliche Forschung als auch für die Sozialberichterstattung genutzt werden. Die DEAS-Daten bilden damit eine Informationsgrundlage für politische Entscheidungsträger, die interessierte Öffentlichkeit und für die wissenschaftliche Forschung. Die erste Welle wurde im Jahr 1996 durchgeführt, die zweite Welle im Jahr 2002. Die aktuelle dritte Welle wurde im Jahr 2008 verwirklicht. Wie bereits in den vorangegangenen Erhebungswellen wurden auch in der dritten Welle Personen umfassend zu ihrer Lebenssituation befragt - unter anderem zu ihrem beruflichen Status oder ihrem Leben im Ruhestand, zu gesellschaftlicher Partizipation und nachberuflichen Aktivitäten, wirtschaftlicher Lage und Wohnsituation, familiären und außerfamiliären sozialen Beziehungen sowie zu Gesundheit, Wohlbefinden und Lebenszielen. Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt einen kurzen Überblick über die Befragungsschwerpunkte, die Stichproben, die Befragungsmethoden, die beteiligten Personen, die Nutzung der Daten und die Erhebungsunterlagen. (ICI2). Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. Einleitung; 2. Befragungsschwerpunkte; 3. Stichproben; 4. Befragungsmethoden; 5. Beteiligte Personen und Kontakt; 6. Nutzung der Daten; 7. Erhebungsunterlagen.

This study sheds light on the working and living conditions of so-called live-in care workers in Germany. Live-ins are usually female migrant workers who provide domestic and care work for elderly people in their private homes. They often complement the work of certified nursing care staff and have become an integral part of the care landscape in the EU. The case of Germany shows that, this type of work is heavily outsourced to women from Central and Eastern European countries though official figures are limited.

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Main research areas; 3. Sampling; 4. Survey methods; 5. Project management and staff; 6. Data access; 7. Survey documents.

The European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) covers a wide array of variables collected from households by the Member States. Among others, EU-SILC contains panel data that follows a rotational design. Each year, Eurostat publishes a series of separate datasets covering only up to 4 years, even though it has been collecting data since 2003. "eusilcpanel" is a script written by Marwin Borst (download: https://www.gesis.org/gml/european-microdata/eu-silc/) in the form of a Stata package (eusilcpanel.ado; eusilcpanel.sthlp; totalpopulation.dta), that is able to merge these chunks of data into one cumulative dataset (separately for the D-,H-,R-, and P-data). The script makes the EU-SILC panel more accessible to researchers in the vast majority of cases, but it can’t deal with data from all countries. eusilcpanel_2020 (incl. eusilcpanel_2020.ado; eusilcpanel.sthlp; totalpopulation_2003_2021.dta) is an update of eusilcpanel. It covers the EU-SILC longitudinal releases 2005 to 2020. Both, eu-silcpanel and eusilcpanel_2020 can be downloaded here: https://www.gesis.org/en/missy/materials/EU-SILC/tools/datahandling or here https://www.gesis.org/gml/european-microdata/eu-silc => eusilcpanel - UPDATE (2022). The original script was based on CSV data. However, since 2017 the CSV files are released by country and year. The CSV data are sometimes subject to noise, therefore eusilcpanel_2020 is based on ‘cleaned’ Stata system files (based on Stata scripts provided by GESIS https://www.gesis.org/en/missy/materials/EU-SILC/setups). Please note, as from 2021, the EU-SILC panel design was extended on a voluntary basis to a six-year rotational panel design. However, at the time of updating this paper (2022) the longitudinal Scientific-Use-Files still cover only up to 4 years.

