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The ability to treat saltwater to make it suitable for human consumption has long been sought by mankind. More than three-quarters of the earth’s surface is covered with saltwater. Although this water is important for some forms of transportation and fishing, it contains too much salt to sustain human life or agricultural activities. The current work consists of building a low-cost solar still and numerically modeling this device to predict the performance of the solar still without using any experimental measurements. The simulated results were compared with the best experimental values obtained from the water-covering temperatures and desalinated water yield under Brazilian climatic conditions (coordinates: 23°26′31.344″ S and 46°27′27.468″ W). The simulation results were in acceptable agreement with the experimental data. The main results obtained indicate that the solar still has greater efficiency when the volume of water is smaller inside the equipment owing to the lower height of the water and when the global radiation has greater intensity. In addition, numerical modeling allows the analysis of the behavior of the volume fraction over time for water and vapor and indicates better performance in water production after 30 min.

Caryocar brasiliense Cambess (pequi) is the fruit of the pequizeiro tree found in the Brazilian Cerrado (savanna). Supercritical fluids have been used to effectively extract bioactive chemicals. In light of the paucity of research on the supercritical extraction of pequi, in this study, experimental tests were conducted on the extraction of pequi almond oil using supercritical CO2; the optimal extraction conditions were determined, and the fatty acids and active compounds in the oil were characterized. The experiments were conducted using the Box–Behnken experimental design of a three-variable system: pressure (15, 20, and 25 MPa), temperature (303.15, 318.15, and 333.15 K), and flow rate (2, 3, and 5 g.min−1). The optimal extraction conditions were 318.15 K, 25 MPa, and 5.0 g.min−1, which yielded 27.6 wt% of oil. The experimental kinetic curves were described using a second-order quadratic model (based on the Sovová model), which demonstrated a satisfactory correspondence with the kinetic curves. Significant amounts of squalene, stigmasterol, oleic fatty acids, and palmitic fatty acids were detected in pequi almond oil.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:42:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-08-12 This paper reports experimental results and thermodynamic modeling of the liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) of the system chicha biodiesel (Sterculia striata) + glycerol + ethanol. Binodal curves and tie lines were obtained at different temperatures (303.15, 318.15, and 333.15 K) and atmospheric pressure (101.3 kPa). The quality of the experimental data was evaluated using the criteria of Marcilla and co-workers. The nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) and analytical solutions of groups (ASOG) models were used to correlate the LLE data. Both models well fitted the experimental data with root-mean-square deviations (rmsd) not greater than 1.5%. Laboratory of Separation Systems and Process Optimization (LASSOP) Center of Technology Federal University of Alagoas, Alagoas Department of Chemical Engineering Federal University of Parana, Paraná Engineering School of Lorena Department of Chemical Engineering University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo Department of Energy Engineering Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo Department of Energy Engineering Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo

Due to the need to create new technologies for the production of biofuels, there are techniques to perform oil extraction from oilseeds, such as the supercritical extraction method using CO2, where the seed used to carry out the study (peanut) is subjected to CO2 at high pressures and temperatures, thus becoming a supercritical fluid and carrying out the process of extracting the oil from the seed to produce biodiesel more efficiently. There is another extraction technique in which organic solvents are used. Still, this method has some difficulties that end up causing damage to the environment as it is a process that consumes a significant amount of time and energy. Peanut is the world's fourth-most cultivated oilseed, with large plantations in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Its planting is carried out to produce grains, oil, and bran. CO2 has interesting physicochemical properties since it is an inert, non-polar, non-flammable, odorless, tasteless gas and has critical parameters and low value. It has a critical pressure of 72.01 bar and a critical temperature of 31.1 °C. The present work presents data from a kinetic study of the supercritical extraction of peanut oil under pressure and temperature conditions of 200 bar, 280 bar, 40 °C, and 60 °C. This project uses an experimental matrix to help carry out the experiments. At the end of the experiments, we obtained a yield of 30% in the supercritical method (80 min) and a percentage yield of 26% by Soxhlet using ethanol as a solvent for 480 minutes. Debido a la necesidad de crear nuevas tecnologías para la producción de biocombustibles, existen técnicas para realizar la extracción de aceite a partir de semillas oleaginosas, como el método de extracción supercrítica mediante CO2, donde la semilla utilizada para realizar el estudio (maní) se somete a CO2 a altas presiones y temperaturas, convirtiéndose así en un fluido supercrítico y llevando a cabo el proceso de extracción del aceite de la semilla para producir biodiesel de manera más eficiente. Existe otra técnica de extracción en la que se utilizan disolventes orgánicos. Aún así, este método tiene algunas dificultades que terminan causando daños al medio ambiente ya que es un proceso que consume una cantidad importante de tiempo y energía. El maní es la cuarta semilla oleaginosa más cultivada del mundo, con grandes plantaciones en las Américas, África y Asia. Su siembra se realiza para producir granos, aceite y salvado. El CO2 tiene propiedades fisicoquímicas interesantes ya que es un gas inerte, no polar, no inflamable, inodoro, insípido y tiene parámetros críticos y de bajo valor. Tiene una presión crítica de 72,01 bar y una temperatura crítica de 31,1 °C. El presente trabajo presenta datos de un estudio cinético de la extracción supercrítica de aceite de maní bajo condiciones de presión y temperatura de 200 bar, 280 bar, 40 °C y 60 °C. Este proyecto utiliza una matriz experimental para ayudar a llevar a cabo los experimentos. Al final de los experimentos se obtuvo un rendimiento del 30% en el método supercrítico (80 min) y un porcentaje de rendimiento del 26% por Soxhlet utilizando etanol como solvente durante 480 minutos. Devido à necessidade de criar novas tecnologias para a produção de biocombustíveis, existem técnicas para realizar a extração de óleo de oleaginosas, como o método de extração supercrítica utilizando CO2, onde a semente utilizada para realizar o estudo (amendoim) é submetida a CO2 em altas pressões e temperaturas, tornando-se um fluido supercrítico e realizando o processo de extração do óleo da semente para produzir biodiesel com mais eficiência. Existe outra técnica de extração na qual são usados solventes orgânicos. Ainda assim, esse método apresenta algumas dificuldades que acabam causando danos ao meio ambiente por ser um processo que consome uma quantidade significativa de tempo e energia. O amendoim é a quarta oleaginosa mais cultivada do mundo, com grandes plantações nas Américas, África e Ásia. Seu plantio é realizado para a produção de grãos, óleo e farelo. O CO2 possui propriedades físico-químicas interessantes, pois é um gás inerte, não polar, não inflamável, inodoro, insípido e possui parâmetros críticos e baixo valor. Tem uma pressão crítica de 72,01 bar e uma temperatura crítica de 31,1 °C. O presente trabalho apresenta dados de um estudo cinético da extração supercrítica de óleo de amendoim sob condições de pressão e temperatura de 200 bar, 280 bar, 40 °C e 60 °C. Este projeto utiliza uma matriz experimental para ajudar a realizar os experimentos. Ao final dos experimentos, obteve-se um rendimento de 30% no método supercrítico (80 min) e um rendimento percentual de 26% no Soxhlet utilizando etanol como solvente por 480 minutos.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:36:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-01-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) In this work, an alternative utilization of agro-industrial waste coconut endocarp (Cocos nucifera L.) as raw material for the synthesis of magnetic adsorbent aiming the phenol removal is proposed. The synthetized adsorbent, denominated magnetic activated carbon (MAC), was prepared by coprecipitation of cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) onto activated carbon surface obtained by carbonization of coconut endocarp. Characterization of MAC was carried out by point of zero charge (PZC), Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) surface area, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffractometry (XRD) analysis, and magnetization curves. Adsorption experiments were performed in batch system to evaluate kinetics and equilibrium of phenol adsorption. Adsorbent regeneration method was proposed to evaluate the reutilization of MAC in successive cycles of adsorption–desorption. Results showed that obtained magnetic compounds present cubic phase structure covered in activated carbon surface. MAC has microporous structure with functional groups like carbonyl and hydroxyl that can behave as adsorption sites. Kinetic studies indicate that adsorption rate increased rapidly around the initial 60 min, reaching equilibrium at 240 min; following pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models in characterization concentrations of 50 and 100 mg L−1, only the second-order model fit the kinetic data at 150 mg L−1, while both models were outside the chi-square interval at 200 and 230 mg L−1. The adsorption equilibrium is represented by Langmuir isotherm with high adsorption capacity of 116.0 ± 3.61 mg g−1. The desorption experiments revealed that adsorption capacities of MAC still viable after three adsorption–desorption cycles. It was observed that chemical affinity of small concentrations of methanol with phenol allowed to exert greater desorption capacity to other solvents with permanence of adsorbed phenol of 17.5 mg g−1. Department of Chemical Engineering (DEQ) Federal University of Sergipe (UFS) Department of Chemical Engineering (DEQ) State University of Maringá (UEM) Department of Chemical Engineering Federal University of Parana São Paulo State University (UNESP) Campus of Rosana Department of Chemical Engineering (DEQ) Laboratory of Adsorption and Ion Exchange (LATI) State University of Maringá (UEM) São Paulo State University (UNESP) Campus of Rosana

