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Zusammenfassung. Längsschnittstudien, die das bildungswissenschaftliche Wissen als Teil der professionellen Kompetenz angehender Lehrkräfte über mehr als zwei Messzeitpunkte erfassen und den Einfluss individueller Eingangsvoraussetzungen auf die Wissensentwicklung untersuchen, stellen nach wie vor ein Forschungsdesiderat dar. Bisherige Studien liefern erste Hinweise darauf, dass individuelle Eingangsvoraussetzungen wie die Abiturnote, pädagogische Vorerfahrungen und Berufswahlmotive im Zusammenhang mit der Wissensentwicklung stehen und günstige Eingangsvoraussetzungen den Entwicklungsverlauf fördern können. Bislang ist unklar, wie sich das Wissen über den gesamten Studienverlauf in den Bachelor-/Master-Strukturen entwickelt. Des Weiteren ist auch unklar, inwieweit bestimmte Eingangsvoraussetzungen langfristige Entwicklungsverläufe erklären können. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden die Daten von 276 Studierenden, dessen Wissen zu fünf Messzeitpunkten erhoben wurde, mit Hilfe latenter Wachstumskurvenmodelle ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse bestätigten einen Zuwachs des bildungswissenschaftlichen Wissens über den gesamten Studienverlauf. Den größten Wissenszuwachs erfuhren die Studierenden in den ersten zwei Semestern ihres Bachelorstudiums und beim Übergang in das Masterstudium. Des Weiteren konnte der Einfluss von individuellen kognitiven und motivationalen Eingangsvoraussetzungen auf den Leistungszuwachs bestätigt werden. So zeigte sich, dass Studierende, die eine bessere Abiturnote aufwiesen und bereits über eine unterrichtsnahe pädagogische Vorerfahrung verfügten, höhere Wissenszuwächse im Vergleich zu ihren Kommilitoninnen und Kommilitonen erfuhren, die einen schlechteren Abiturnotendurchschnitt hatten. Ebenfalls begünstigte das Motiv „mit Kindern und Jugendlichen arbeiten zu wollen“ die Wissensentwicklung. Die Ergebnisse können insbesondere für die Beratung genutzt werden, um die Motivlagen von Studierenden zu erfassen und sie dafür sensibel zu machen, welche Motivkonstellationen für einen erfolgreichen Studienverlauf günstig erscheinen.

Children's learning capabilities change while growing up. One framework that describes the cognitive and neural development of children's growing learning abilities is the two‐component model. It distinguishes processes that integrate separate features into a coherent memory representation (associative component) and executive abilities, such as elaboration, evaluation, and monitoring, that support memory processing (strategic component). In an fMRI study using an object‐location association paradigm, we investigated how the two components influence memory performance across development. We tested children (10–12 years, n = 31), late adolescents (18 years, n = 29), and adults (25+ years, n = 30). For studying the associative component, we also probed how the utilisation of prior knowledge (schemas) facilitates memory across age groups. Children had overall lower retrieval performance, while adolescents and adults did not differ from each other. All groups benefitted from schemas, but this effect did not differ between groups. Performance differences between groups were associated with deactivation of the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), which in turn was linked to executive functioning. These patterns were stronger in adolescents and adults and seemed absent in children. Thus, the children's executive system, the strategic component, is not as mature and thus cannot facilitate memory performance in the same way as in adolescents/adults. In contrast, we did not find age‐related differences in the associative component; with activity in the angular gyrus predicting memory performance systematically across groups. Overall, our results suggest that differences of executive rather than associative abilities explain memory differences between children, adolescents, and adults., In an fMRI study, we investigated whether memory differences between children, adolescents, and adults stem from developmental changes in executive abilities, the strategic component, or rather from differences in mechanisms related to binding different features together into a memory representation, the associative component. Overall, our results suggest that differences of executive rather than associative abilities explain memory differences between children, adolescents and adults.

