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Land price maps help the government and stakeholders to recognize fluctuations in land values in the economy. This paper aims to examine the trends of land lease prices from spatio-temporal perspectives for development. The study employed a mixed research approach. The result indicated that the lease price of residential land has been increasing rapidly in the past decade. Inefficiency in the land administration system, high speculation, and low provision of land for auction are the main drivers for the increment. The researchers thus suggest that the government rethink the tenure system, impose the maximum number and size of land parcels, and introduce the capital gain tax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous managerial and corporate finance perspectives suggest mutual tax advantages when depreciation is transferred from an asset's user to a lessor, creating a perceived loss of tax revenue for the government. This study delves deeper into the lease versus buy decision and its ramifications on government tax revenue. It goes beyond tax rate discrepancies, exploring how factors like lessor‐lessee borrowing rate differences, asset lifespan, depreciation, and lease payment schedules impact tax revenues, both analytically and numerically. The paper establishes a strong theoretical foundation, emphasizing positive‐sum games involving lessees, lessors, and governments in individual deals. Government benefits from leasing vary across asset classes, market structures, depreciation timelines, credit quality, tax credits, and business cycles. The proposal is that the aggregate impact at the federal level could be positive, negative, or neutral across all leasing deals. These insights surpass conventional knowledge, offering valuable perspectives for finance and accounting educators, students, practitioners, and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current conditions and post-war reconstruction of Ukraine, there is a need to eliminate some inconsistencies in existing and new legislative acts of civil law at the stage of emergence, registration of termination of lease relations. The purpose of this article is to study the features of a lease contract through the prism of doctrinal and legislative provisions, which necessitates the study of the legal framework that ensures the functioning of the mechanism of civil law regulation of the use of real estate and to clarify the role of the contract in this system of interconnection of legal phenomena. The author made a system of agreements that gives possibility to give property for use and clarifies the legal status of the parties in the agreements. Considers the peculiarities of the legal regulation of certain types of contractual obligations to transfer property for use. The author examines the legal consequences of breaching obligations which were taken by the parties on themselves by signing contracts that transfers property for use: hiring (rent) and other types, such as rent, loan, commercial concession, leasing. Particular attention is paid for granting the tenant the right to use a land plot. The author identifies and suggests ways to solve theoretical and practical problems that arise from conclusion, amendment, and termination of contracts under which property is transferred for use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In Indonesia, regulations have been issued that guarantee certainty over land in Indonesia, one of which is Law Number 5 of 1960 concerning Basic Agrarian Law, which was subsequently derived using Government Regulation Number 10 of 1961 concerning Land Registration and replaced by Government Regulation Number 24 of 1997 concerning Land Registration, Foreign nationals who have an interest in investing in Indonesia do not have a few lease agreements to lease land, especially in Bali, lease agreements in general regulations are regulated in Article 1548 of the Civil Code but because the lease period in Indonesia is not specifically regulated, So there is often a legal smuggling where a lease agreement has a long term, even indicating a lease for life. Therefore, the importance of legal certainty regarding the lease period is regulated in a law and regulation, so that in determining the period in the lease agreement still has a propriety and fairness in its implementation. Purposes of the Research: namely regarding the time limit for leasing for foreigners on land in Indonesia which needs a special regulation that is clearer and more detailed. Methods of the Research: The research method in this writing uses normative juridical legal research with a statutory approach, legal concept approach and case approach. In this thesis, the author discusses two legal issues related to legal certainty of lease time limits on freehold land in Indonesia for Foreign Nationals and legal consequences arising from the blurring of legal norms regarding arrangements related to lease time limits for freehold land in Indonesia. Results of the Research: The results showed that in terms of determining legal certainty related to the lease period for now, we can look for determining indicators regarding time limits. The consequences that arise when a lease agreement has a time limit that indicates a live well lease is a Non-Existent legal act.

The article presents the issue of assistance to displaced persons from Ukraine in meeting their housing needs in Poland, which is provided on the basis of a special act dated March 12, 2022 regarding assistance to citizens of Ukraine in connection with the armed conflict in the territory of that state. The aim of the article is to discuss this specific legal regulation with subsequent assessment of its effectiveness in meeting the housing needs of displaced Ukrainians who settled in Poland due to the armed conflict in their country. Logical-linguistic and comparative legal methods are used herein. The right to housing as part of the human rights system is discussed in the beginning, and then individual solutions for meeting housing needs introduced by the special aid act are reflected on. Finally, the conclusions from the analysis are formulated, on the basis of which it should be concluded that the introduced solutions should be assessed positively. The clearest proof of their effectiveness is the lack of camps for Ukrainian refugees in Poland. The efficiency of the solutions results primarily from the skillful combination of two pillars of assistance, i.e. the public and private sectors.

