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Aegiphila brachiata is a forest native Brazilian species, known as peloteiro, with high capacity for biomass production and resistance to disturbances, having potential use in degraded ecosystems. Seeing the scarcity of studies on the species, we aimed to determine the morphobiometric characteristics of fruits, seeds and seedlings; and evaluate its germination potential. We determined physical characteristics of fruits and seeds, morphological description of seeds, germination stages and seedling development. Germination was in a completely randomized design (factorial scheme), with three temperatures (20, 25, and 30°C) and two methods of overcoming dormancy (partial and total endocarp removal). Fruits are indehiscent, fleshy, with persistent calyx. The pyrene is constituted by endocarp and seeds. Germination is hypogeal, and seedling cryptocotyledonary. Results show that removing the endocarp with the unprecedented methodology used is a suitable method to overcome mechanical dormancy (with 25 and 30°C), showing potential of the method for applicability in several species.

Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) is a South American tree cultivated in systems with or without shading at different intensities; however, there is no consensus about shading effect on leaf biomass production. Therefore, we evaluated yerba mate clones under different shading levels over one year to determine the influence of shading and genotype on biomass production. Two yerba mate genotypes (EC22 and EC40), cultivated in a semi-hydroponic system, were subjected to five shading levels (0%, 40%, 51%, 76%, and 82%) in a greenhouse. We determined total fresh biomass (branches and leaves) and fresh biomass of young and mature leaves on six harvests. Biomass production was influenced by harvest season, genotype, and shading levels. Spring and summer harvests provided higher biomass production than the other seasons. EC40 genotype produced higher total fresh and young leaf biomass than EC22. Although we observed differences among genotypes and harvest seasons, shading was the factor that most influenced biomass production. Total fresh biomass productivity was reduced 6.8 times between 0% and 82% shading for the EC40 genotype. Thus, we do not recommend high levels of shade, such as 76% and 82%, in this new yerba mate cultivation system.

To improve the production process of Aegiphila brachiata cuttings, the objective of this study was to evaluate the rhizogenic potential of cuttings from rejuvenated and adult mother plants collected in different seasons; we also characterized anatomically the cutting base, analyzed phenolic compounds and proteins contents, and identified polar metabolites. Two rooting experiments were carried out with cuttings from rejuvenated and adult mother plants, both collected in the four seasons of the year, submitted to treatments with indole butyric acid (0, 2000, 4000, 6000, and 8000 mg L− 1 IBA), and kept in a greenhouse for 45 days. The experimental design was completely randomized in a double factorial scheme for cutting experiments (5 [IBA] x 4 seasons), and for biochemical analyses (2 mother plants x 4 seasons, material collected in the moment of rooting experiment installation and after 45 days); for metabolomic characterization, the 2 mother plants were evaluated only at summer experiment installation. Propagules from rejuvenated mother plants collected in the spring are more viable and indicated to produce A. brachiata cuttings (25.25% rooting), not requiring the use of IBA. Despite the higher rooting rate of cuttings from rejuvenated mother plants, there are no anatomical differences from adult mother plants cuttings. The highest contents ​​of phenolic compounds were observed in propagules from rejuvenated mother plants in spring, indicating a positive effect of these compounds on the rhizogenic process. Maleic acid, 2-hydroxy-glutaric acid, mannose-6-phosphate, ribonic acid, glycine, and phosphoric acid were found in higher concentrations in cuttings from rejuvenated mother plants, with possible beneficial physiological effects on cuttings rooting.

Ilex paraguariensis, commonly known as yerba mate, is a tree species native to South America. Its commercial value is due to the manufacturing of teas, with potential also in the pharmacological and cosmetic industries. Vegetative propagation of yerba mate is considered an innovation to the traditional production systems based on sexual propagation. The present study aimed to evaluate the rhizogenic potential and chemical attributes of mini-cuttings from 15 yerba mate genotypes, as well as to verify the correlation between phytochemical and rooting-related variables. Mini-cuttings were collected from a pre-existing mini-clonal hedge and the experimental design was completely randomized, with 15 treatments (genotypes), four replications and 10 mini-cuttings per plot. After 120 days, mini-cuttings were assessed regarding rooting, mortality, callogenesis and leaf retention percentages, percentage of mini-cuttings with both calluses and roots, number of roots and average root length. At the time of collection, subsamples from each plot were used for phytochemical analyses including total phenolic compounds, protein, caffeine and theobromine contents and antioxidant activity. Rooting percentages ranged from 5 to 72.5%, with significant variation among genotypes. Adventitious rooting and phytochemical profile of yerba mate mini-cuttings are genotype-dependent. Leaf retention is a relevant factor in the rooting of yerba mate mini-cuttings and the levels of total phenolic compounds, antioxidants and theobromine present in mini-cuttings are negatively correlated components to Ilex paraguariensis adventitious rooting.

