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1. Alterations of Functional Connectivity Dynamics in Affective and Psychotic Disorders

Author

Betz, Linda, Erkens, Anne, Gussmann, Eva, Haas, Shalaila, Hasan, Alkomiet, Hoff, Claudius, Khanyaree, Ifrah, Melo, Aylin, Muckenhuber-Sternbauer, Susanna, Köhler, Janis, Öztürk, Ömer, Penzel, Nora, Popovic, David, Rangnick, Adrian, von Saldern, Sebastian, Sanfelici, Rachele, Spangemacher, Moritz, Tupac, Ana, Urquijo, Maria Fernanda, Weiske, Johanna, Wosgien, Antonia, Blume, Karsten, Gebhardt, Dominika, Kaiser, Nathalie, Milz, Ruth, Nikolaides, Alexandra, Seves, Mauro, Vent, Silke, Wassen, Martina, Andreou, Christina, Egloff, Laura, Harrisberger, Fabienne, Lenz, Claudia, Leanza, Letizia, Mackintosh, Amatya, Smieskova, Renata, Studerus, Erich, Walter, Anna, Widmayer, Sonja, Day, Chris, Iqbal, Mariam, Pelton, Mirabel, Mallikarjun, Pavan, Stainton, Alexandra, Lin, Ashleigh, Denissoff, Alexander, Ellilä, Anu, From, Tiina, Heinimaa, Markus, Ilonen, Tuula, Jalo, Päivi, Laurikainen, Heikki, Luutonen, Antti, Mäkela, Akseli, Paju, Janina, Pesonen, Henri, Säilä, Reetta-Liina, Toivonen, Anna, Turtonen, Otto, Solana, Ana Beatriz, Abraham, Manuela, Hehn, Nicolas, Schirmer, Timo, Altamura, Carlo, Belleri, Marika, Bottinelli, Francesca, Ferro, Adele, Re, Marta, Monzani, Emiliano, Sberna, Maurizio, D’Agostino, Armando, Del Fabro, Lorenzo, Perna, Giampaolo, Nobile, Maria, Alciati, Alessandra, Balestrieri, Matteo, Bonivento, Carolina, Cabras, Giuseppe, Fabbro, Franco, Garzitto, Marco, Piccin, Sara, Hoheisel, Linnea, Kambeitz-Ilankovic, Lana, Wenzel, Julian, Haas, Shalaila S., Antonucci, Linda A., Ruef, Anne, Schultze-Lutter, Frauke, Lichtenstein, Theresa, Rosen, Marlene, Dwyer, Dominic B., Salokangas, Raimo K.R., Lencer, Rebekka, Brambilla, Paolo, Borgwardt, Stephan, Wood, Stephen J., Upthegrove, Rachel, Bertolino, Alessandro, Ruhrmann, Stephan, Meisenzahl, Eva, Koutsouleris, Nikolaos, Fink, Gereon R., Daun, Silvia, and Kambeitz, Joseph

Published
2024
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2. Traces of Trauma: A Multivariate Pattern Analysis of Childhood Trauma, Brain Structure, and Clinical Phenotypes

Author

Dong, Mark Sen, Erkens, Anne, Gussmann, Eva, Haas, Shalaila, Hasan, Alkomiet, Hoff, Claudius, Khanyaree, Ifrah, Melo, Aylin, Muckenhuber-Sternbauer, Susanna, Köhler, Janis, Öztürk, Ömer Faruk, Penzel, Nora, Rangnick, Adrian, von Saldern, Sebastian, Sanfelici, Rachele, Spangemacher, Moritz, Tupac, Ana, Urquijo, Maria Fernanda, Weiske, Johanna, Wenzel, Julian, Wosgien, Antonia, Betz, Linda, Blume, Karsten, Seves, Mauro, Kaiser, Nathalie, Lichtenstein, Thorsten, Woopen, Christiane, Andreou, Christina, Egloff, Laura, Harrisberger, Fabienne, Lenz, Claudia, Leanza, Letizia, Mackintosh, Amatya, Smieskova, Renata, Studerus, Erich, Walter, Anna, Widmayer, Sonja, Day, Chris, Griffiths, Sian Lowri, Iqbal, Mariam, Pelton, Mirabel, Mallikarjun, Pavan, Stainton, Alexandra, Lin, Ashleigh, Denissoff, Alexander, Ellilä, Anu, From, Tiina, Heinimaa, Markus, Ilonen, Tuula, Jalo, Päivi, Laurikainen, Heikki, Lehtinen, Maarit, Luutonen, Antti, Mäkela, Akseli, Paju, Janina, Pesonen, Henri, Armio (Säilä, Reetta-Liina, Sormunen, Elina, Toivonen, Anna, Turtonen, Otto, Solana, Ana Beatriz, Abraham, Manuela, Hehn, Nicolas, Schirmer, Timo, Altamura, Carlo, Belleri, Marika, Bottinelli, Francesca, Ferro, Adele, Re, Marta, Monzani, Emiliano, Percudani, Mauro, Sberna, Maurizio, D’Agostino, Armando, Del Fabro, Lorenzo, Perna, Giampaolo, Nobile, Maria, Alciati, Alessandra, Balestrieri, Matteo, Bonivento, Carolina, Cabras, Giuseppe, Fabbro, Franco, Garzitto, Marco, Piccin, Sara, Popovic, David, Ruef, Anne, Dwyer, Dominic B., Antonucci, Linda A., Eder, Julia, Kambeitz-Ilankovic, Lana, Oztuerk, Omer Faruk, Dong, Mark S., Paul, Riya, Paolini, Marco, Hedderich, Dennis, Haidl, Theresa, Kambeitz, Joseph, Ruhrmann, Stephan, Chisholm, Katharine, Schultze-Lutter, Frauke, Falkai, Peter, Pergola, Giulio, Blasi, Giuseppe, Bertolino, Alessandro, Lencer, Rebekka, Dannlowski, Udo, Upthegrove, Rachel, Salokangas, Raimo K.R., Pantelis, Christos, Meisenzahl, Eva, Wood, Stephen J., Brambilla, Paolo, Borgwardt, Stefan, and Koutsouleris, Nikolaos

Published
2020
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3. Validation of the Bullying Scale for Adults - Results of the PRONIA-study