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:42:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-01-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) This study reports an alternative method for black liquor treatment with potential for energy and process savings in the paper and pulp industry. Gasification of black liquor was carried out under sub- and supercritical conditions, varying the black liquor feed composition (0.10, 2.55 and 5.00 wb%) and temperature (350, 425 and 500 °C). Liquid products were identified by high resolution mass spectrometry (FT-Orbitrap MS) and compounds belonging to classes O3 and O4 were found to be the most representative in the products of reactions performed at 500 °C. The mass spectra results also revealed the overall selectivity of reactions, where decarboxylation and demethoxylation reactions were favored under subcritical and supercritical conditions, respectively. Among the gaseous products, hydrogen and methane were produced with maximum of 69.04 and 28.75 mol%, respectively, at 2.55 wb% and 425 °C. The proposed thermodynamic modelling of the reaction system satisfactorily predicted the gas phase behavior of the system. In the economic analysis, the simulated conditions indicated that the main energy requirements for a scaled-up black liquor gasification process are related to the necessary heat exchangers and pressurizing of the black liquor solution. Furthermore, the cost of the black liquor gasification is around 0.06 US$ per kg of feed stream. Liquid and gaseous products from gasification could be obtained at a cost of 56.64 US$ and 3.35 US$ per tonne of stream, respectively. Therefore, black liquor gasification is an interesting route for obtaining combustible gases and value-added bioproducts. Department of Chemical Engineering State University of Maringá (UEM) Petroleum and Energy from Biomass Research Group (PEB) Chemistry Department Federal University of Sergipe (UFS) Department of Chemical Engineering Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA) School of Chemical Engineering State University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Department of Energy Engineering São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Chemical Engineering Technological Federal University of Paraná (UTFPR) School of Engineering & Water: Effective Technologies and Tools (WETT) Research Centre RMIT University Department of Agronomy State University of Maringá (UEM) Department of Energy Engineering São Paulo State University (UNESP) CAPES: 180/2019–00 CNPq: 202519/2020–1 CAPES: 88887.338