Dalam dunia pendidikan, orangtua merupakan partner guru di sekolah. Mereka memiliki peran untuk memfasilitasi learning dan berbagai aspek perkembangan siswa. Sebagian besar orangtua belum pernah belajar tentang bagaimana mereka dapat memfasilitasi anak-anaknya belajar. Belajar bukan sekedar belajar secara akademik, dengan mengajarkan Matematika, Biologi, Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial, dan sebagainya, namun terlebih penting lagi pagi anak-anak yang berada pada usia dini dan Sekolah dasar untuk mengetahui berbagai keterampilan dasar Learning yang akan menolong anak-anak mengembangkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan belajarnya pada usia yang lebih besar atau pada tingkat pendidikan yang lebih tinggi. Terdapat cukup banyak kasus mengindikasikan bahwa siswa PAUD, SD, SMP bahkan SMA mengalami hambatan dalam belajar. Bentuk-bentuk hambatan dalam belajar ini seperti rentang perhatian yang pendek, kesulitan konsentrasi, sulit mengingat materi yang disampaikan guru, bahkan sulit memahami instruksi guru dan orangtua. Pendekatan yang terbukti efektif untuk diterapkan dalam mengembangkan kemampuan belajar dasar (basic learning ability) siswa, yaitu menggunakan pendekatan aktivitas gerak. Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (PkM) dalam bentuk psikoedukasi ini diberikan kepada para orangtua siswa di Sekolah Klasikal Terang Nusantar dan PUSPA (Pusat Pengembangan Anak) Terang Nusantara di Bandung. Melalui topik bahasan yang diberikan berharap orangtua dapat mengajak anak-anaknya bergerak dan melakukan permainan edukatif yang dapat meletakkan dasar-dasar/ fondasi yang kuat bagi perkembangan kemampuan belajar anak-anak mereka. Hasil evaluasi kegiatan melalui metode survei menunjukkan respon yang positif dari orangtua, demikian pula dengan hasil evaluasi berdasarkan pengetahuan dan sikap orang tua untuk mengaplikasikan materi yang dipelajari. Psikoedukasi ini dapat dilakukan pada orangtua siswa di sekolah lainnya.

Objective: Self-regulated learning (SRL) is defined as the entirety of emotions, thoughts, and behaviours that individuals display in order to achieve their goals during the developmental period. Problem-based learning (PBL), used in medical education, is an educational model based on complete and sufficient learning. The aim of the study was to determine the perception of students from a medical faculty that applies the PBL education model on their self-regulation abilities. Investigating whether there is a difference in the students’ perception on their self-regulation abilities between the first and third year of PBL education and examining if there is a difference in female and male students regarding their perception on their self-regulation abilities are also among the purposes. Material and Methods: The 453 students participated in the study, 253 from the first-year students and 200 from the third-year students. The “Self-Regulated Learning Skills of Students“ scale was used in the study and the Cronbach’s alpha values were between 0.839-0.942. Results: In the comparison of Self-Regulated Learning Abilities of Students Scale score averages of first-year and third-year students, statistically significant high scores were identified in third-year students compared to first-year students in 4 of the 23 parameters in the scale. Conclusion: Self-regulation of third-year students’ high scores in four parameters can be considered to be related to PBL gains. When the Self-Regulated Learning Abilities of Students Scale score averages were compared according to gender, statistically significant high scores were found in 7 of the 23 parameters in females.

Navigation is a fundamental problem of mobile robots, for which Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has received significant attention because of its strong representation and experience learning abilities. There is a growing trend of applying DRL to mobile robot navigation. In this paper, we review DRL methods and DRL-based navigation frameworks. Then we systematically compare and analyze the relationship and differences between four typical application scenarios: local obstacle avoidance, indoor navigation, multi-robot navigation, and social navigation. Next, we describe the development of DRL-based navigation. Last, we discuss the challenges and some possible solutions regarding DRL-based navigation.

Medical university students are more likely to use non-prescribed stimulants, due to the claim that some of these drugs may improve learning abilities and concentration. Side effects of non-prescri...