Author

Betz, Linda, Erkens, Anne, Gussmann, Eva, Haas, Shalaila, Hasan, Alkomiet, Hoff, Claudius, Khanya-ree, Ifrah, Melo, Aylin, Muckenhuber-Sternbauer, Susanna, Köhler, Janis, Öztürk, Ömer, Penzel, Nora, Popovic, David, Rangnick, Adrian, von Saldern, Sebastian, Sanfelici, Rachele, Spangemacher, Moritz, Tupac, Ana, Urquijo, Maria Fernanda, Weiske, Johanna, Wosgien, Antonia, Hedderich, Dennis, Blume, Karsten, Woopen, Christiane, Andreou, Christina, Egloff, Laura, Harrisberger, Fabienne, Lenz, Claudia, Leanza, Letizia, Mackin-tosh, Amatya, Smieskova, Renata, Studerus, Erich, Walter, Anna, Widmayer, Sonja, Day, Chris, Griffiths, Sian Lowri, Iqbal, Mariam, Pelton, Mirabel, Mallikarjun, Pavan, Stainton, Alexandra, Lin, Ashleigh, Denissoff, Alexander, Ellilä, Anu, From, Tiina, Heinimaa, Markus, Ilonen, Tuula, Jalo, Päivi, Lauri-kainen, Heikki, Luutonen, Antti, Mäkela, Akseli, Paju, Janina, Pesonen, Henri, Armio, Reetta-Liina, Toivonen, Anna, Turtonen, Otto, Solana, Ana Beatriz, Abraham, Manuela, Hehn, Nicolas, Schirmer, Timo, Altamura, Carlo, Belleri, Marika, Bottinelli, Francesca, Ferro, Adele, Re, Marta, Monzani, Emiliano, Percudani, Mauro, Sberna, Maurizio, D'Agostino, Armando, Del Fabro, Lorenzo, Perna, Giampaolo, Nobile, Maria, Alciati, Alessandra, Balestrieri, Matteo, Bonivento, Carolina, Cabras, Giuseppe, Fabbro, Franco, Garzitto, Marco, Piccin, Sara, Haidl, Theresa Katharina, Schneider, Nicole, Dickmann, Kim, Ruhrmann, Stephan, Kaiser, Nathalie, Rosen, Marlene, Seves, Mauro, Lichtenstein, Thorsten, Upthegrove, Rachel, Salokangas, Raimo K.R., Pantelis, Christos, Meisenzahl, Eva, Wood, Stephen J., Brambilla, Paolo, Borgwardt, Stefan, Rebekka, Lencer, Kambeitz, Joseph, Koutsouleris, Nikolaos, and Schultze-Lutter, Frauke

Published
2020
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9. Alterations of Functional Connectivity Dynamics in Affective and Psychotic Disorders

Author

Hoheisel, Linnea, Kambeitz-Ilankovic, Lana, Wenzel, Julian, Haas, Shalaila S., Antonucci, Linda A., Ruef, Anne, Penzel, Nora, Schultze-Lutter, Frauke, Lichtenstein, Theresa, Rosen, Marlene, Dwyer, Dominic B., Salokangas, Raimo K.R., Lencer, Rebekka, Brambilla, Paolo, Borgwardt, Stephan, Wood, Stephen J., Upthegrove, Rachel, Bertolino, Alessandro, Ruhrmann, Stephan, Meisenzahl, Eva, Koutsouleris, Nikolaos, Fink, Gereon R., Daun, Silvia, Kambeitz, Joseph, Betz, Linda, Erkens, Anne, Gussmann, Eva, Haas, Shalaila, Hasan, Alkomiet, Hoff, Claudius, Khanyaree, Ifrah, Melo, Aylin, Muckenhuber-Sternbauer, Susanna, Köhler, Janis, Öztürk, Ömer, Penzel, Nora, Popovic, David, Rangnick, Adrian, von Saldern, Sebastian, Sanfelici, Rachele, Spangemacher, Moritz, Tupac, Ana, Urquijo, Maria Fernanda, Weiske, Johanna, Wosgien, Antonia, Blume, Karsten, Gebhardt, Dominika, Kaiser, Nathalie, Milz, Ruth, Nikolaides, Alexandra, Seves, Mauro, Vent, Silke, Wassen, Martina, Andreou, Christina, Egloff, Laura, Harrisberger, Fabienne, Lenz, Claudia, Leanza, Letizia, Mackintosh, Amatya, Smieskova, Renata, Studerus, Erich, Walter, Anna, Widmayer, Sonja, Day, Chris, Iqbal, Mariam, Pelton, Mirabel, Mallikarjun, Pavan, Stainton, Alexandra, Lin, Ashleigh, Denissoff, Alexander, Ellilä, Anu, From, Tiina, Heinimaa, Markus, Ilonen, Tuula, Jalo, Päivi, Laurikainen, Heikki, Luutonen, Antti, Mäkela, Akseli, Paju, Janina, Pesonen, Henri, Säilä, Reetta-Liina, Toivonen, Anna, Turtonen, Otto, Solana, Ana Beatriz, Abraham, Manuela, Hehn, Nicolas, Schirmer, Timo, Altamura, Carlo, Belleri, Marika, Bottinelli, Francesca, Ferro, Adele, Re, Marta, Monzani, Emiliano, Sberna, Maurizio, D’Agostino, Armando, Del Fabro, Lorenzo, Perna, Giampaolo, Nobile, Maria, Alciati, Alessandra, Balestrieri, Matteo, Bonivento, Carolina, Cabras, Giuseppe, Fabbro, Franco, Garzitto, Marco, and Piccin, Sara

Abstract

Patients with psychosis and patients with depression exhibit widespread neurobiological abnormalities. The analysis of dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) allows for the detection of changes in complex brain activity patterns, providing insights into common and unique processes underlying these disorders.