This study aims to discuss some of the factors that influence the production of hydrogen via the gasification of organic matter in supercritical water. These factors have been investigated based on the reactions of organic matter with relatively simple chemical structures, such as ethanol, glycerol, and glucose. Investigations of these relatively simple organic materials demonstrate the characteristics and trends in the gasification in supercritical water. The results reported in the literature for these organic compounds can also be extrapolated to the reactions of biomass containing ethanol, glucose, (sugar cane industry) and glycerol (biodiesel industry) in supercritical water. Many organic compounds with different levels of molecular complexity can be used to produce hydrogen, which represents an interesting form of energy storage. Supercritical water (Tc ≥ 374 °C, Pc ≥ 22.1 MPa) has unique physical and chemical properties that minimize mass transport limitations, making it an excellent medium for the decomposition of organic compounds. Thus, understanding the key factors that influence organic compound gasification in supercritical water is extremely important. In this study, we summarize some of the key factors involved in these reactions. The main experimental factors were confirmed to be the temperature, concentration of organic matter in the feed, space time/feed rate, catalysts, oxidants, material and design of the reactor, and pressure. In addition, operational challenges, namely, catalyst deactivation and corrosion are mentioned in the text. Furthermore, the operational challenges were discussed, and the state of the art regarding the gasification of ethanol-, glycerol-, and glucose-containing biomass is also presented.

For potential application to the controlled release of ivermectin from nanoparticle preparations, this study discloses experimental data on the phase transitions in the CO2, acetone, and ivermectin system subjected to high pressures. The data were acquired via the static synthetic method with a variable-volume view cell in the temperature range of 303.15-333.15 K at pressures up to 10 MPa using three concentrations of ivermectin B1a in acetone (0.029, 0.043, and 0.058 mol·kg-1) and CO2 molar fractions of 0.3-0.9. Vapor-liquid-type phase transitions were observed, characterized as bubbles in the presence or absence of a solid phase. A solid phase was formed for all ivermectin B1a concentrations evaluated in this study. Determination of the region of precipitation of ivermectin is important for identifying the concentration of the acetone/ivermectin mixture where CO2 will act strongly as an antisolvent. Thermodynamic modeling was performed by considering the system as pseudo-ternary based on the low concentration of ivermectin B1a in the system. Thermodynamics modeling using the Peng-Robinson cubic state equation with the van der Waals mixing rule (PR-vdW2) adequately described the experimentally observed trends.

In this paper, we report data for the phase transition of the binary [rotenone (1) + CO2 (2)] system obtained visually using the static synthetic indirect method and a variable-volume cell at temperatures between 303 and 343 K and pressures near 20 MPa. The molar fraction varied from 1.0 × 10–5 to 2.75 × 10–5. For a molar fraction of rotenone greater than 2.75 × 10–5, the phase transition data could not be measured at pressures of 30 MPa because of the experimental limitations of the equipment. The pressure limitation arose because of the difficulty in solubilizing the system where the solubilization occurs close to or above the limits of the experimental apparatus (30 MPa). The transition of the system was identified as the solid–fluid type, and the phase transition profiles are similar. The Peng–Robinson equation of state (PR-EoS) with the classical mixing rule was used to correlate the experimental data to theory, and excellent agreement was found between the experimental and calculated values.

This study reports experimental data for the liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) for a {peanut biodiesel (1) + glycerol (2) + ethanol (3)} system at 303.15 K and 323.15 K at atmospheric pressure. Solubility (binodal) curves were obtained by a cloud-point method. The reliability of the experimental data was confirmed using the Hand and Othmer–Tobias correlations. The regression coefficients were above 0.97 for all data sets. The universal quasichemical model was successfully used to correlate LLE data, which showed root-mean-square deviations of 0.99%, indicating accuracy close to experimental uncertainties.

In this study, we reported data of phase equilibria of the ternary {CO2 (1) + acetone (2) + pluronic F-127 (3)} system using the static synthetic method with a visual cell at temperatures ranging from 303 to 323 K, pressures near to 10 MPa, two concentrations of pluronic F-127 in acetone (0.01 g·cm–3 and 0.02 g·cm–3), and molar fractions varying between 0.3 to 0.9. The thermodynamic modeling using the perturbed-chain statistical associating fluid theory equation of state (PC-SAFT EoS) was capable of describing the behavior of the experimental data (liquid–vapor transitions bubble points) satisfactorily.