Araucaria angustifolia, vulgarmente conhecida como araucária ou pinheiro do Paraná, é uma espécie de planta ameaçada de extinção, nativa do sul do Brasil. O cultivo desta espécie é uma abordagem importante para reduzir o desmatamento assegurando a geração de renda. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes formulações de substrato no crescimento, qualidade e teores de clorofila de mudas de araucária em um sistema conjugado substrato/recipiente, como uma abordagem para promover a propagação e o cultivo da espécie. As sementes foram semeadas em quatro composições diferentes de substrato: F73 (casca de pínus, fibra de casca de coco, fertilizante de liberação lenta [FLL] e fertilizantes fosfatados), F55 (casca de pínus, fibra de casca de coco [em maior proporção que em F73], FLL e fertilizantes fosfatados), T55 (casca de pínus, turfa nacional, FLL e fertilizantes fosfatados) e CC55 (casca de pínus, turfa de esfagno, palha de arroz, FLL e fertilizantes fosfatados). As mudas foram mantidas em uma área de viveiro em um sistema conjugado substrato/recipiente, com irrigação manual. Após 180 dias da semeadura, as mudas foram avaliadas quanto à altura, diâmetro de coleto, áreas foliares e radiculares, massa seca de brotações e raízes e teores de clorofilas a, b e clorofilas totais. O quociente de robustez e o índice de qualidade de Dickson (IQD) também foram calculados com base nas variáveis ​​biométricas. Os substratos F73 e CC55 promoveram maior crescimento de altura e diâmetro de coleto em comparação com outros substratos. Outras variáveis ​​relacionadas ao crescimento e qualidade das mudas e aos níveis de clorofila não diferiram em função dos substratos. A massa seca de raiz e massa seca total foram correlacionadas positivamente com o IQD. O diâmetro do coleto apresentou alta correlação positiva com a altura, a massa seca da parte aérea e a massa seca total das mudas de A.angustifolia.

Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. (Rosaceae), commonly known as the loquat tree, is widely cultivated due to production of edible fruits, which can be consumed fresh or processed into different food products. Enhancement of loquat seedlings quality is an important issue for more efficient propagation protocols, including rootstock production. The objective with the present study was to assess the effects of increasing doses of controlled-release fertilizer on loquat seedlings growth, quality and chlorophyll content. Seeds were sowed in containers filled with commercial substrate previously treated with different doses of controlled-release fertilizer (N, P, K, Mg, S and micronutrients): 0.0 (control), 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 kg per cubic meter of substrate (kg m-³). Seedlings were evaluated 182 days after sowing and the data were submitted to polynomial regression analyses. Increasing doses of the fertilizer promoted increasing linear behavior on seedlings height, root collar diameter, leaf area, roots and shoots dry mass and Dickson quality index. Chlorophylls a, b and total chlorophylls increased up to the dose of 7.5 kg m-³, followed by a decrease at the dose of 10 kg m-³. The dose of 10 kg m-³ promoted the highest values of Dickson quality index and growing variables on loquat seedlings.

Objetivou-se avaliar a influencia de doses de nitrogenio em solucao nutritiva na rizogenese de miniestacas de dois clones (EC22 e EC40) de Ilex paraguariensiscoletadas em diferentes epocas do ano. As minicepas foram conduzidas em sistema semi-hidroponico,recebendo via gotejamento solucao com macro e micronutrientes com cinco doses de nitrogenio: 104, 206, 380, 760 e 1142 mg L-1. As brotacoes foram coletadas em quatro epocas do ano, sendo preparadas miniestacas com 8 ± 1 cm, mantendo de duas a tres folhas inteiras na porcao superior. Apos tratamento com AIB (3000 mg L-1), as miniestacas foram plantadas em tubetes contendo substrato comercial e permaneceram em casa de vegetacao com temperatura e umidade controladas. Apos 120 dias do plantio foram avaliados enraizamento, numero medio de raizes/miniestaca, comprimento medio de raizes, miniestacas vivas e mortas, presenca de calos, miniestacas com raiz e calo, emissao de novas brotacoes e manutencao de folhas. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (2 clones x 5 doses de N), em parcelas subdivididas no tempo (epocas de coleta),sendo as variaveissubmetidas a ANOVA e Tukey. Houve influencia dos fatores para todas as variaveis analisadas, sendo que os clones responderam de maneiras distintas as doses de nitrogenio em cada coleta, indicando a importância das condicoes ambientais e nutricionais nas quais as minicepas sao mantidas. Recomenda-se a aplicacao de 104 a 380 mg L-1de nitrogenio na solucao nutritiva.