Published
2024
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13. Exploring Links Between Psychosis and Frontotemporal Dementia Using Multimodal Machine Learning: Dementia Praecox Revisited

Author

Koutsouleris, Nikolaos, Pantelis, Christos, Kambeitz, Joseph, Toivonen, Anna, Turtonen, Otto, Botterweck, Sonja, Kluthausen, Norman, Antoch, Gerald, Caspers, Julian, Wittsack, Hans-Jörg, Blasi, Giuseppe, Pergola, Giulio, Caforio, Grazia, Salokangas, Raimo K R, Fazio, Leonardo, Quarto, Tiziana, Gelao, Barbara, Romano, Raffaella, Andriola, Ileana, Falsetti, Andrea, Barone, Marina, Passiatore, Roberta, Sangiuliano, Marina, Surmann, Marian, Hietala, Jarmo, Bienek, Olga, Dannlowski, Udo, Solana, Ana Beatriz, Abraham, Manuela, Schirmer, Timo, Ferro, Adele, Re, Marta, Sberna, Maurizio, D'Agostino, Armando, Del Fabro, Lorenzo, Bertolino, Alessandro, Perna, Giampaolo, Nobile, Maria, Balestrieri, Matteo, Bonivento, Carolina, Cabras, Giuseppe, Fabbro, Franco, Delvecchio, Giuseppe, Maggioni, Eleonora, Squarcina, Letizia, Gritti, Davide, Brambilla, Paolo, Rossetti, Maria Gloria, Ferrari, Raffaele, Hernandez, Dena Michelle Godwin, Nalls, Michael, Rohrer, Jonathan, Ramasamy, Adaikalavan, Kwok, John, Dobson-Stone, Carol, Brooks, William, Schofield, Peter, Upthegrove, Rachel, Halliday, Glenda, Hodges, John, Piguet, Olivier, Bartley, Lauren, Thompson, Elizabeth, Hernández, Isabel, Ruiz, Agustín, Boada, Mercè, Borroni, Barbara, Padovani, Alessandro, Wood, Stephen J, Cruchaga, Carlos, Cairns, Nigel, Benussi, Luisa, Binetti, Giuliano, Ghidoni, Roberta, Forloni, Gianluigi, Albani, Diego, Galimberti, Daniela, Fenoglio, Chiara, Serpente, Maria, Lencer, Rebekka, Scarpini, Elio, Clarimón, Jordi, Lleó, Alberto, Blesa, Rafael, Landqvist Waldö, Maria, Nilsson, Karin, Nilsson, Christer, Mackenzie, Ian R.A., Hsiung, Ging-Yuek, Mann, David, Borgwardt, Stefan, Grafman, Jordan, Morris, Christopher, Attems, Johannes, McKeith, Ian, Thomas, Alan, Pietrini, Pietro, Huey, Edward, Wassermann, Eric, Baborie, Atik, Jaros, Evelyn, Maj, Carlo, Tierney, Michael, Pastor, Pau, Razquin, Cristina, Ortega-Cubero, Sara, Alonso, Elena, Perneczky, Robert, Alexopoulos, Panagiotis, Kurz, Alexander, Rainero, Innocenzo, Rubino, Elisa, Velakoulis, Dennis, Nöthen, Markus M., Pinessi, Lorenzo, Rogaeva, Ekaterina, George-Hyslop, Peter, Rossi, Giacomina, Tagliavini, Fabrizio, Giaccone, Giorgio, Rowe, James, Schlachetzki, Johannes, Uphill, James, Collinge, John, Degenhardt, Franziska, Mead, Simon, Van Deerlin, Vivianna, Marschhauser, Anke, Regenbrecht, Frank, Thoene-Otto, Angelika, Gordulla, Jannis, Ballarini, Tommaso, Engel, Annerose, Pino, Daniele, Leuthold, Dominique, Polyakova, Maryna, Naumann, Heike, Grossman, Murray, Trojanowski, John Q, van der Zee, Julie, Van Broeckhofen, Christine, Cappa, Stefano F, Le Ber, Isabelle, Hannequin, Didier, Golfier, Véronique, Vercelletto, Martine, Mueller, Karsten, Brice, Alexis, Nacmias, Benedetta, Sorbi, Sandro, Bagnoli, Silvia, Piaceri, Irene, Nielsen, Jørgen E, Hjermind, Lena E, Riemenschneider, Matthias, Mayhaus, Manuel, Ibach, Bernd, Villringer, Arno, Gasparoni, Gilles, Pichler, Sabrina, Gu, Wei, Rossor, Martin N, Fox, Nick C, Warren, Jason D, Spillantini, Maria Grazia, Morris, Huw R, Rizzu, Patrizia, Heutink, Peter, Danek, Adrian, Snowden, Julie S, Rollinson, Sara, Richardson, Anna, Gerhard, Alexander, Bruni, Amalia C, Maletta, Raffaele, Frangipane, Francesca, Cupidi, Chiara, Bernardi, Livia, Anfossi, Maria, Fassbender, Klaus, Gallo, Maura, Conidi, Maria Elena, Smirne, Nicoletta, Rademakers, Rosa, Baker, Matt, Dickson, Dennis W, Graff-Radford, Neill R, Petersen, Ronald C, Knopman, David S, Josephs, Keith A, Fliessbach, Klaus, Boeve, Bradley F, Parisi, Joseph E, Seeley, William W, Miller, Bruce L, Karydas, Anna M, Rosen, Howard, van Swieten, John C, Dopper, Elise Gp, Seelaar, Harro, Pijnenburg, Yolande Al, Jahn, Holger, Scheltens, Philip, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Capozzo, Rosa, Novelli, Valeria, Puca, Annibale A, Franceschi, Massimo, Postiglione, Alfredo, Milan, Graziella, Sorrentino, Paolo, Kristiansen, Mark, Kornhuber, Johannes, Chiang, Huei-Hsin, Graff, Caroline, Pasquier, Florence, Rollin, Adeline, Deramecourt, Vincent, Lebouvier, Thibaud, Kapogiannis, Dimitrios, Ferrucci, Luigi, Pickering-Brown, Stuart, Singleton, Andrew B, McGuire, Philip, Landwehrmeyer, Bernhard, Hardy, John, Momeni, Parastoo, Barthel, Henryk, Elisa, Semler, Jolina, Lombardi, Christine, von Arnim, Felix, Oberahauser, Kai, Schumacher, Jan, Lehmbeck, Juan-Manuel, Maler, Anderl-Straub, Sarah, Tanja, Richter-Schmidinger, Anke, Hammer-Kaspereit, Timo, Oberstein, Felix, Müller-Sarnowski, Carola, Roßmeier, Albert, Ludolph, Jan, Kassubek, Anja, Schneider, Johannes, Levin, Prudlo, Johannes, Synofzik, Matthis, Wiltfang, Jens, Riedl, Lina, Diehl-Schmid, Janine, Otto, Markus, Meisenzahl, Eva, Falkai, Peter, Dwyer, Dominic B, Schroeter, Matthias L, Consortium, the PRONIA, Haas, Shalaila, Hasan, Alkomiet, Hoff, Claudius, Khanyaree, Ifrah, Melo, Aylin, Muckenhuber-Sternbauer, Susanna, Köhler, Yanis, Urquijo-Castro, Maria-Fernanda, Öztürk, Ömer, Penzel, Nora, Rangnick, Adrian, von Saldern, Sebastian, Spangemacher, Moritz, Tupac, Ana, Weiske, Johanna, Wosgien, Antonia, Krämer, Camilla, Blume, Karsten, Paul, Riya, Hedderich, Dennis, Julkowski, Dominika, Kaiser, Nathalie, Lichtenstein, Thorsten, Milz, Ruth, Nikolaides, Alexandra, Pilgram, Tanja, Seves, Mauro, Wassen, Martina, Andreou, Christina, Dong, Sen, Egloff, Laura, Harrisberger, Fabienne, Heitz, Ulrike, Lenz, Claudia, Leanza, Letizia, Mackintosh, Amatya, Smieskova, Renata, Studerus, Erich, Walter, Anna, Widmayer, Sonja, Popovic, David, Day, Chris, Lowri Griffiths, Sian, Iqbal, Mariam, Pelton, Mirabel, Mallikarjun, Pavan, Stainton, Alexandra, Lin, Ashleigh, Lalousis, Paris, Denissoff, Alexander, Ellilä, Anu, Oeztuerk, Oemer, From, Tiina, Heinimaa, Markus, Ilonen, Tuula, Jalo, Päivi, Laurikainen, Heikki, Luutonen, Antti, Mäkela, Akseli, Paju, Janina, Pesonen, Henri, Säilä, Reetta-Liina, International FTD-Genetics Consortium (IFGC), German Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD) Consortium, PRONIA Consortium, and International FTD-Genetics Consortium Consortium