The article presents the issue of assistance to displaced persons from Ukraine in meeting their housing needs in Poland, which is provided on the basis of a special act dated March 12, 2022 regarding assistance to citizens of Ukraine in connection with the armed conflict in the territory of that state. The aim of the article is to discuss this specific legal regulation with subsequent assessment of its effectiveness in meeting the housing needs of displaced Ukrainians who settled in Poland due to the armed conflict in their country. Logical-linguistic and comparative legal methods are used herein. The right to housing as part of the human rights system is discussed in the beginning, and then individual solutions for meeting housing needs introduced by the special aid act are reflected on. Finally, the conclusions from the analysis are formulated, on the basis of which it should be concluded that the introduced solutions should be assessed positively. The clearest proof of their effectiveness is the lack of camps for Ukrainian refugees in Poland. The efficiency of the solutions results primarily from the skillful combination of two pillars of assistance, i.e. the public and private sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przeglad Prawa Rolnego is the property of Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This work is dedicated to the definitions of control introduced by the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting which defines assets recognition based on the understanding that assets are an economic resource and as such a bundle of rights. The concept of assets recognition based on the relationship with the provisions of property law is analysed and on this basis, the reporting, presentation and disclosure of the right-of-use assets in the financial statements of Bulgarian companies for 2021 are studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Maandblad voor Vermogensrecht is the property of Boom uitgevers Den Haag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Energy enterprises engaged in the transmission or distribution of gaseous fuels or energy are obliged under the Energy Law to conclude grid connection agreements with entities that fulfil the connection conditions. The legislator has left these undertakings a discretionary leeway visible both at the stage of verifying the fulfilment of connection conditions, which are not specified under the Act in question, and in deciding whether to refuse to conclude a connection agreement. Increasingly, energy companies are exercising their right to refuse to conclude a connection agreement, which justifies an interpretation of the definition of the conditions contained in Article 7 of the Energy Law. One of them is the possession of a legal title to use the property, which, due to the lack of definition, also raises reasonable doubts. Among others, preliminary lease agreements, which are not recognised as legal title to use real estate by some energy companies, are commonly used in legal circulation. An analysis of the provisions of the Energy Law justifies the postulate to specify the conditions necessary for grid connection, and it is also worth considering the nature of the entitlement of the entity applying for grid connection.

The statutes governing the relationship between the lessor and lessee concerning protecting the rights of lessees of commercial properties remain silent in their presupposition of dissipation and detriment. Whereas the legislature has failed to delineate the right to conduct business, trade, and goodwill in the event of loss suffered by a business entity due to accidents or waste caused by the fault of a landlord or third party, henceforth, concerning the aforementioned matter, the prosecutors are not confronted with the principle of the unity of judicial procedure. In order to fill the gap in the legislative-judicial system of Iran, establishing the institution of "real representation" makes it possible to protect property rights in the case of its loss through transferring the rights to the replaced property. The purpose of the ensuing article is to elucidate the legal stance of the real representative entity in safeguarding the rights of the lessee. This article employs a descriptive-analytical methodology that relies on the examination of documents and library data. According to the findings of this study, representation in Iranian law has been established based on personal representation. However instances of real representation can be found in certain jurisprudential and legal documents such as lease agreements, mortgages, endowments, insurances, and the like. The present article undertakes an analysis of the feasibility of achieving real representation in the lessor-lessee relationship. The two fundamental prerequisites for the real representative entity, which safeguards the rights of lessees in the event of commercial premises loss or destruction, as well as contract dissolution, are "the presence of a legitimate right that is subject to decay" and "the ability to transfer the right to the replaced property". These conditions apply to both contractual and legal (compulsory) forms. The aforementioned measure serves to impede the termination of the lease agreement and its resultant consequence, namely, the expulsion of the lessee from the commercial premises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with topical issues of applying liability measures for untimely return of property provided for use under lease terms. Based on the norms of the current legislation, the specific features of the penalty provided for in Part 2 of Art. 785 of the Civil Code of Ukraine, and outlined the problematic issues of legal qualification of the relevant accruals from the point of view of their legal nature, the calculation period, and the duration of the statute of limitations. It is noted that the imperfection