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4. The evolution and ecology of multiple antipredator defences

Author

Kikuchi, David W., primary, Allen, William L., additional, Arbuckle, Kevin, additional, Aubier, Thomas G., additional, Briolat, Emmanuelle S., additional, Burdfield‐Steel, Emily R., additional, Cheney, Karen L., additional, Daňková, Klára, additional, Elias, Marianne, additional, Hämäläinen, Liisa, additional, Herberstein, Marie E., additional, Hossie, Thomas J., additional, Joron, Mathieu, additional, Kunte, Krushnamegh, additional, Leavell, Brian C., additional, Lindstedt, Carita, additional, Lorioux‐Chevalier, Ugo, additional, McClure, Melanie, additional, McLellan, Callum F., additional, Medina, Iliana, additional, Nawge, Viraj, additional, Páez, Erika, additional, Pal, Arka, additional, Pekár, Stano, additional, Penacchio, Olivier, additional, Raška, Jan, additional, Reader, Tom, additional, Rojas, Bibiana, additional, Rönkä, Katja H., additional, Rößler, Daniela C., additional, Rowe, Candy, additional, Rowland, Hannah M., additional, Roy, Arlety, additional, Schaal, Kaitlin A., additional, Sherratt, Thomas N., additional, Skelhorn, John, additional, Smart, Hannah R., additional, Stankowich, Ted, additional, Stefan, Amanda M., additional, Summers, Kyle, additional, Taylor, Christopher H., additional, Thorogood, Rose, additional, Umbers, Kate, additional, Winters, Anne E., additional, Yeager, Justin, additional, and Exnerová, Alice, additional

Published
2023
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6. The evolution and ecology of multiple antipredator defences

Author

Kikuchi, David W., Allen, William L., Arbuckle, Kevin, Aubier, Thomas G., Briolat, Emmanuelle S., Burdfield‐Steel, Emily R., Cheney, Karen L., Daňková, Klára, Elias, Marianne, Hämäläinen, Liisa, Herberstein, Marie E., Hossie, Thomas J., Joron, Mathieu, Kunte, Krushnamegh, Leavell, Brian C., Lindstedt, Carita, Lorioux‐Chevalier, Ugo, McClure, Melanie, McLellan, Callum F., Medina, Iliana, Nawge, Viraj, Páez, Erika, Pal, Arka, Pekár, Stano, Penacchio, Olivier, Raška, Jan, Reader, Tom, Rojas, Bibiana, Rönkä, Katja H., Rößler, Daniela C., Rowe, Candy, Rowland, Hannah M., Roy, Arlety, Schaal, Kaitlin A., Sherratt, Thomas N., Skelhorn, John, Smart, Hannah R., Stankowich, Ted, Stefan, Amanda M., Summers, Kyle, Taylor, Christopher H., Thorogood, Rose, Umbers, Kate, Winters, Anne E., Yeager, Justin, and Exnerová, Alice

Subjects
saaliseläimet, vuorovaikutus, predation sequence, defence portfolio, antergy, synergy, defence syndrome, secondary defences, saalistus, eläintiede, trade-offs, intraspecific variation, antergy , defence portfolio , defence syndrome , intraspecific variation , predation sequence , predator cognition, secondary defences , synergy, petoeläimet, synergia, puolustus, predator cognition
Abstract