The Covid-19 crisis has intensified already existing social inequalities in different spheres. The book examines how fundamental and sustainable the social changes over the course of the pandemic will be at the social levels of labour, care work, and state regulation, emphasizing their gender dimensions. The contradictory organisation of labour and life under capitalist conditions and their gender relations is particularly visible in the service sector as well as in the sectors of health, care and childcare. Since the beginning of the pandemic, the social recognition of these previously devalued activities has risen to new heights. However, gestures of symbolic acknowledgements do not meet with comprehensive material recognition. So how (strongly) do processes of recognition and appropriation in system-relevant professions actually change in times of social crisis and what role do gender relations play?

Die Raumordnungspolitik der Bayerischen Staatsregierung begegnet den ungleichen Lebensverhältnissen im Freistaat gegenwärtig schwerpunktmäßig anhand von Förderprojekten für strukturschwache Regionen. Dem liegt der Gedanke zugrunde, dass Kommunen durch die Schaffung wirtschaftlichen Wachstums höhere Steuereinnahmen erzielen und so öffentliche Leistungen im Rahmen der Daseinsvorsorge besser finanzieren können. Unter Rückgriff auf den noch recht jungen Ansatz der sogenannten Fundamentalökonomie (Foundational Economy, auch als "Ökonomie des Alltagslebens" übersetzt) möchte der vorliegende Beitrag einen alternativen Blick auf den Zusammenhang von regionaler Wirtschaftskraft und öffentlichen Leistungen eröffnen. Insbesondere wird aufgezeigt, dass die ökonomischen Voraussetzungen des Alltagslebens, also die Basisleistungen unserer Gesellschaft, wie sie im Ansatz der Fundamentalökonomie zusammengefasst werden, nicht nur mit einer Versorgungsfunktion verbunden sind, sondern darüber hinaus auch erhebliche weitere Wirkungen entfalten, allen voran auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. Vor dem Hintergrund dieser Betrachtung wird dafür plädiert, auch raumordnungspolitische Instrumente wie insbesondere den kommunalen Finanzausgleich verstärkt zur Sicherung der Fundamentalökonomie einzusetzen., The regional planning policy of the Bavarian state government addresses unequal living conditions in the federal state typically by dint of supporting projects for structurally weak regions. This approach is based on the idea that by creating economic growth, municipalities can generate higher tax revenues and consequently can better finance public services of general interest. On basis of the so-called foundational economy approach, the paper in-hand suggests an alternative perspective on the connection between regional economic prosperity and public services. In specific, it is demonstrated that the basic services of the foundational economy do not only provide necessary and welcome achievements of general interest, but induce further impacts in the local economy, above all on the labour market. Accordingly, the article argues in favour of using the instruments of spatial planning - most notably the municipal financial equalisation scheme - for a greater backing of the foundational economy.

This working paper investigates the livelihoods, trajectories, networks and self-generated opportunities of vulnerable migrants in refugee-like situations in Dar es Salaam. Its main purpose is to arrive at a deeper understanding of protracted displacement through a 'figurational approach', which stresses the networks and the interdependencies of urban refugees in Dar es Salaam, across Tanzania, and across national borders. Refugees' social relations do not unfold in a vacuum but are shaped by the regimes of aid and asylum that govern their lives. In a context of constant fear of imprisonment and deportation, this working paper gives particular attention to the alliances that the vulnerable migrants build within Dar es Salaam. It underlines their agency and coping strategies, as they bring with them many valuable skills. Capitalising on these skills can result in longstanding partnerships between vulnerable migrants and locals. Spaces of freedom where displaced people do not need to live in a perpetual state of fear and uncertainty are equally important. More than focusing on constraints, this paper underlines the urban refugees' agency and survival strategies. We pay particular attention to the mobility and connectivity of female urban refugees, also within a digital context. Through (social media) entrepreneurship, women in refugee-like situations have managed to overcome immobilisation and create new opportunities for themselves. By analysing a variety of life situations throughout this paper, we seek to recognise and pro mote urban refugees' agency and dignity.