of the legislative technique led to the emergence of opposite approaches to clarifying the nature of the increased costs of the tenant for the use of the property in the non-contractual period - such charges are considered as double rent for the use of the property and as a penalty for violating the obligation to return the property. The position regarding the possibility of simultaneous charging of rent for the period of non-contractual use of the property and a penalty as a penalty for late return of the property, which was reflected in the materials of court practice, also turned out to be controversial. The legal conclusions of the Supreme Court formed at the time of preparation of the article are presented, according to which the calculation of rent must take place exclusively during the period of validity of the lease agreement, and outside the contractual period of use of the property, a penalty in the amount of double the rent for the time the property is actually in the use of the tenant is subject to application. The corresponding position was formed by the cassation instance based on the distinction between regulatory and protective prescriptions and the impossibility of their combination (identification). The work indicates the need to establish the lessee's fault in the untimely return of the property, highlighted the problematic issues of calculating the cost of using the property when renewing the lease agreement on the basis of Art. 764 of the Civil Code of Ukraine and Art. 284 of the Economic Code of Ukraine. Based on the results of the research, proposals were made to improve the current legislation, aimed at ensuring its unambiguous understanding by the participants of the tenancy relationship and the unification of the judicial practice of resolving disputes of the relevant category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between renting and individual is very close because it often occurs in everyday life because people are unable to live without help from other parties such as renting goods that are to other parties. Rent that often occurs in the community is renting a house or building, both for individuals and groups. In renting a house, most parties often make mistakes both on the landlord and the tenant of the house, causing disputes between both parties. The research method used is the normative juridical method, namely research that prioritizes literature data, namely research on secondary data. The secondary data can be primary, secondary or tertiary legal material. This research includes research on the Effects of Default by Tenants in Lease Agreements and Judges' Considerations in Decision Number 217/PDT/2020/PT SBY. Based on the results of the study, the author concludes that with the act of default in the rental agreement, the aggrieved party has the right to take actions to fulfill the performance that has been agreed, an agreement has an impact if the agreement is not fulfilled by one party, then the other party has the right to make legal remedies or claims. A judge's judgment on default is a judgment to enforce the law, that is, a judgment that is sometimes rendered when compensation will not be a viable legal remedy. This judgment is a court order that orders the offending party to carry out his promises with the threat of punishment for violating the court decision and an Order not to violate the agreement, namely: A judgment is a court order directed to a person not to violate his agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the real effects of lease-capitalization rules (i.e., standards that require firms to capitalize finance leases) on corporate investment. We show that the introduction of these rules leads to a decrease in investment, which is more pronounced for firms with high reliance on leases. We posit and find that lease capitalization affects investment via a learning channel and a contracting channel. Regarding the first channel, we argue that managers identify areas of overinvestment and activities that should be discontinued or downsized because of the information they collect and analyze to comply with lease-capitalization rules. Accordingly, we find that the effect of lease capitalization is stronger when learning opportunities are higher. Regarding the second channel, we argue that lease capitalization affects investment via its effect on contracts. Accordingly, we document an increase in the likelihood of covenant breaches and a stronger decline in investment for financially constrained firms. JEL Classifications: G31; M41. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunni scholars maintain two different perspectives on goodwill: A group has validated it based on the tradition and religious expediency; others have regarded it as illegal according to its lack of religious documentation and its negative consequences. In the present study, the perspective of the proponents of goodwill validation will be approved, based on which receiving goodwill price is free of religious objection. In addition, goodwill is regarded in accordance and consistent with the Landlord and Tenant Relations Law passed in 1997. Instances of acceptance of goodwill price can be in exchange for fame and privilege of a location, or benefit of permanent residence in aforementioned location, or in return for the owner’s waiver in his right to benefit from the ownership, even if the owner of the benefit is not the owner of the object of sale. The result of the induction in the opinions of the Sunni jurists, the Iranian civil law, and legal texts is that there are six types of goodwill in estates and premises. In addition, in all of these types, Sunni jurisprudence and Iranian Civil Law are in accord and consistent with one another, except for the sixth type (traditional goodwill) in some legal texts. This inconsistency, however, seems to be a verbal rather than a substantive difference.