Prey seldom rely on a single type of antipredator defence, often using multiple defences to avoid predation. In many cases, selection in different contexts may favour the evolution of multiple defences in a prey. However, a prey may use multiple defences to protect itself during a single predator encounter. Such “defence portfolios” that defend prey against a single instance of predation are distributed across and within successive stages of the predation sequence (encounter, detection, identification, approach (attack), subjugation and consumption). We contend that at present, our understanding of defence portfolio evolution is incomplete, and seen from the fragmentary perspective of specific sensory systems (e.g., visual) or specific types of defences (especially aposematism). In this review, we aim to build a comprehensive framework for conceptualizing the evolution of multiple prey defences, beginning with hypotheses for the evolution of multiple defences in general, and defence portfolios in particular. We then examine idealized models of resource trade-offs and functional interactions between traits, along with evidence supporting them. We find that defence portfolios are constrained by resource allocation to other aspects of life history, as well as functional incompatibilities between different defences. We also find that selection is likely to favour combinations of defences that have synergistic effects on predator behaviour and prey survival. Next, we examine specific aspects of prey ecology, genetics and development, and predator cognition that modify the predictions of current hypotheses or introduce competing hypotheses. We outline schema for gathering data on the distribution of prey defences across species and geography, determining how multiple defences are produced, and testing the proximate mechanisms by which multiple prey defences impact predator behaviour. Adopting these approaches will strengthen our understanding of multiple defensive strategies. peerReviewed

Published
2023

8. A synthesis of deimatic behaviour

Author

Drinkwater, Eleanor, primary, Allen, William L., additional, Endler, John A., additional, Hanlon, Roger T., additional, Holmes, Grace, additional, Homziak, Nicholas T., additional, Kang, Changku, additional, Leavell, Brian C., additional, Lehtonen, Jussi, additional, Loeffler‐Henry, Karl, additional, Ratcliffe, John M., additional, Rowe, Candy, additional, Ruxton, Graeme D., additional, Sherratt, Tom N., additional, Skelhorn, John, additional, Skojec, Chelsea, additional, Smart, Hannah R., additional, White, Thomas E., additional, Yack, Jayne E., additional, Young, Catherine M., additional, and Umbers, Kate D. L., additional

Published
2022
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9. Anti-bat ultrasound production in moths is globally and phylogenetically widespread

Author

Barber, Jesse R., primary, Plotkin, David, additional, Rubin, Juliette J., additional, Homziak, Nicholas T., additional, Leavell, Brian C., additional, Houlihan, Peter R., additional, Miner, Krystie A., additional, Breinholt, Jesse W., additional, Quirk-Royal, Brandt, additional, Padrón, Pablo Sebastián, additional, Nunez, Matias, additional, and Kawahara, Akito Y., additional

Published
2022
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13. Ripple effects in a communication network: anti-eavesdropper defence elicits elaborated sexual signals in rival males.

Author

Leavell BC, Pantoja-Sánchez H, Vélez V, Hemingway CT, Wilhite K, Halfwerk W, and Bernal XE

Subjects
Animals, Male, Female, Predatory Behavior, Anura, Sexual Behavior, Animal, Reproduction, Vocalization, Animal, Chiroptera
Abstract

Emitting conspicuous signals into the environment to attract mates comes with the increased risk of interception by eavesdropping enemies. As a defence, a commonly described strategy is for signallers to group together in leks, diluting each individual's risk. Lekking systems are often highly social settings in which competing males dynamically alter their signalling behaviour to attract mates. Thus, signalling at the lek requires navigating fluctuations in risk, competition and reproductive opportunities. Here, we investigate how behavioural defence strategies directed at an eavesdropping enemy have cascading effects across the communication network. We investigated these behaviours in the túngara frog ( Engystomops pustulosus ), examining how a calling male's swatting defence directed at frog-biting midges indirectly affects the calling behaviour of his rival. We found that the rival responds to swat-induced water ripples by increasing his call rate and complexity. Then, performing phonotaxis experiments, we found that eavesdropping fringe-lipped bats ( Trachops cirrhosus ) do not exhibit a preference for a swatting male compared to his rival, but females strongly prefer the rival male. Defences to minimize attacks from eavesdroppers thus shift the mate competition landscape in favour of rival males. By modulating the attractiveness of signalling prey to female receivers, we posit that eavesdropping micropredators likely have an unappreciated impact on the ecology and evolution of sexual communication systems.

Published
2023
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