Um die Informationslage zu Alleinerziehenden und ihren Kindern zu verbessern, führte die kommunale Statistikstelle in Kooperation mit dem Büro für Integrierte Sozialplanung und Prävention der Stadt Bielefeld von April 2019 bis Dezember 2020 die Mixed-Methods- Studie "Alleinerziehende in Bielefeld" durch. Dabei wurden zunächst 33 ausführliche Interviews mit Alleinerziehenden qualitativ analysiert. Darauf aufbauend wurde eine Online-Befragung durchgeführt, an der 193 Alleinerziehende teilnahmen. Aus den Befunden des Projektes wurden Handlungsempfehlungen entwickelt, die in die Umsetzung sozialer Unterstützungsangebote für Alleinerziehende in Bielefeld eingeflossen sind. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt die Rahmenbedingungen der Studie und stellt die angewendete Methodik sowie ausgewählte Befunde dar.

This report is intended to provide an overview of income measures employed in the EU-SILC and to inform on procedures which can be employed to harmonize these data both for comparisons over time and between countries. Each subsection provides a short overview over a topic or method and contains example code for Stata and SPSS which can be used to implement the described procedures. Alongside this report syntax files as well as a data files for both SPSS and Stata are delivered which include the code provided here as well auxiliary country level data drawn from the Eurostat database. In this updated version, an extended appendix is included that explains how to generate and replicate these files in more detail.

The aim of this paper is to determine whether since 2000 the areas along the border with the Czech Republic have developed in such a way that a location on the border is no longer practically synonymous with structural weakness or whether this is at least less pronounced than it was. Living and working conditions in Bavarian border areas have improved significantly since the turn of the millennium. By 2015 two of the eight districts had reached Bavarian standards. In the two border areas with the lowest rankings the economic situation and conditions on the labour market have also improved, more strongly than the federal average but not to the same extent as the Bavarian average. The analysis was carried out on the basis of a structural indicator, which was used to determine the regions with a particular need for action for the 2013 Bavarian Federal State Development Programme.

This article focuses on Mexicans, socially perceived as poor, and the impact of social policy in force in the second decade of the 21st century, focused on improving the living conditions of the population, living in poverty and facing the national democratic process, which represents the alternative of change to the national conditions in Mexico. A country with social inequalities, where the lack of guaranteeing equal living conditions through institutional frameworks that guarantee opportunities and access to common satisfiers is evident. Therefore, in the midst of a democratization process, the State seeks to address the levels of precariousness. In the midst of the recognition of the basic needs to be met among those who are reviewing the renewed social policy of the 21st century, the need to strengthen the living conditions of the excluded is prioritized and in its consolidation process it would guarantee attention to poverty through institutional channels. This is the case of the social development law, which deals with a problem of productive order from a State vision. An analysis is carried out that seeks to identify the relationship between the effectiveness of current actions to combat the lack of attention to basic needs and the institutionalized discourse, which, according to the social research approach, strengthens the interest in conducting studies on social precariousness as a group characteristic; fueled by the political discourse, exalted by the government in turn of the poor first. In this case, it is the message that strengthens the need to analyze the way, in which poverty is measured based on the recognition of poverty lines, as an instrument that allows knowing the number of people in that condition, according to the levels of dissatisfaction of food needs and due to the low level of economic income (inability to consume a basic set of food goods) for rural and urban environments. Therefore, it seeks to measure the lack of food needs, without