With an increase in longevity, many studies have explored the influences of different lifestyle factors on successful aging. This study hypothesizes that older rats fed with a nutritionally balanced standard diet would perform better on learning tasks than rats fed with either a high-sucrose or a high-saturated fat. It also hypothesizes that older rats fed with a high-sucrose diet would perform better than those fed with a high-saturated fat. The learning abilities of the 15-month-old rats (N = 36) were assessed by conducting forward and reverse learning tasks using a T-maze apparatus. The results showed that rats on a nutritionally balanced diet performed significantly better on both learning tasks than those on either the high-sucrose or the high-saturated fat (p’s < .05). This may be due to the fact that the high-sucrose and high-saturated fat diets exacerbated a cognitive decline in geriatric rats. There was no significant difference between the learning abilities of the rats on a high-sucrose or high-saturated fat diet (p’s > .05). This finding suggests that, at an older age, both high-sucrose and high-saturated fat diets have a similarly detrimental influence on cognitive health.

Az élethosszig tartó tanulás az uniós irányelvekhez illeszkedve a magyar oktatási stratégia szerves részét képezi. A tanulási képességek elősegítése érdekében a rendszeres mozgás, a mindennapi testnevelés formájában szintén jelen van a magyar oktatási rendszerben. Utóbbinak számos kutatás és tanulmány által bizonyított hatása, hogy egyértelműen pozitívan befolyásolja a tanulás folyamatát. Anders Hansen könyve a mindennapi mozgás az emberi agy működésére gyakorolt hatásait magyarázza és mutatja be gyakorlati példákon keresztül. Ezek az egyszerű gyakorlatok és napi szokások minden korosztály számára eszközigény nélkül elvégezhetők, hatásukat pedig közérthető nyelven tolmácsolja a szerző a legújabb idegtudományi eredmények segítségével.

The study aimed to determine the learning styles and learning abilities of grade 6 pupils in dealing with modular learning. A descriptive design was used in this study. The survey was conducted in Lt. Andres Calungsud Elementary School to 30 elementary pupils who are enrolled in modular learning for School Year 2021-2022 and the majority of them were male pupils. A Researcher-made survey questionnaire was used in data gathering. Frequency and percentage distribution, mean and standard deviation, megastat were used in treating the data. The study revealed that the pupils have difficulty dealing with terms in their modules. Data show that the respondents got the highest mean in visual learning style interpreted as Often (M=2.60) and the lowest mean in auditory learning style. The respondent’s learning style in reading/writing got the lowest overall mean Sometimes (OM=1.94). The study found out that the highest problem encountered by the students in dealing with modular learning is confused by words. Data show that the respondent’s Digital - age Literacy type Learning Abilities got the highest mean of Sometimes (M=2.17) in the item “I feel comfortable using digital devices”. The respondent’s learning ability in problem-based thinking and problem-solving got the lowest mean of Sometimes. The Elementary pupils are highly satisfied with how teachers showed interest in helping students to develop personal skills and qualities. Moreover, the respondents are least satisfied with how they received sufficient advice and guidance in relation to the module. Finally, there is a significant difference in the learning styles and learning abilities of respondents.

Compared with other non-English majors, the Chinese language and literature students need to learn an additional language as their major. Contrarily, the students’ interest and motivation in learning the language may reduce over time, which may be reflected in their English learning abilities. The present study was based on a survey about the current situation of English autonomous learning among Chinese language literature students in XATU. Furthermore, we investigated the factors that influence the students in learning the language, and provided teaching implications for improvement. According to the results obtained, the current situation of these students is not up to its optimal level. This situation is due to the influential factors, including low learning interest and motivation, unawareness of learning strategies, and inability to set learning goals.