Subjects
Adult, Male, Medizin, genetics [Alzheimer Disease], genetics [Psychotic Disorders], Neuropsychological Tests, diagnostic imaging [Frontotemporal Dementia], diagnostic imaging [Psychotic Disorders], Machine Learning, methods [Magnetic Resonance Imaging], Brain, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Alzheimer Disease, Frontotemporal Dementia, Psychotic Disorders, Schizophrenia, pathology [Brain], genetics [Schizophrenia], ddc:610, diagnostic imaging [Brain], genetics [Frontotemporal Dementia], Settore MED/25 - Psichiatria, Psychiatry and Mental health, diagnostic imaging [Schizophrenia], diagnostic imaging [Alzheimer Disease]
Abstract

Weitere Nicht-UDE Autoren sind nicht genannt. Importance: The behavioral and cognitive symptoms of severe psychotic disorders overlap with those seen in dementia. However, shared brain alterations remain disputed, and their relevance for patients in at-risk disease stages has not been explored so far. Objective: To use machine learning to compare the expression of structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) patterns of behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), Alzheimer disease (AD), and schizophrenia; estimate predictability in patients with bvFTD and schizophrenia based on sociodemographic, clinical, and biological data; and examine prognostic value, genetic underpinnings, and progression in patients with clinical high-risk (CHR) states for psychosis or recent-onset depression (ROD). Design, Setting, and Participants: This study included 1870 individuals from 5 cohorts, including (1) patients with bvFTD (n = 108), established AD (n = 44), mild cognitive impairment or early-stage AD (n = 96), schizophrenia (n = 157), or major depression (n = 102) to derive and compare diagnostic patterns and (2) patients with CHR (n = 160) or ROD (n = 161) to test patterns' prognostic relevance and progression. Healthy individuals (n = 1042) were used for age-related and cohort-related data calibration. Data were collected from January 1996 to July 2019 and analyzed between April 2020 and April 2022. Main Outcomes and Measures: Case assignments based on diagnostic patterns; sociodemographic, clinical, and biological data; 2-year functional outcomes and genetic separability of patients with CHR and ROD with high vs low pattern expression; and pattern progression from baseline to follow-up MRI scans in patients with nonrecovery vs preserved recovery. Results: Of 1870 included patients, 902 (48.2%) were female, and the mean (SD) age was 38.0 (19.3) years. The bvFTD pattern comprising prefrontal, insular, and limbic volume reductions was more expressed in patients with schizophrenia (65 of 157 [41.2%]) and major depression (22 of 102 [21.6%]) than the temporo-limbic AD patterns (28 of 157 [17.8%] and 3 of 102 [2.9%], respectively). bvFTD expression was predicted by high body mass index, psychomotor slowing, affective disinhibition, and paranoid ideation (R2= 0.11). The schizophrenia pattern was expressed in 92 of 108 patients (85.5%) with bvFTD and was linked to the C9orf72 variant, oligoclonal banding in the cerebrospinal fluid, cognitive impairment, and younger age (R2= 0.29). bvFTD and schizophrenia pattern expressions forecasted 2-year psychosocial impairments in patients with CHR and were predicted by polygenic risk scores for frontotemporal dementia, AD, and schizophrenia. Findings were not associated with AD or accelerated brain aging. Finally, 1-year bvFTD/schizophrenia pattern progression distinguished patients with nonrecovery from those with preserved recovery. Conclusions and Relevance: Neurobiological links may exist between bvFTD and psychosis focusing on prefrontal and salience system alterations. Further transdiagnostic investigations are needed to identify shared pathophysiological processes underlying the neuroanatomical interface between the 2 disease spectra.