A atual preocupação com o meio ambiente devido a emissões de poluentes originados pela queima de combustíveis fósseis, principal fonte de energia para motores a combustão interna, é um dos principais problemas a serem enfrentados pela humanidade. Sendo assim, a biomassa, fornece de forma alternativa e sustentável, uma solução para a problemática devido a possibilidade de produção de biocombustíveis de fontes renováveis de energia por meio de conversões termoquímicas, como o caso do etanol, biodiesel e óleos vegetais. A utilização de biodiesel e óleos vegetais em motores de combustão interna ciclo diesel pode amenizar as emissões de gases de efeito estufa sem alterar as propriedades físico-químicas do combustível e sem prejudicar o consumo e eficiência da máquina motriz. Com o intuito de provar essa afirmativa, estuda-se neste trabalho a influência das propriedades físico-químicas de diferentes proporções de diesel comercial, biodiesel e óleo de pinhão manso, além da efetividade de métodos numéricos para obtenção de propriedades físico-químicas, como densidade. Foi estudado o comportamento das propriedades físico-químicas de viscosidade e massa específica em diversas concentrações de diesel em mistura com biodiesel (B10 - diesel comercial atual, B20, B40, B60 e B100) e diesel em mistura com óleo de pinhão em proporções de 2, 5, 10 e 20% de óleo em mistura ao diesel. Os resultados identificados são promissores e comprovam a efetividade do modelo numérico aplicado em comparação aos resultados experimentais obtidos, além de obter resultados sobre a vazão de cada mistura de combustível em motores à combustão interna.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:47:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-04-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Herein, the influence of HV (hydroxyvalerate) addition (8.0 and 8.7 wt% HV) on the PHBV (poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)) composition from the perspective of phase equilibrium in high-pressure {(CO2 (1) + chloroform (2) + [PHBV - 8.0 wt%] (3) and (CO2 (1) + chloroform (2) + [PHBV - 8.7 wt%] (3)} systems was examined using the static synthetic method with a visual variable-volume view cell at temperatures ranging from 303.15 to 333.15 K, pressures approximately 10 MPa, and different concentrations of PHBV (HV = 8.0 and 8.7 wt%) in chloroform (0.01 and 0.02 g.cm−3). Transitions of the solid-vapor-liquid (SVL) were observed. The experimentally determined phase transitions were successfully modeled using the PC-SAFT equation of state. Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano Campus Rio Verde State University of Maringá Department of Chemical Engineering Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) Campus of Rosana University of São Paulo Engineering School of Lorena Department of Chemical Engineering São Paulo State University (UNESP) Campus of São João da Boa Vista Centro Universitario da Fundaçao de Ensino Octavio Bastos (UNIFEOB) Research Center Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) Campus of Rosana São Paulo State University (UNESP) Campus of São João da Boa Vista FAPESP: 2015/05155-8 FAPESP: 2018/03739-0 FAPESP: 2018/23063-1 CNPq: 421065/2018-4

O interesse em utilizar a biomassa para produção de energia tem crescido consideravelmente. Além do reaproveitamento de resíduos de indústrias agrícolas e alimentícias a energia da biomassa evita o aumento de dióxido de carbono na atmosfera. A biomassa residual pode ser utilizada de diversas maneiras com o objetivo de gerar energia. Uma delas, e talvez a mais eficiente, é a produção de hidrogênio. O estudo da produção de hidrogênio por fontes alternativas cresceu nos últimos anos em função da necessidade da utilização de fontes renováveis e do desenvolvimento tecnológico de células a combustível. Dentre várias alternativas, a gaseificação em água supercrítica tem a vantagem de não ser específica para determinado resíduo (agrícolas ou de efluentes de processos diversos). Durante a gaseificação em água supercrítica, ou seja, em temperaturas e pressões maiores ou iguais a 374 °C e 22.1 MPa, respectivamente, são produzidos em grande parte hidrogênio (H2) e dióxido de carbono (CO2). No entanto, por atingir temperaturas e pressões elevadas, os materiais para construção e manutenção da planta de produção merecem atenção especial e o alto custo operacional torna-se o maior obstáculo para o desenvolvimento desta tecnologia. Contudo, verifica-se que, além de grande eficiência energética, a utilização de hidrogênio em células a combustível gera apenas água como subproduto, tornando, portanto, a substituição de processos que utilizam combustíveis fósseis por processos que utilizem fontes alternativas, conveniente e oportuna. A tecnologia de geração de hidrogênio em água supercrítica atende a esse anseio e novos estudos vêm sendo realizados para torná-la mais viável.