Permenristekdikti number 46 of 2017 concerning Special Education and Special Services in Higher Education. It is intended that students with disabilities can obtain educational services according to their needs, so that they can learn and achieve optimal academic achievement. There are many ways or solutions that are tried to be given for students with disabilities so that obstacles in the learning process can be minimized, but these methods do not go far to help solve the difficulties faced by students with disabilities. One of the ways or solutions given is that students with disabilities also need to be proactive and communicative in lectures or students must interact actively in social relationships which are commonly called SKSD. But that doesn't help much. Therefore, The proponent develops an e-learning innovation model that aims to embrace all students, both students with disabilities and general students, to both learn and get the same education without having to have differences and difficulties. The results obtained from this application are that this innovation model is applied to language skills courses, students with disabilities who initially do not have self-confidence after attending this lecture become confident and of course the sense of difference no longer occurs, in the end students' learning abilities and achievements both students with disabilities and general students can increase.

The role of lecturers in tertiary institutions of learning is crucial. Some of the crucial roles of lecturers include assessment and feedbacks provided to students. These are considered as contributory factors to improving or hampering the learning abilities of students. Hence, this study explored the effects of assessment and feedback on the learning abilities of students in selected rural based universities in Nigeria and South Africa. Quantitative research method was employed for the study. Thus, data were collected from respondents through the use of questionnaires which were administered to nine hundred and thirty-four (934) randomly selected third-year undergraduate students from two Nigerian and South African rural based universities. The collected data were analysed through the use of descriptive statistics. The results revealed that lack of innovation, large classes and poor internet amongst others are factors affecting the form of assessments and feedback given to students. Also, poor assessment and feedbacks contribute in hampering the learning abilities of students. The study therefore recommends that more lecturers should be employed, empowered through the provision of necessary facilities as well as all-encompassing periodic on the job trainings and workshops. These trainings and workshops are to be designed in such a manner that lecturers will be motivated and taught various ways on how to promote good lecturer-student relationship, improvise in creating using different assessment and feedback strategies, acquire and utilize best practices across the globe on assessing and giving feedback to large classes.

The Eclectic Method is a combination of several learning methods to accommodate differences in students’ various characteristics, such as learning styles or preferences, experiences, habits, background, and of course learning abilities. The method employed in this research was a quasi-experimental research with post-test-only non-equivalent control group design. The result of the research findings led to the conclusion that eclectic method was more effective than scientific approach to teach writing for the eighth semester students of the Nursing Study Program, Faculty of Health, Harapan Bangsa University. It was proven that the mean score of the students’ writing in experimental class was 78.19 while the mean score of the students’ writing in control class was 72.14. The t-test result in the research was 2.32 and the t-table is 2.02. It meant that t-test score was higher than the t-table. Based on the research findings, it could be concluded that the use of eclectic method was effective to teach writing for the eighth semester students of the Nursing Department, Faculty of Health, Harapan Bangsa University.

This article describes pictures series modified using digital text through Hot Potatoes. Classroom action research is used to discover the process of improving text reading comprehension by modifying serial images using digital text. The classroom action research used consisted of two cycles. The instrument used in this study was a written test in the form of an essay using the hot potatoes application, observation sheets and questionnaires with the help of Google forms and conversations with the help of voice messages on the WhatsApp application. The findings in this article are that in the new normal era, students are faced with new habits of learning with the help of the internet with various applications. Therefore, there is a new climate that emerges in the learning process itself, from refusing to be comfortable with online learning habits. Educators must be more creative in creating learning activities in this network, so as to improve students' learning abilities, especially reading skills.

The purpose of this study was to determine the application of self-regulated learning interventions to increase learning motivation and learning abilities in junior high school students who come from families with low socioeconomic levels. The intervention was given for five sessions through psychoeducation and assignments. The subject of this study is a male, 15 years old. This study uses a qualitative method with a case study approach. Data analysis using triangulation techniques. The results of the analysis of observations, interviews, and assignment documents show that there are differences before and after the subject was given intervention. In general, self-regulated learning intervention has a positive impact on learning motivation and learning abilities of the subject. Several factors that support and inhibit intervention were explained. Some suggestions are given to develop the further intervention.