Introduction. The current community demand for ethnic identity search and its paths makes insights into everyday life of the past topical enough. So, there is also a growing interest in past Kalmyk everyday life which proves unique in many respects. Another research motive is that the phenomenon remains understudied and is limited to some fragmentary observations of a small circle of authors. Goals. The paper aims at characterizing a history of Kalmyk everyday life through the example of deeds and concerns of one shabinar clan to have inhabited Kalmyk Steppe of Astrakhan Governorate. The chronological framework — mid-19th to early 20th centuries — is explained by the abundance of innovations witnessed by the period to have caused essential changes in the slow-paced nomadic life. Materials and methods. The study analyzes a wide range of archival sources to focus on records management documents housed at the National Archive of Kalmykia (collections ‘Kalmyk People’s Executive Department’ and ‘Executive Office of Baga Dorbet Ulus’) and thus introduced into scientific circulation. The study employs a complex of general scientific and special historical methods, with a fundamental role to be played by the civilizational/cultural and interdisciplinary approaches in combination with the principles of historicism and objectivity together supposed to yield maximum truthfulness in descriptions of examined phenomena. Results. The period under study is distinguished by a dramatic destruction of the clan/tribal isolation once inherent to Kalmyk society, this caused by both administrative measures (the 1910 consolidation of aimaks and khotons) and socioeconomic changes to have resulted in essential stratification of society and labor migrations of impoverished individuals and families (including beyond borders of Governorate proper). The latter processes were aggravated by Russian peasant inflows to Kalmyk Steppe and additional land-related problems.

The paper attempts to improve the existing practice regarding the application of Accounting Standard 17, Leases, in order to assist in the understanding and proper practical application of specific provisions in the standard. A critical analysis of the regulatory framework governing the accounting treatment of leases is presented. Practical models for accounting for certain aspects of leases are developed and presented to facilitate the application of specific provisions of the standard and the overall improvement of best practices in the area under study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper assesses the level of awareness of green leases in England and establishes the range of current attitudes of various property professions towards adoption of the green clauses in commercial leases. The current willingness for landlords and tenants to adopt a green lease is scattered and not aligned with government initiatives to achieve net zero. Best practice recommendations are needed to ensure both landlords and tenants understand what arrangements best fit their circumstances. For the impact of green clauses to be maximised and, where appropriate, implemented, they need to be communicated in terms to which both parties are happy to commit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fuzzy set and its application play a major role to most of the uncertainty situations of inventory management problem. At present, as an enlargement of fuzzy set, the notion of neutrosophic set is initiated to implement in inventory models for uncertain parameters. In this paper, the Trapezoidal Bipolar Neutrosophic Number (TrBNN) is enforced to the container inventory model. Because of the imbalanced flow of containers, the container management organization faces the major issue of scarcity of containers. One-way Free Use (OFU) of container and renting of containers are employed to restore the shortfall units. An algorithm is designed to make a decision on various conditions to compute the expected total cost. Also, this paper scrutinizes a condition that some fraction of deficit containers is oneway free used and the remaining are leased. Unpredictable parameters such as the fraction of received containers after used, the fraction of amendable containers from received units, and the fraction of oneway free used containers are presumed as TrBNN. In the view of reduce the total cost, a neutrosophic container inventory model is framed to obtain the optimal duration of inspection process and the optimal duration of leasing process. To flourish this study more effective, the proposed container inventory model is compared with the model by presuming Triangular Bipolar Neutrosophic Number (TBNN).

The purpose of this study to examine the impact of new accounting standard of finansial instrument (PSAK 71) and lease (PSAK 73) on financial performance and liabilities of Indonesia listed companies. By applying the purposive sampling method, 140 companies for 2019 and 2020 were selected as the sample of this study. The data of this study analyzed using Paired Sample T-test and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test. The findings of this study show that new finansial intrument accounting standard PSAK 71) implementation impact to finansial performance (ROE) and liabilities (DAR and DER). This study also found that new lease accounting stardard impact to finansial performance (ROE and ROA) and liabilities (DAR). Moreover this study found that after implemnentation of PSAK 71 will be followed by ROE decreasing and DAR and DER increasing. Meanwhile, firm finansial performance that proxied by ROE and ROA decrease and DER increase since new lease accounting standard (PSAK 73) implemented by indonesian listed companies. This study conclude that new finacial instrument and lease accounting standard finansial performance and liabilities of indonesian listed companies. Indonesian listed companies deal with lower finansial performance and higher liabilities financing after apllying those new accounting standard.