Published
2022
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14. Association between age of cannabis initiation and gray matter covariance networks in recent onset psychosis

Author

Penzel, Nora, Antonucci, Linda A., Betz, Linda T., Sanfelici, Rachele, Weiske, Johanna, Pogarell, Oliver, Cumming, Paul, Quednow, Boris B., Howes, Oliver, Falkai, Peter, Upthegrove, Rachel, Bertolino, Alessandro, Borgwardt, Stefan, Brambilla, Paolo, Lencer, Rebekka, Meisenzahl, Eva, Rosen, Marlene, Haidl, Theresa, Kambeitz-Ilankovic, Lana, Ruhrmann, Stephan, Salokangas, Raimo R.K., Pantelis, Christos, Wood, Stephen J., Koutsouleris, Nikolaos, Kambeitz, Joseph, Sen Dong, Mark, Erkens, Anne, Gussmann, Eva, Haas, Shalaila, Hasan, Alkomiet, Hoff, Claudius, Khanyaree, Ifrah, Melo, Aylin, Muckenhuber-Sternbauer, Susanna, Kohler, Janis, Ozturk, Omer Faruk, Popovic, David, Rangnick, Adrian, von Saldern, Sebastian, Spangemacher, Moritz, Tupac, Ana, Urquijo, Maria Fernanda, Wosgien, Antonia, Blume, Karsten, Seves, Mauro, Kaiser, Nathalie, Pilgram, Tanja, Lichtenstein, Thorsten, Wenzel, Julian, Woopen, Christiane, Andreou, Christina, Egloff, Laura, Harrisberger, Fabienne, Lenz, Claudia, Leanza, Letizia, Mackintosh, Amatya, Smieskova, Renata, Studerus, Erich, Walter, Anna, Widmayer, Sonja, Chisholm, Katharine, Day, Chris, Griffiths, Sian Lowri, Iqbal, Mariam, Pelton, Mirabel, Mallikarjun, Pavan, Stainton, Alexandra, Lin, Ashleigh, Denissoff, Alexander, Ellila, Anu, From, Tiina, Heinimaa, Markus, Ilonen, Tuula, Jalo, Paivi, Laurikainen, Heikki, Lehtinen, Maarit, Luutonen, Antti, Makela, Akseli, Paju, Janina, Pesonen, Henri, Armio (Saila), Reetta Liina, Sormunen, Elina, Toivonen, Anna, Turtonen, Otto, Solana, Ana Beatriz, Abraham, Manuela, Hehn, Nicolas, Schirmer, Timo, Altamura, Carlo, Belleri, Marika, Bottinelli, Francesca, Ferro, Adele, Re, Marta, Monzani, Emiliano, Percudani, Mauro, Sberna, Maurizio, D’Agostino, Armando, Del Fabro, Lorenzo, Perna, Giampaolo, Nobile, Maria, Alciati, Alessandra, Balestrieri, Matteo, Bonivento, Carolina, Cabras, Giuseppe, Fabbro, Franco, Garzitto, Marco, Piccin, Sara, Blasi, Giuseppe, Pergola, Giulio, Caforio, Grazia, Faio, Leonardo, Quarto, Tiziana, Gelao, Barbara, Romano, Raffaella, Andriola, Ileana, Falsetti, Andrea, Barone, Marina, Passatiore, Roberta, Sangiuliano, Marina, Surman, Marian, Bienek, Olga, Romer, Georg, Dannlowski, Udo, Schultze-Lutter, Frauke, Schmidt-Kraepelin, Christian, Neufang, Susanne, Korda, Alexandra, Rohner, Henrik, other, and, Penzel, Nora, Antonucci, Linda A., Betz, Linda T., Sanfelici, Rachele, Weiske, Johanna, Pogarell, Oliver, Cumming, Paul, Quednow, Boris B., Howes, Oliver, Falkai, Peter, Upthegrove, Rachel, Bertolino, Alessandro, Borgwardt, Stefan, Brambilla, Paolo, Lencer, Rebekka, Meisenzahl, Eva, Rosen, Marlene, Haidl, Theresa, Kambeitz-Ilankovic, Lana, Ruhrmann, Stephan, Salokangas, Raimo R.K., Pantelis, Christos, Wood, Stephen J., Koutsouleris, Nikolaos, Kambeitz, Joseph, Sen Dong, Mark, Erkens, Anne, Gussmann, Eva, Haas, Shalaila, Hasan, Alkomiet, Hoff, Claudius, Khanyaree, Ifrah, Melo, Aylin, Muckenhuber-Sternbauer, Susanna, Kohler, Janis, Ozturk, Omer Faruk, Popovic, David, Rangnick, Adrian, von Saldern, Sebastian, Spangemacher, Moritz, Tupac, Ana, Urquijo, Maria Fernanda, Wosgien, Antonia, Blume, Karsten, Seves, Mauro, Kaiser, Nathalie, Pilgram, Tanja, Lichtenstein, Thorsten, Wenzel, Julian, Woopen, Christiane, Andreou, Christina, Egloff, Laura, Harrisberger, Fabienne, Lenz, Claudia, Leanza, Letizia, Mackintosh, Amatya, Smieskova, Renata, Studerus, Erich, Walter, Anna, Widmayer, Sonja, Chisholm, Katharine, Day, Chris, Griffiths, Sian Lowri, Iqbal, Mariam, Pelton, Mirabel, Mallikarjun, Pavan, Stainton, Alexandra, Lin, Ashleigh, Denissoff, Alexander, Ellila, Anu, From, Tiina, Heinimaa, Markus, Ilonen, Tuula, Jalo, Paivi, Laurikainen, Heikki, Lehtinen, Maarit, Luutonen, Antti, Makela, Akseli, Paju, Janina, Pesonen, Henri, Armio (Saila), Reetta Liina, Sormunen, Elina, Toivonen, Anna, Turtonen, Otto, Solana, Ana Beatriz, Abraham, Manuela, Hehn, Nicolas, Schirmer, Timo, Altamura, Carlo, Belleri, Marika, Bottinelli, Francesca, Ferro, Adele, Re, Marta, Monzani, Emiliano, Percudani, Mauro, Sberna, Maurizio, D’Agostino, Armando, Del Fabro, Lorenzo, Perna, Giampaolo, Nobile, Maria, Alciati, Alessandra, Balestrieri, Matteo, Bonivento, Carolina, Cabras, Giuseppe, Fabbro, Franco, Garzitto, Marco, Piccin, Sara, Blasi, Giuseppe, Pergola, Giulio, Caforio, Grazia, Faio, Leonardo, Quarto, Tiziana, Gelao, Barbara, Romano, Raffaella, Andriola, Ileana, Falsetti, Andrea, Barone, Marina, Passatiore, Roberta, Sangiuliano, Marina, Surman, Marian, Bienek, Olga, Romer, Georg, Dannlowski, Udo, Schultze-Lutter, Frauke, Schmidt-Kraepelin, Christian, Neufang, Susanne, Korda, Alexandra, Rohner, Henrik, and other, and