Purpose Although the onset mechanism of Alzheimer's disease, which co-occurs with aging, has been extensively studied, no effective methods that improve the decline in memory and learning abilities following aging have been developed. Tranexamic acid provided promising results for ameliorating photo-aging and extending the natural lifespan. However, it is unknown whether it affects the decline in memory and learning abilities due to aging. In this study, we examined the effect of tranexamic acid on memory and learning abilities of naturally aging mice. Methods ICR mice were orally administered with tranexamic acid (12 mg/kg/day) three times weekly for 2 years, and their memory and learning abilities were compared between the tranexamic acid-treated and non-treated groups. Results The decline in memory and learning abilities due to aging was ameliorated by tranexamic acid administration. The expression of plasmin and amyloid-β decreased following the treatment with tranexamic acid. Furthermore, the number of M1-type brain macrophages diminished and that of M2 macrophages increased. In addition, administration of tranexamic acid decreased the concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α, while it increased the levels of IL-10 and transforming growth factor-α in the brain. Conclusion These results indicated that tranexamic acid suppressed the secretion of the inflammatory cytokines aging M1-type macrophages, thereby improving age-related memory and learning abilities.

Los mapas mentales, también conocidos como mapas cognitivos, son visiones individua­les simplificadas de nuestro entorno. En estudios anteriores se buscó analizar el aprendizaje del Mundo con mapas mentales. Esta contribución rescata los primeros estudios de Char­les Trowbridge (1913) y de Kevin Lynch (1960) sobre imágenes de las ciudades americanas, tal como fueron percibidas y dibujadas por sus residentes, aplicando similar metodología a un barrio tradicional de Lisboa, el barrio medieval de los moros, La Morería (Mouraria). La cuestión de investigación fue la siguiente: ¿Qué visión tienen del barrio estudiantes que lo hayan recurrido sólo una vez? Los alumnos de la licenciatura en Geografía del IGOT fueron invitados a hacer un recurrido por el barrio, a fotografiarlo, observarlo y hacer encuestas, bajo orientación de los dos profesores de la asignatura de Geografía Social y Cultural. En un segundo momento, tuvieron que relatar por escrito y cartografiar el recurrido de esa visita de estudio; En el tercer momento, sin previa notificación, se les solicitó diseñasen un mapa mental del recurrido por el barrio multicultural y multiétnico de Morería. Resultaron 29 ma­pas donde estaban las vías recurridas (calles y plazas), los marcos detalladamente analizados durante la visita (iglesias, comercios, restaurantes, residencias, hoteles), así como los límites y la orientación espacial del área estudiada. Se concluye que cerca de 2/3 de los estudiantes evi­dencia una correcta percepción del itinerario hecho, con buena navegación y representación de cinco o más puntos de referencia relevantes para la posterior profundización de aspectos socioeconómicos y culturales del barrio. El objetivo pedagógico es lo de ayudar los alumnos a comprender los principios clave de la representación cartográfica. Los mapas mentales son el instrumento utilizado para la alfabetización geográfica, entendidos como forma de comunicar las percepciones e interpretaciones de los hechos espaciales.Mental maps, also known as cognitive maps, are simplified individual visions of our environment. Previous research has focused learning abilities and perceptions about the Planet Earth, using mental maps. Current contribution draws on the early studies of Charles Trowbridge (1913) and Kevin Lynch (1960) about American cities, as they were perceived and designed by residents, applying similar methods to a Portuguese medieval neighbourhood called Mouraria, the place where moors lived in the Middle Ages. The research question is: What is the vision of university students that strolled around Mouraria, only once? IGOT students were invited to visit the historical neighbourhood with their professors, to photograph, to observe, to inquire residents or workers they found along one study visit. For the Socio-Cultural Geography research assignment, they had to write a report, to include a map with the study visit itinerary, and their first impressions about the area and its residents. In a third phase of the research, several days later and without previous notification, the students had to draw mental maps of Mouraria, and the streets and buildings visited previously. The students drew 29 maps about the multi-ethnic and multicultural neighbourhood, with streets, squares, emblematic buildings, shopping malls, etc. Conclusions from the maps drawn show that 2/3 of the students evidenced a correct perception of their itinerary in Mouraria, they had good navigation skills, and were able to represent five or more reference points (churches, trading posts, restaurants, residences, hotels), all relevant for further exploration of social, economic and cultural issues about the neighbourhood. The pedagogical objective is to help the students understand the key principles of cartographic representation. Mental maps are an instrument used in geographic alphabetisation, and seen as a way to communicate perceptions and interpretations about spatial details.