The novel COVID-19 virus caused a global pandemic disrupting lives, industries, and economies. The result was an impact on prices due to challenges with production and supply chain distribution. This study investigates the financial strain COVID-19 had on equine owners and leasers, what the market for equine care would bear if costs for care increased, and what factors contribute to their willingness to pay (WTP) for increasing cost of equine care. An online survey was distributed for 4 weeks to adult U.S. residents. Respondents reported their involvement in the equine industry, financial response to COVID-19, and responses to a double-bound dichotomous choice question on their WTP for care given a randomized increase (1%–20%) in their current cost (n = 506). Data were analyzed using interval regression models where a = 0.05 (Stata15). Respondents were separated into three groups: owner keeping their horse at their residence, owner boarding their equids, and leaser. Boarders reported mean monthly payments of 23.33 ± 90.37 USD (n = 15) for free board, 236.47 ± 151.92 USD, (n = 75) for partial board, and 514.75 ± 291.71 USD (n = 181) for full board. Results show all owners, leaser, and boarders have different WTP values which range from 18.5% to 26.2% increase in current care costs which extends beyond the presented range due to many respondents responding “yes” to both WTP questions (71% of owners, 6% of boarders, 65% of leasers). Equine owners, with on farm equids from the southern US were WTP 11% less than from other regions (P = 0.015). The current boarding fees from owners that board their equids lowered their WTP by 0.01% (P = 0.029) for each additional dollar paid, whereas current care costs were not a significant factor for other owners (P = 0.370) or leasers (P = 0.395). Those that had a full lease for their equids, housed on farm or at a facility, were WTP 15% higher (P = 0.036) than those that had a partial or no lease. In comparison, boarding status (full, partial, or no boarding) did not significantly (P = 0.51) impact boarder’s WTP. Age of respondent and annual household income heterogeneously affected WTP across all groups. These results indicate the market for equine care can bear the increases in cost associated with financial distress related to COVID-19, and may aid equine owners, caregivers, and associated individuals in making informed decisions regarding essential care. Results from this study should be taken in context of the global pandemic and the restrictions in place, or lack thereof, at the time the survey was administered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of IUG Journal of Sharia & Law Studies is the property of Islamic University of Gaza and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Süleyman Demirel Law Review / Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Suleyman Demirel Universitesi Hukuk Fakultesi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper aims to present a container inventory model by utilizing strategies to avoid the scarcity of reusable containers. The Container Management Organization (CMO) seeks to provide the reusable empty container to the consignees without scarcity under minimum cost. However, due to the imbalanced flow of the containers, the CMO faces shortages of containers which are considered as a significant issue. In this paper, we present an algorithm for predicting the expected costs of a system under various conditions. The uncertainties which are presented in the different parameters of the model are handled with the help of the trapezoidal bipolar neutrosophic numbers. The characteristics of the bipolar neutrosophic set are to describe the uncertain information in two parts—the negative and the positive. Finally, using the expected value of the trapezoidal number, a neutrosophic container inventory model is framed to reduce the system's total cost and hence obtain the optimal duration of the inspection process, the optimal ECR duration, and the optimal duration of the leasing process. Numerical computation and sensitivity analysis are provided to flourish the proposed model more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article presents some of the aspects inherent to lease as an alternative method for funding farmers when it comes to finance lease. As a matter of fact, this type of lease is profitable in agriculture when it comes to delivering and using high-tech fixed assets.