Background: The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities [1] highlights the need to create proper socioeconomic and political conditions for persons with disabilities, with a special focus on their immediate living conditions. According to the Convention, these conditions should be built to ensure that persons with disabilities have the potential to enjoy a high quality of life (QoL), and this principle is reflected in the notion of livable areas. The crucial aspect of this framework is the relationship between the individual QoL and the environment, broadly understood as the socioeconomic as well as the technical conditions in which persons with disabilities function. Methods: The basic research problem was to assess the relationship between individual QoL for the population with disabilities as a dependent variable and livability indicators as independent variables, controlling for individual characteristics. The study used a dataset from the EU-SILC (European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions) survey carried out in 2015 in Poland. The research concept involved several steps. First, we created a variable measuring the QoL for the entire population with disabilities. To measure the multidimensional QoL, we used Sen's capability approach as a general concept, which was operationalized by the MIMIC (multiple indicators multiple causes) model. In the second step, we identified the livability indicators available in the official statistics, and merged them with survey data. Finally, in the last step, we ran the regression analysis. We also checked the data for the nested structure. Results: We confirmed that the general environmental conditions, focused on creating livable areas, played a significant role in shaping the QoL of persons with disabilities; i.e., we found that the higher the level of the local Human Development Index, the higher the quality of life of the individuals living in this area. This relationship held eve

The Spanish public retirement pension system, the same as that of many European countries, faces two important risks in the long term. On the one hand, the sustainability of the current pay-as-you-go system and, on the other hand, the ability to maintain an acceptable standard of living for the retired population. This paper presents a study on the current situation of the Spanish public retirement pension system and its effect on the future retired population. In recent years, the concern for the long-term sustainability of the system, which is based on pay-as-you-go and defined benefit, has been very present. For this reason, two major reforms were carried out in 2011 and 2013; however, different investigations have indicated the reduction in future retirement pensions as a possible consequence. Regarding this dilemma, this paper aims to study the future poverty risk of the retired population due to the current formulation of the system, by conducting, for this purpose, an analysis of the purchasing power of future pensioners based on the EU-Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) 2016 of the National Institute of Statistics of Spain. As a result, a future reduction in the replacement rate was observed, affecting the younger population to a greater extent, as well as an increase in poverty in pensioner households using two different scenarios.

The German Ageing Survey (DEAS), funded by the Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth (BMFSFJ), is a nationwide representative cross-sectional and longitudinal survey of the German middle-aged and older population. The German Centre of Gerontology in Berlin (DZA) is responsible for the conduct and ongoing development of thestudy. The primary goal of the DEAS survey program is to provide a representative national database containing information describing the living conditions and to study the diversity within the older section of the population, the process of ageing as it affects individuals and processes of social change as they relate to old age and ageing. The DEAS covers a wide range of topics. The data obtained provide information on socioeconomic and demographic attributes as well as household composition, housing, family structure, social networks, psychological resources, attitudes as well as and physical and mental health. The comprehensive examination of people over 40 provides micro data for use both in social and behavioral scientific research and in reporting on social developments. The data thus provides a source of information for decision-makers, the general public and for scientific research. Microdata of the German Ageing Survey (DEAS) are available free of charge to scientific researchers for non-profitable purposes. The Research Data Centre (FDZ-DZA) provides access and support to scholars interested in using DEAS data for their research. Data and documentations from completed DEAS waves are available by the FDZ-DZA (https://www.dza.de/en/research/fdz). However, for reasons of data protection, signing a data distribution contract is required before data can be obtained. The DEAS applies a cohort-sequential design, which allows the users to analyze societal trends and individual trajectories (embedded inside societal trends) and to disentangle age effects from cohort effects. The first DEAS survey wave took place in

Kinder können sich die Verhältnisse, in denen sie aufwachsen, nicht aussuchen. Deshalb hat der Staat eine besondere Verpflichtung, gerade ärmeren Familien unter die Arme zu greifen und Bedingungen zu schaffen, die Kindern und Jugendlichen ein gutes Leben ermöglichen. Doch die Infrastrukturen für Bildung, Freizeit, Gesundheit und Kultur sind nicht überall gleich. Die vorliegende Studie hat deshalb anhand von sieben Städten untersucht, wie Versorgung und Teilhabechancen von Kindern und Jugendlichen innerhalb der Städte gegeben sind. Die Ergebnisse zeigen: Die Infrastrukturen sind zwar ausreichend vorhanden, aber nicht bedarfsgerecht verteilt.