Exercícios físicos são conhecidos como um ótimo método para melhorar a saúde físicae mental. Muitos estudos mostram que indivíduos que praticam exercícios físicos têm menos riscode desenvolver certos tipos de doenças, como diabetes, síndrome metabólica e doenças cardíacas.Além dos benefícios físicos para o corpo, os exercícios físicos podem melhorar o humor, a cognição ea memória. Estudos mostram que indivíduos - especialmente adultos mais velhos - que se envolvemem exercícios físicos melhoraram suas habilidades de aprendizado. A aprendizagem é um aspectocrítico da vida de alguém, pois pode promover não apenas conhecimento, mas também qualidade devida. No entanto, há muitos anos, os governos e outras autoridades têm investido exclusivamente noprocesso de aprendizagem de crianças e adolescentes com pouca consideração pela aprendizagemdos velhos, questão a ser discutida nesse artigo.

Children with special needs (ABK) tend to be passive, because they have physical or mental deficiencies. In addition, people with special needs have problems in the psychomotor domain as a result of limitations in sensomotor abilities and limitations in learning abilities. Literature review using the method used is through a journal search system on google with the keywords athletic games on the motion of children with special needs. Journals and thesis used as literature have full text inclusion criteria, the subject is a child with special needs, the type of journal is the journal for the past 6 years. Based on the results of the review it was found that there are various kinds of athletic games to the motion of children with special needs. Literartur review conclusions that with a variety of athletic games can affect the motion of children with special needs

Making career choices is crucial to students in all endeavours. However, such decision seems to be difficult and problematic for many students. The reason for such difficulty can be attributed to the way and manner career choices are communicated to students, consequently, this has affected the enthusiasm, learning abilities and academic performances of students. Hence, this study explored various forms of communication for disseminating career guidance services to potential university students. Quantitative method was adopted for the study. Purposive and random sampling was employed in selecting two South African universities and the respondents of the study respectively. The study sample was 374 first year students. A self-designed questionnaire was administered to the selected respondents. The collected data were analysed using Moonstat. The findings of the study following the analysed data show that friends, internet, career seminars, career workshops, university open day, television are various ways by which career information is being communicated to students in the two selected South African universities. However, radio, newspaper and SMS are other media that can be explored. The study recommends amongst others that universities should advertise their courses through various forms of communication to the potential, prospective university students so as to reduce doubts and transfer from one course to another in their first year of study. This is envisaged to help students overcome their challenges in making career choices, consequently, enhance their learning abilities and academic performances.

Cleanliness which promotes good health in learners in schools has become paramount considering the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic and its adverse effects on learners learning abilities and success. Also, cleanliness seems to have a link with security. Hence, the study explored the connection between cleanliness, security and the learning abilities of learners. In other words, attempt was made to investigate the relationship that exists between cleanliness in classroom, school environment, learners’ habit and their academic performances. Qualitative method was adopted for the study. Purposive sampling was used to select three rural and three urban schools in KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa. Meanwhile, convenience sampling was used to select six educators who participated in the study. Semi-structured interviews were employed for data collection. The findings of the study suggest firstly that there is a link between security and cleanliness, and such is the reason why most urban high schools experience more cleanliness than their counterparts in rural communities. Secondly, cleanliness is a contributory factor which enhances the learning abilities of learners. Cleanliness which is upheld more in urban high schools compared to rural based high schools contributes towards boosting teaching and learning activities as well as the academic performances of learners. The paper therefore recommends amongst others that better security should be considered in and for rural based high schools. Cleanliness should be treated with esteem in high schools and at all levels. Also, learners should be taught personal hygiene as one of the co-curricular subjects.