Abstract

Cannabis use during adolescence is associated with an increased risk of developing psychosis. According to a current hypothesis, this results from detrimental effects of early cannabis use on brain maturation during this vulnerable period. However, studies investigating the interaction between early cannabis use and brain structural alterations hitherto reported inconclusive findings. We investigated effects of age of cannabis initiation on psychosis using data from the multicentric Personalized Prognostic Tools for Early Psychosis Management (PRONIA) and the Cannabis Induced Psychosis (CIP) studies, yielding a total sample of 102 clinically-relevant cannabis users with recent onset psychosis. GM covariance underlies shared maturational processes. Therefore, we performed source-based morphometry analysis with spatial constraints on structural brain networks showing significant alterations in schizophrenia in a previous multisite study, thus testing associations of these networks with the age of cannabis initiation and with confounding factors. Earlier cannabis initiation was associated with more severe positive symptoms in our cohort. Greater gray matter volume (GMV) in the previously identified cerebellar schizophrenia-related network had a significant association with early cannabis use, independent of several possibly confounding factors. Moreover, GMV in the cerebellar network was associated with lower volume in another network previously associated with schizophrenia, comprising the insula, superior temporal, and inferior frontal gyrus. These findings are in line with previous investigations in healthy cannabis users, and suggest that early initiation of cannabis perturbs the developmental trajectory of certain structural brain networks in a manner imparting risk for psychosis later in life.

Published
2021

15. Traces of Trauma: A Multivariate Pattern Analysis of Childhood Trauma, Brain Structure, and Clinical Phenotypes

Author

Popovic, David, primary, Ruef, Anne, additional, Dwyer, Dominic B., additional, Antonucci, Linda A., additional, Eder, Julia, additional, Sanfelici, Rachele, additional, Kambeitz-Ilankovic, Lana, additional, Oztuerk, Omer Faruk, additional, Dong, Mark S., additional, Paul, Riya, additional, Paolini, Marco, additional, Hedderich, Dennis, additional, Haidl, Theresa, additional, Kambeitz, Joseph, additional, Ruhrmann, Stephan, additional, Chisholm, Katharine, additional, Schultze-Lutter, Frauke, additional, Falkai, Peter, additional, Pergola, Giulio, additional, Blasi, Giuseppe, additional, Bertolino, Alessandro, additional, Lencer, Rebekka, additional, Dannlowski, Udo, additional, Upthegrove, Rachel, additional, Salokangas, Raimo K.R., additional, Pantelis, Christos, additional, Meisenzahl, Eva, additional, Wood, Stephen J., additional, Brambilla, Paolo, additional, Borgwardt, Stefan, additional, Koutsouleris, Nikolaos, additional, Dong, Mark Sen, additional, Erkens, Anne, additional, Gussmann, Eva, additional, Haas, Shalaila, additional, Hasan, Alkomiet, additional, Hoff, Claudius, additional, Khanyaree, Ifrah, additional, Melo, Aylin, additional, Muckenhuber-Sternbauer, Susanna, additional, Köhler, Janis, additional, Öztürk, Ömer Faruk, additional, Penzel, Nora, additional, Rangnick, Adrian, additional, von Saldern, Sebastian, additional, Spangemacher, Moritz, additional, Tupac, Ana, additional, Urquijo, Maria Fernanda, additional, Weiske, Johanna, additional, Wenzel, Julian, additional, Wosgien, Antonia, additional, Betz, Linda, additional, Blume, Karsten, additional, Seves, Mauro, additional, Kaiser, Nathalie, additional, Lichtenstein, Thorsten, additional, Woopen, Christiane, additional, Andreou, Christina, additional, Egloff, Laura, additional, Harrisberger, Fabienne, additional, Lenz, Claudia, additional, Leanza, Letizia, additional, Mackintosh, Amatya, additional, Smieskova, Renata, additional, Studerus, Erich, additional, Walter, Anna, additional, Widmayer, Sonja, additional, Day, Chris, additional, Griffiths, Sian Lowri, additional, Iqbal, Mariam, additional, Pelton, Mirabel, additional, Mallikarjun, Pavan, additional, Stainton, Alexandra, additional, Lin, Ashleigh, additional, Denissoff, Alexander, additional, Ellilä, Anu, additional, From, Tiina, additional, Heinimaa, Markus, additional, Ilonen, Tuula, additional, Jalo, Päivi, additional, Laurikainen, Heikki, additional, Lehtinen, Maarit, additional, Luutonen, Antti, additional, Mäkela, Akseli, additional, Paju, Janina, additional, Pesonen, Henri, additional, Armio (Säilä, Reetta-Liina, additional, Sormunen, Elina, additional, Toivonen, Anna, additional, Turtonen, Otto, additional, Solana, Ana Beatriz, additional, Abraham, Manuela, additional, Hehn, Nicolas, additional, Schirmer, Timo, additional, Altamura, Carlo, additional, Belleri, Marika, additional, Bottinelli, Francesca, additional, Ferro, Adele, additional, Re, Marta, additional, Monzani, Emiliano, additional, Percudani, Mauro, additional, Sberna, Maurizio, additional, D’Agostino, Armando, additional, Del Fabro, Lorenzo, additional, Perna, Giampaolo, additional, Nobile, Maria, additional, Alciati, Alessandra, additional, Balestrieri, Matteo, additional, Bonivento, Carolina, additional, Cabras, Giuseppe, additional, Fabbro, Franco, additional, Garzitto, Marco, additional, and Piccin, Sara, additional

Published
2020
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16. Validation of the Bullying Scale for Adults - Results of the PRONIA-study