The purpose of this study is to disclose the issues of lease, taking into account the new standard, as well as the characteristics of the features of displaying practical issues and displaying such information in the company’s financial statements. No less important task of this study is to propose means and ways to solve the analyzed problems, taking into account the practical and scientific base. The article analyzes the main problematic aspects of accounting of the IFRS lease. In particular, the relevance of this topic is disclosed in connection with the adoption of the new standard: IFRS 16 «Leases». The analysis of the works of scholars who have worked on this topic is carried out. The definition of the term «Lease» is presented in various regulatory frameworks, in particular in the legislation of Ukraine, Great Britain and Germany. Based on the analysis of IFRS 16, the conditions under which the relationship recognized as a lease are specified. The need for an updated standard is indicated; attention is focused on the shortcomings of the IAS 17 «Leases». A comparative analysis of new standards was carried out: European IFRS 16 and American ZPO 842 «Leases». Attention is focused on the benefits of these regulations. The most important problematic issues of the updated European standard are highlighted and schematically reflected, namely: lease term, lease agreement, discount rate, retrospective recalculation. In particular, a practical example is provided using the research of the «big four» specialists. The following ways to solve problems are proposed: determination of lease term in internal accounting policy and criteria that would indicate significant economic benefits; determining the percentage of the ratio of the size of the materiality and fixing it in the standard; registering a discount rate in the accounting policy, with the justification of the choice, and in the standard – criteria for its choice; adjustment of the amount of assets and liabilities in retrospective recalculation of balance sheet indicators in previous periods.

The article addresses problems of understanding and translation of morphologically complex terms, often characterized in terms of idiosyncratic and unpredictable semantics. This is due not only to the complex structural relations within such words, but also the individual history and idiosyncratic lexical properties of their components. The law term untenantability belongs to a motley group of semantically complex derivatives in -able. It is argued that untenantability bears no semantic relation to the modal adjective able. The morphological structure of untenantability and its syntactic properties highlight its meaning of ‘unfit for tenancy’. This meaning is corroborated, and its specifics clarified, by the use of untenantability in legal contexts.

This study analyzes some aspects regarding the lease of meadows owned by administrative-territorial units after the entry into force of the Administrative Code, a normative act that regulates the procedure for awarding the contract for the lease of public property by public auction, provisions that also apply to the lease of private property. The study highlights theoretical, jurisprudential and law ferenda aspects regarding the applicable procedure in the case of the lease of meadows, the private property of administrative-territorial units for which, by special legislation, a lease procedure different from that of the public auction is provided for, namely direct attribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine how the implementation of the K-IFRS No.1116 Lease affects firm value. This new accounting standard mandates capitalization of all leases, resulting in changes in the key accounting leverage ratios and rates of return. The contracting costs hypothesis suggests that changes in accounting techniques have economic consequences because lending contracts are expressed in terms of accounting numbers. We find that capitalizing operating leases, which were off-balance-sheet transactions prior to K-1116 implementation, increases the lease liabilities-to-assets ratio and lease liabilities-to-debt ratio significantly. While a firm's business fundamentals do not change with the K-1116, we show that the value of firms that use high levels of operating leases decreased with the implementation of K-1116. The declines in firm value are significant for the subgroups of firms that are likely to raise external financing, suggesting that the implementation of K-1116 increased the level of financing frictions and decreased the value of future investment opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Gestão, Finanças E Contabilidade is the property of Universidade do Estado da Bahia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Providing services based on information technology is one of the ways that startups use for various information technology systems to infer and earn more income. In the past few years, earning money in this way has been greatly promoted, so that there is not a day that users of communication technologies do not encounter advertisements of this category of services. This study aims to determine the nature of these types of transactions. The question here is whether this mechanism is considered as one of the conventional transactions, or is it a novel transaction that should be followed by its jurisprudence ruling in general terms and applications. This study is authored based on library sources and analytical-descriptive method and rational data. The finding of the study suggest that after examining the concept of services in information technology and explaining how to earn money through it, the basic characteristics of this mechanism are obtained. These characteristics can be seen in only four cases of transactions (lease, peace, Je'aleh, and istifa), each of which has its own requirements. The analysis of each of these transactions and the possibility of correcting the discussed issue with them clearly shows that the provision of services on the basis of information technology can be considered as mute lease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ethiopia, informal land transactions are proliferating in urban centers and triggering wider socio-economic and environmental challenges in the sustainable development of cities. Taking the case of Bahir Dar city, this