Passiflora actinia Hook (common name: ‘maracujá do mato’) is an important medicinal species due to significant sedative and anxiolytic activities. In order to commercially exploit the plant, however, studies on propagation to improve rooting in stem cuttings are needed. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of the brown seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol.) extract when applied on P. actinia stem cuttings bases. Five concentrations of the extract in distilled water were evaluated: 0% (pure distilled water), 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. The experimental design was completely randomized with 4 repetitions and 12 cuttings per experimental unit. Cuttings were evaluated 45 days from planting. Data were analyzed through polynomial regression analysis and Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated for all the variables. On average, 51.27% rooting was achieved. Rooting percentage increased linearly according to the brown seaweed extract concentrations. When compared to the control treatment, about 10% increase in rooting was observed at the treatment with 40% seaweed extract. Leaf retention response to A. nodosum increasing concentrations was also adjusted in a positive linear model. A 15.6% increase in leaf retention was observed at the 40% seaweed concentration when compared to the control. Positive correlations were observed for leaf retention and rooting percentage and leaf retention and roots length. The immersion of P. actinia stem cuttings bases in A. nodosum extract at a concentration of 40% promote positive effects on rooting and facilitate the species propagation.

Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Kuntze (Araucariaceae), commonly known as araucaria and Brazilian pine tree, can be grown for their edible pine nuts (pinhões), medicinal properties, and ornamental purposes. The aim was to assess the shoot and root growth and the overall quality of A. angustifolia seedlings grown in containers with different sizes, shapes and composition. Seeds were sowed in five containers: I – 126cm3 polypropylene cone-tainers (small cone-tainers); II – 290cm3 cone-tainers (large cone-tainers); III – 879cm3 polyethylene black bags; IV- 275 cm3 nonwoven fabric (TNT) containers (small TNT container) and; 493 cm3 nonwoven fabric (TNT) containers (large TNT container). Seedlings were evaluated 210 days after sowing, regarding the following variables: aboveground height (cm), root collar diameter (mm), shoot dry mass (g), roots dry mass (g), total dry mass (g), leaf area (cm2), roots area (cm2), roots volume (cm3), sturdiness quotient, root-shoot ratio and Dickson quality index. Height was superior for seedlings grown in the plastic bags (27.6 cm) and the large TNT containers (27.02 cm) when compared to the small and large cone-tainers (21.75 and 21.78 cm, respectively). Plastic bags also presented greater values of root-collar diameter, shoots, roots and total biomass and Dickson Quality index. Small and large TNT containers promoted lower root area and volume when compared to large polyethylene cone-tainers, but allowed for the same or better aboveground growth. Taking all results analyzed together, the polyethylene black bag promoted better growth and quality of Brazilian pine tree seedlings in comparison to the other containers.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the changes in intestinal tract microbiota, hematological parameters and zootechnical indexes of yellowtail lambaris (Astyanax bimaculatus) fed with different probiotic supply frequencies (Lactobacillus spp.). Lambaris (1,200) were distributed in twelve boxes, divided in three treatments, 100% supply; 25% and 0% (control) of feeds supplemented with probiotic. After 87 days, fish fed with supplemented diet, regardless of frequency (100% and 25%), showed an increase in the total lactic acid bacteria count of 7.99±0.15 log CFU mL-1 and 7.04±1, 29 log UFC mL-¹ respectively, in the intestinal tract and decrease of Pseudomonas spp. in both 100% and 25% (4.09±0.84log UFC mL-1 and 4.00±1.12log UFC mL-1, respectively) in relation to the control treatment (6.74±1.04log UFC mL-1). Fish fed with 100% of diets supplemented with probiotics had a higher leukocyte count (47.7±6.7x103μL-1), lymphocytes (36.0±2.6x103μL1), monocytes (12.0±4.2x103μl-1), as well as higher mean final weight (10.60±0.89g) and weekly growth rate (0.80±0.08g.week-1) than the other treatments (25% of probiotic offered and control). Probiotic (Lactobacillus spp.) offered in 25% of feeds (or more) alters the yellowtail lambari microbiota (A. bimaculatus); however, must be offer in 100% of feeds to improve the hematology profile and productive performance. RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as alterações na microbiota do trato intestinal, parâmetros hematológicos e índices zootécnicos de lambaris-do-rabo-amarelo (Astyanax bimaculatus) alimentados com diferentes frequências de oferta do probiótico (Lactobacillus spp.). Os lambaris (1.200) foram distribuídos em doze caixas, divididos em três tratamentos, oferta de 100%, 25% e 0% (controle) de alimentações suplementadas com probiótico. Após 87 dias, os peixes alimentados com dieta suplementada, independente da frequência (100% e 25%), apresentaram aumento na contagem total de bactérias ácido láticas 7,99±0,15log UFC mL-¹ e -7,04±1,29log UFC mL-¹, respectivamente, no trato intestinal e redução de Pseudomonas spp. tanto em 100% quanto em 25% (4,09 ± 0,84 log UFC mL-¹ e 4,00±1,12 log UFC mL-¹, respectivamente) em relação ao tratamento controle (6,74±1,04log UFC mL-¹). Os peixes alimentados com 100% das dietas suplementadas com probiótico apresentaram maior contagem de leucócitos (47,7±6,7x103µL-1), linfócitos (36,0±2,6x103µL-1), monócitos (12,0±4,2x103µL-1), assim como maior peso médio final (10,60±0,89g) e taxa de crescimento semanal (0,80±0,08g.semana-1) que os demais tratamentos (25% de oferta de probiótico e controle). O probiótico (Lactobacillus spp.) oferecido em 25% de alimentos (ou mais) altera a microbiota de lambari de rabo amarelo (A. bimaculatus), no entanto, deve ser oferecido em 100% de alimentos para melhorar o perfil hematologia e desempenho produtivo.