Author

Haidl, Theresa Katharina, primary, Schneider, Nicole, additional, Dickmann, Kim, additional, Ruhrmann, Stephan, additional, Kaiser, Nathalie, additional, Rosen, Marlene, additional, Seves, Mauro, additional, Lichtenstein, Thorsten, additional, Upthegrove, Rachel, additional, Salokangas, Raimo K.R., additional, Pantelis, Christos, additional, Meisenzahl, Eva, additional, Wood, Stephen J., additional, Brambilla, Paolo, additional, Borgwardt, Stefan, additional, Rebekka, Lencer, additional, Kambeitz, Joseph, additional, Koutsouleris, Nikolaos, additional, Schultze-Lutter, Frauke, additional, Betz, Linda, additional, Erkens, Anne, additional, Gussmann, Eva, additional, Haas, Shalaila, additional, Hasan, Alkomiet, additional, Hoff, Claudius, additional, Khanya-ree, Ifrah, additional, Melo, Aylin, additional, Muckenhuber-Sternbauer, Susanna, additional, Köhler, Janis, additional, Öztürk, Ömer, additional, Penzel, Nora, additional, Popovic, David, additional, Rangnick, Adrian, additional, von Saldern, Sebastian, additional, Sanfelici, Rachele, additional, Spangemacher, Moritz, additional, Tupac, Ana, additional, Urquijo, Maria Fernanda, additional, Weiske, Johanna, additional, Wosgien, Antonia, additional, Hedderich, Dennis, additional, Blume, Karsten, additional, Woopen, Christiane, additional, Andreou, Christina, additional, Egloff, Laura, additional, Harrisberger, Fabienne, additional, Lenz, Claudia, additional, Leanza, Letizia, additional, Mackin-tosh, Amatya, additional, Smieskova, Renata, additional, Studerus, Erich, additional, Walter, Anna, additional, Widmayer, Sonja, additional, Day, Chris, additional, Griffiths, Sian Lowri, additional, Iqbal, Mariam, additional, Pelton, Mirabel, additional, Mallikarjun, Pavan, additional, Stainton, Alexandra, additional, Lin, Ashleigh, additional, Denissoff, Alexander, additional, Ellilä, Anu, additional, From, Tiina, additional, Heinimaa, Markus, additional, Ilonen, Tuula, additional, Jalo, Päivi, additional, Lauri-kainen, Heikki, additional, Luutonen, Antti, additional, Mäkela, Akseli, additional, Paju, Janina, additional, Pesonen, Henri, additional, Armio, Reetta-Liina, additional, Toivonen, Anna, additional, Turtonen, Otto, additional, Solana, Ana Beatriz, additional, Abraham, Manuela, additional, Hehn, Nicolas, additional, Schirmer, Timo, additional, Altamura, Carlo, additional, Belleri, Marika, additional, Bottinelli, Francesca, additional, Ferro, Adele, additional, Re, Marta, additional, Monzani, Emiliano, additional, Percudani, Mauro, additional, Sberna, Maurizio, additional, D'Agostino, Armando, additional, Del Fabro, Lorenzo, additional, Perna, Giampaolo, additional, Nobile, Maria, additional, Alciati, Alessandra, additional, Balestrieri, Matteo, additional, Bonivento, Carolina, additional, Cabras, Giuseppe, additional, Fabbro, Franco, additional, Garzitto, Marco, additional, and Piccin, Sara, additional

Published
2020
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17. Prediction of Social Psychiatric and Treatment Related Outcomes in the Spectrum of Psychotic Disorders

Author

Brändli-Leanza, Letizia, Andreou, Christina, and Lieb, Roselind

Abstract

Psychotic disorders are severe and potentially disabling mental disorders which rank among the world's top 10 causes of chronic disability and produce high healthcare costs. First-line treatment with antipsychotic medication is associated with only medium effect sizes for positive symptoms and several limitations. Research has thus increasingly embraced new and complementary treatment approaches, namely the early detection and intervention research and the development of psychological interventions. This thesis aimed to address unresolved research questions in these areas. Article 1 and 2 focused on the early detection and intervention of psychotic disorders and investigated predictors of study drop-out, service disengagement, and long-term clinical and functional outcome in patients at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR-P). Article 3 analyzed moderators of individualized Metacognitive Training (MCT+), a theory-driven intervention designed to improve delusional symptom severity. In Article 1, 36% of CHR-P patients dropped out and/or disengaged within 5 years. A late study inclusion period, associated with more frequent follow-ups and higher participation burden, was predictive for higher risk of drop-out and disengagement. In Article 2, remission from CHR-P status after 10 years was estimated as 51%. Better baseline psychosocial functioning was associated with a higher rate of remission. However, only a minority of patients fully recovered clinically and functionally. In Article 3, the occurrence of the jumping-to-conclusions bias and low self-esteem were associated with larger improvements over time in MCT+ compared to an active control intervention. Article 1 and 2 underline the importance of individually tailored treatment planning and call for the right balance between too high-frequency assessments on one hand, and a lack of treatment care for patients experiencing long-term clinical symptoms and functional impairments on the other. The findings of Article 3 provide useful criteria for selecting patients who might particularly benefit from MCT+.

Published
2020
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18. Validation of the Bullying Scale for Adults - Results of the PRONIA-study