paper examines informal land transactions in Ethiopia in terms of its rule-structuring processes, roles of actors in the transaction, and factors for its emergence and continued proliferation. Empirical evidence collected through key informant interviews, participant observation, and from secondary sources were analyzed qualitatively. The study reveals that the lease system in Ethiopia is ill-suited to the interests and reality of many urban dwellers and is unable to meet their needs. As a response to the failures of the lease system, residents are increasingly turning to informal land transactions. The success of informal land markets in Bahir Dar is reinforced by the possibility of formalization of land holdings through corrupt practices in local land administration. Moreover, the processes of the informal markets have provided adaptive and responsive alternatives for urban dwellers to access land. Unless land administration shifts to adapt to these realities, informal markets will likely continue to thrive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the issue of carrying out agricultural work on the sacred lands of ancient Attica (Athens region) in the IV century B.C. The author relies on epigraphic sources, which are inscriptions on stone steles containing texts of lease agreements on sacred lands of the IV century B.C, and also uses information from ancient authors. The author also attracts scientific works of domestic and foreign authors devoted to the problem of agrarian relations in the ancient Greek polis. According to the author, the analysis and study of agricultural work on the territory of the sacred lands of Attica deserves a separate article, since the study of this issue makes it possible to more thoroughly consider agricultural relations in the Athenian polis of the IV century B.C, to present the meaning of sacred land ownership. In the first part of the article, the author analyzes the types and nature of agricultural work on sacred lands (temenos). The second part is devoted to the problem of responsibility of tenants and landlords for the performance of work on the territory of temenos. As a result, the author comes to certain conclusions. In the fourth century B.C, the sacred lands of Attica required special care after the end of the devastating actions of the Peloponnesian War. The temenos were at the disposal of the polis, with demes and religious unions as their landlords. The leasing of land made it possible to ensure the stable preservation of the land fund, to ensure the agricultural development of the temenos. Tenants (private individuals) were required to provide careful care for the leased land. At the same time, the author draws attention to the fact that in some cases the tenants were very well-known, wealthy citizens of the polis, for whom participation in the lease of sacred lands was a kind of liturgy. In such cases, it is difficult to determine who performed agricultural work on the leased land, most likely, it was special employees, whose work was paid by the tenant. At the same time, according to the epigraphica, there was no sublease.

The fuzzy set and its application play a major role to most of the uncertainty situations of inventory management problem. At present, as an enlargement of fuzzy set, the notion of neutrosophic set is initiated to implement in inventory models for uncertain parameters. In this paper, the Trapezoidal Bipolar Neutrosophic Number (TrBNN) is enforced to the container inventory model. Because of the imbalanced flow of containers, the container management organization faces the major issue of scarcity of containers. One-way Free Use (OFU) of container and renting of containers are employed to restore the shortfall units. An algorithm is designed to make a decision on various conditions to compute the expected total cost. Also, this paper scrutinizes a condition that some fraction of deficit containers is one-way free used and the remaining are leased. Unpredictable parameters such as the fraction of received containers after used, the fraction of amendable containers from received units, and the fraction of one-way free used containers are presumed as TrBNN. In the view of reduce the total cost, a neutrosophic container inventory model is framed to obtain the optimal duration of inspection process and the optimal duration of leasing process. To flourish this study more effective, the proposed container inventory model is compared with the model by presuming Triangular Bipolar Neutrosophic Number (TBNN). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Real estate transactions have been one of the most shadowed sectors of the national economy. The COVID-19 pandemic and the quarantine measures introduced in 2020 to prevent its spreading have led to a sharp increase in the shadowing of the real estate sector, thus reversing the positive trend of the previous years. The study aims at finding ways to de-shadow the real estate sector and substantiating them. Changes in the level of shadowing relations in the real estate sector in 2020 are analyzed. It is found out that the quarantine restrictions introduced in 2020 had though short-term but major negative impact on activities in the real estate market, thus increasing the shadowing of the real estate transactions sector. Emphasis is placed on letting residential real estate as one of the most shadowed segments of the real estate sector. Gaps in the de-shadowing measures in the real estate sector in recent years are highlighted and critically assessed, in particular: Bill № 3618 “On Real Estate Activities in Ukraine”; Bill № 3928-1 "On Amendments to the Tax Code of Ukraine with a view to stimulate the de-shadowing of income received from letting residential real estate"; introduction of a Multiple Listing Service based on real estate appraisal reports; activities of tax authorities in the field of identifying shadow transactions in the rental market. To minimize the level of shadowing the real estate sector, it is suggested to: conduct public awareness campaign as for the benefits of conducting legal activities in the rental market, e.g., protection of the rights of tenants and landlords in the field of real estate transactions; to amend the Tax Code of Ukraine regarding the taxation of income received from letting residential real estate; create a "Legal Lease" online portal, etc.