Buxus sempervirens L., popularly known as boxwood, is a woody shrub widely used in gardening and landscaping. One of the most important factors for B. sempervirens commercial production is its propagation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of indolebutyric acid (IBA) concentrations on the adventitious rooting of semihardwood stem cuttings of the species. Branches with new shoots were collected from stock plants with approximately 17 years of growth. Stem cuttings of six centimeters in length with two leaves in the upper region were made with a straight cut at the apex and a bevel cut at the base. Cuttings bases were immersed for 10 seconds in hydroalcoholic solutions (50% v v-1) with IBA at 0, 1500, 3,000 or 6,000 mg L-1. The cuttings were evaluated at 64 and 116 days after planting. Rooting, mortality, callus formation and sprouting percentages as well as root number and root length were measured. At 64 days, no significant percentage of rooting was observed in B. sempervirens stem cuttings and sprouting and callus formation were not significantly affected by the treatments. Keeping the cuttings in the greenhouse for 116 days led to rooting rates up to a 97.5%, with no statistical difference among treatments. Root lengths and root numbers did not differ as a function of treatments. The required period for B. sempervirens stem cuttings rooting is around 116 days; IBA application does not affect rooting, survival or sprouting of B. sempervirens stem cuttings. RESUMO Buxus sempervirens L., popularmente conhecido como buxinho, é um arbusto lenhoso amplamente utilizado na jardinagem e paisagismo. Um dos fatores mais importantes para a produção comercial de B. sempervirens é a sua propagação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito das concentrações de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) no enraizamento adventício de estacas semilenhosas da espécie. Ramos com brotações do ano foram coletados de plantas com aproximadamente 17 anos de idade. As estacas foram confeccionadas com 6 cm de comprimento, contendo 2 folhas na região apical, com corte reto no ápice e corte em bisel na base. A base das estacas foi imersa por 10 segundos em soluções hidroalcoólicas (50% v v-1) com AIB nas concentrações de 0, 1.500, 3.000 e 6.000 mg L-1. As estacas foram avaliadas aos: 64 e 116 dias após o plantio. Foram avaliadas as porcentagens de enraizamento, mortalidade, formação de calos e brotação, número de raízes e comprimento médio das raízes. Na primeira avaliação, aos 64 dias, não se observou porcentagem significativa de enraizamento nas estacas de B. sempervirens, e a formação de calos e brotações não foi significativamente afetada pelos tratamentos. A manutenção das estacas na casa de vegetação por 116 dias proporcionou uma taxa de enraizamento de até 97,5%, não havendo diferença estatística entre os tratamentos. O comprimento das raízes e o número de raízes não diferiram em função dos tratamentos. O período requerido para o enraizamento de estacas de B. sempervirens é de aproximadamente 116 dias. A aplicação de AIB não afeta o enraizamento, sobrevivência e brotação em estacas de B. sempervirens.