Author

Haidl, Theresa Katharina, Schneider, Nicole, Dickmann, Kim, Ruhrmann, Stephan, Kaiser, Nathalie, Rosen, Marlene, Seves, Mauro, Lichtenstein, Thorsten, Upthegrove, Rachel, Salokangas, Raimo K. R., Pantelis, Christos, Meisenzahl, Eva, Wood, Stephen J., Brambilla, Paolo, Borgwardt, Stefan, Rebekka, Lencer, Kambeitz, Joseph, Koutsouleris, Nikolaos, Schultze-Lutter, Frauke, Betz, Linda, Erkens, Anne, Gussmann, Eva, Haas, Shalaila, Hasan, Alkomiet, Hoff, Claudius, Khanya-ree, Ifrah, Melo, Aylin, Muckenhuber-Sternbauer, Susanna, Koehler, Janis, Oeztuerk, Oemer, Penzel, Nora, Popovic, David, Rangnick, Adrian, von Saldern, Sebastian, Sanfelici, Rachele, Spangemacher, Moritz, Tupac, Ana, Urquijo, Maria Fernanda, Weiske, Johanna, Wosgien, Antonia, Hedderich, Dennis, Blume, Karsten, Woopen, Christiane, Andreou, Christina, Egloff, Laura, Harrisberger, Fabienne, Lenz, Claudia, Leanza, Letizia, Mackin-tosh, Amatya, Smieskova, Renata, Studerus, Erich, Walter, Anna, Widmayer, Sonja, Day, Chris, Griffiths, Sian Lowri, Iqbal, Mariam, Pelton, Mirabel, Mallikarjun, Pavan, Stainton, Alexandra, Lin, Ashleigh, Denissoff, Alexander, Ellilae, Anu, From, Tiina, Heinimaa, Markus, Ilonen, Tuula, Jalo, Paivi, Lauri-kainen, Heikki, Luutonen, Antti, Makela, Akseli, Paju, Janina, Pesonen, Henri, Armio, Reetta-Liina, Toivonen, Anna, Turtonen, Otto, Solana, Ana Beatriz, Abraham, Manuela, Hehn, Nicolas, Schirmer, Timo, Altamura, Carlo, Belleri, Marika, Bottinelli, Francesca, Ferro, Adele, Re, Marta, Monzani, Emiliano, Percudani, Mauro, Sberna, Maurizio, D'Agostino, Armando, Del Fabro, Lorenzo, Perna, Giampaolo, Nobile, Maria, Alciati, Alessandra, Balestrieri, Matteo, Bonivento, Carolina, Cabras, Giuseppe, Fabbro, Franco, Garzitto, Marco, Piccin, Sara, Haidl, Theresa Katharina, Schneider, Nicole, Dickmann, Kim, Ruhrmann, Stephan, Kaiser, Nathalie, Rosen, Marlene, Seves, Mauro, Lichtenstein, Thorsten, Upthegrove, Rachel, Salokangas, Raimo K. R., Pantelis, Christos, Meisenzahl, Eva, Wood, Stephen J., Brambilla, Paolo, Borgwardt, Stefan, Rebekka, Lencer, Kambeitz, Joseph, Koutsouleris, Nikolaos, Schultze-Lutter, Frauke, Betz, Linda, Erkens, Anne, Gussmann, Eva, Haas, Shalaila, Hasan, Alkomiet, Hoff, Claudius, Khanya-ree, Ifrah, Melo, Aylin, Muckenhuber-Sternbauer, Susanna, Koehler, Janis, Oeztuerk, Oemer, Penzel, Nora, Popovic, David, Rangnick, Adrian, von Saldern, Sebastian, Sanfelici, Rachele, Spangemacher, Moritz, Tupac, Ana, Urquijo, Maria Fernanda, Weiske, Johanna, Wosgien, Antonia, Hedderich, Dennis, Blume, Karsten, Woopen, Christiane, Andreou, Christina, Egloff, Laura, Harrisberger, Fabienne, Lenz, Claudia, Leanza, Letizia, Mackin-tosh, Amatya, Smieskova, Renata, Studerus, Erich, Walter, Anna, Widmayer, Sonja, Day, Chris, Griffiths, Sian Lowri, Iqbal, Mariam, Pelton, Mirabel, Mallikarjun, Pavan, Stainton, Alexandra, Lin, Ashleigh, Denissoff, Alexander, Ellilae, Anu, From, Tiina, Heinimaa, Markus, Ilonen, Tuula, Jalo, Paivi, Lauri-kainen, Heikki, Luutonen, Antti, Makela, Akseli, Paju, Janina, Pesonen, Henri, Armio, Reetta-Liina, Toivonen, Anna, Turtonen, Otto, Solana, Ana Beatriz, Abraham, Manuela, Hehn, Nicolas, Schirmer, Timo, Altamura, Carlo, Belleri, Marika, Bottinelli, Francesca, Ferro, Adele, Re, Marta, Monzani, Emiliano, Percudani, Mauro, Sberna, Maurizio, D'Agostino, Armando, Del Fabro, Lorenzo, Perna, Giampaolo, Nobile, Maria, Alciati, Alessandra, Balestrieri, Matteo, Bonivento, Carolina, Cabras, Giuseppe, Fabbro, Franco, Garzitto, Marco, and Piccin, Sara

Abstract

Background: Bullying as a specific subtype of adverse life events is a major risk factor for poor mental health. Although many questionnaires on bullying are available, so far none covers bullying retrospectively throughout school and working life. To close this gap, the Bullying Scale for Adults (BSA) was designed. Methods: Based on data of 622 participants from five European countries collected in the prospective multicenter Personalized Prognostic Tools for Early Psychosis Management (PRONIA) study, we investigated whether the BSA is a reliable and valid measurement for bullying and whether there is a difference across different diagnostic groups of early mental disorders (recent onset depressive/psychotic patients, patients at clinical high-risk of psychosis) and healthy controls. Results: Bullying experiences were significantly less frequent in healthy controls than in patient groups, with no significant differences between the three clinical groups. The BSA exhibited a high item scale discrimination (r > .3) and very good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = .93). Four factors were identified: 1. Sexual harassment, 2. Emotional Abuse, 3. Physical Abuse, 4. Problems at school. The highly significant correlation between bullying, and childhood adversities and trauma (r = .645, p < .001) indicated good concurrent validity. Discussion: The BSA is the first validated questionnaire that, in retrospective, reliably records various aspects of bullying (incl. its consequences) not only throughout childhood but also working life. It can be used to assess bullying as a transdiagnostic risk factor of mental disorders in different mental disorders, esp. psychosis and depression.

Published
2020

23. Exploring the predictive power of the unspecific risk category of the Basel Screening Instrument for Psychosis.

Author

Peralta, David, Studerus, Erich, Andreou, Christina, Beck, Katharina, Ittig, Sarah, Leanza, Letizia, Egloff, Laura, and Riecher‐Rössler, Anita

Subjects
PSYCHOSES, THERAPEUTICS, RISK
Abstract

Aim: Ultrahigh risk (UHR) criteria, consisting of brief limited intermittent psychotic symptoms (BLIPS), attenuated psychotic symptoms (APS) and genetic risk and deterioration (GRD) syndrome are the most widely used criteria for assessing the clinical high‐risk state for psychosis (CHR‐P). The Basel Screening Instrument for Psychosis (BSIP) includes a further risk category, the unspecific risk category (URC). However, little is known about the predictive power of this risk category compared to other risk categories. Methods: Two hundred CHR‐P patients were detected as part of the Früherkennung von Psychosen (FePsy) study using the BSIP. Transition to psychosis was assessed in regular intervals for up to 7 years. Results: Patients meeting only the URC criterion (n = 40) had a significantly lower risk of transition to psychosis than the UHR group (including BLIPS, APS and GRD) (HR 0.19 [0.05; 0.80] (P = 0.024). Furthermore, the URC only risk group had a lower transition risk than the APS without BLIPS group (P = 0.015) and a trendwise lower risk than the BLIPS group (P = 0.066). However, despite the lower transition risk in the URC only group, there were still two patients (5%) in this group with a later transition to psychosis. Conclusions: The URC includes patients who have a lower risk of transition than those included by the UHR categories and thereby increases the sensitivity of the BSIP. This offers the possibility of a stratified intervention, with these subjects receiving low intensity follow‐up and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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