Pacientes com Disfunção Temporomandibulares (DTM), relatam da queixa de dor nos maxilares, otalgias, cefaleias, e apresentam movimentos mandibulares limitados ou assimétricos (Manfredi 2001). O entendimento da gênese da dor, das condições moduladoras, dos mecanismos inibidores exitatórios, dos efeitos secundários dos sintomas associados e das reações físicas e emocionais que ocorrem nos humanos são fatores importantes no diagnostico da dor (Okeson 1998). Atualmente alguns autores preconizam métodos que podem confirmar o diagnóstico da dor, ou até mesmo questionários pré-estabelecidos para diagnosticar as DTM, a exemplo do “Questionário para Triagem para Dor Orofacial e DTM” da Academia Americana de Dor Orofacial. Esse estudo objetiva analisar qualitativamente os métodos empregados no diagnóstico das DTM citados na literatura correlacionando-os com a influência dos Fatores Psicossociais e, sua importância no estabelecimento de um diagnóstico efetivo para as DTM relacionadas a esses fatores.

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência de doses de nitrogênio em solução nutritiva na rizogênese de miniestacas de dois clones (EC22 e EC40) de Ilex paraguariensiscoletadas em diferentes épocas do ano. As minicepas foram conduzidas em sistema semi-hidropônico,recebendo via gotejamento solução com macro e micronutrientes com cinco doses de nitrogênio: 104, 206, 380, 760 e 1142 mg L-1. As brotações foram coletadas em quatro épocas do ano, sendo preparadas miniestacas com 8 ± 1 cm, mantendo de duas a três folhas inteiras na porção superior. Após tratamento com AIB (3000 mg L-1), as miniestacas foram plantadas em tubetes contendo substrato comercial e permaneceram em casa de vegetação com temperatura e umidade controladas. Após 120 dias do plantio foram avaliados enraizamento, número médio de raízes/miniestaca, comprimento médio de raízes, miniestacas vivas e mortas, presença de calos, miniestacas com raiz e calo, emissão de novas brotações e manutenção de folhas. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (2 clones x 5 doses de N), em parcelas subdivididas no tempo (épocas de coleta),sendo as variáveissubmetidas à ANOVA e Tukey. Houve influência dos fatores para todas as variáveis analisadas, sendo que os clones responderam de maneiras distintas às doses de nitrogênio em cada coleta, indicando a importância das condições ambientais e nutricionais nas quais as minicepas são mantidas. Recomenda-se a aplicação de 104 a 380 mg L-1de nitrogênio na solução nutritiva. Made available in DSpace on 2020-10-10T09:14:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo-9716-Article-Text-39648-1-10-20200628.pdf: 267174 bytes, checksum: b9c48dbdee70ec1580b4cef07f7c6201 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

The objective of this study was to evaluate the germination potential of Aegiphila brachiata (peloteiro) and its propagation through stem-cuttings, as well as how the age of parental plants and the application indolebutyric acid (IBA) and inoculant of Azospirillum brasilense influence adventitious rooting of the species. Thus, the physical characterization of a seed lot and a germination test were performed, both with or without seed scarification and at three gibberellin concentrations (0, 50 and 100 mg.L-1 GA3). For stem-cuttings, two experiments were carried out with cuttings, one with young individuals and the other with adult trees. In both experiments, stem-cuttings were submitted to treatments with IBA (0, 1500, 3000 and 6000 mg.L-1) and a solution of Azospirillum brasilense (50% and 100% of the commercial concentration) for rooting in a greenhouse for 30 days. No seeds germinated and a barrier of radicle emission was identified in the endocarp. The inoculation of stem-cuttings with A. brasilense revealed no influence in rhizogenesis. The stem-cutting technique from young trees is recommended for plantlet production of this species (53.75% rooting), requiring 6000 mg.L-1 IBA application under the conditions that were adopted. Stem-cuttings from adult trees are not recommended for the production of plantlets of peloteiro (Aegiphila brachiata Vell.) due to the low rooting rates (10%) and high mortality (68.33%). Made available in DSpace on 2020-08-26T04:13:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carpanezzi-2365-17-17266-4-10-20200824.pdf: 508678 bytes, checksum: 4cceb543921920d21af111c80e4c04f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020