Biodiesel production consists of several processes, the reaction stage being the most important. However, after reaction, the biodiesel product undergoes separation involving an aqueous phase, henc...

O Engineering & Technology Scientific Journal é um periódico anual de fluxo contínuo de publicação de trabalhos originais e inéditos, relacionados com Engenharia, Tecnologia, Ciências Exatas e da Terra, vinculado ao Departamento de Engenharia da Faculdade de Ciências e Engenharia (FEC) - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP).

Esta pesquisa sugere a elaboração de um projeto de iluminação pública (IP) eficiente, levando em conta a viabilidade técnico-financeira das luminárias que compõem o sistema de IP do município de Rosana. É apresentado o estudo para levantar os potenciais de economia no consumo de energia elétrica e no valor pago mensalmente com IP. O trabalho tem como finalidade a substituição das luminárias convencionais (a vapor de sódio) que tem vida mediana curta e maior consumo energético, por luminárias led (Light Emitting Diode) que tem um tempo de vida útil média maior e são mais eficientes. A análise econômica foi feita com base em indicadores padrões de viabilidade de investimentos, como valor presente líquido (VPL), payback descontado e taxa interna de retorno (TIR). por fim, apresenta análises de dados com o intuito de otimizar o sistema de ip e reduzir o consumo de energia elétrica no município de Rosana.

In this work, experimental data for the phase transition of ternary systems {CO2 (1) + ethyl acetate (2) + oleic acid (3)} at global CO2 mole fraction values from 0.5 to 1, at the temperatures of 308, 318, 328, and 338 K are reported. A variable volume cell was used, following the static synthetic method for pressures of up to 21 MPa. The ethyl acetate/oleic acid molar ratio was set to 3:1 [0.750 ethyl acetate + 0.250 oleic acid], 9:1 [0.900 ethyl acetate + 0.100 oleic acid], and 199:1 [0.995 ethyl acetate + 0.005 oleic acid]. In all of these ternary systems, bubble point and dew points were observed.

This work reports new experimental data for the oxidation degradation of landfill leachate using supercritical water treatment (ScWO) without addition of any oxidants. The treatment reduced significantly the original concentration of pollutant compounds in the liquid waste. The parameters used to evaluate the efficiency of the treatment (and leachate degradation) were chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), turbidity, colour, and absorbance. The experiments were conducted using a continuous flow reactor built in Inconel 625. The degradation oxidation reactions were carried out using temperature between (350 and 600) °C (for COD intial concentrations of 1580 mg · L−1) and between (450 and 700) °C (for COD intial concentrations of 2000 mg · L−1), pressures of (15 and 22.5) MPa, feed streams of (6 and 12) g · min−1 and reaction operation time of 40 min. Increasing pressure improved degradation of organic pollutant compounds, whereas the increase of the feed flow rate did not show any positive effect on the performance of the treatment. However, the most important factor on the degradation of leachate was temperature; increasing temperature from 350 to 600 °C reduced COD level in 31.3 and 34.4% for 15 and 22.5 MPa, respectively. Hydrogen was the gas produced in the highest amount for all the experimental conditions studied. The results suggested that supercritical water is a promising technique to treat leachate and consequently reduce its pollutant capacity. Thus, the data presented here can be used as a basis for future studies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

This study reports the oil extraction efficiency using Moringa oleifera seed and pressurized propane; a new experimental data for phase transition of the binary system {n-propane + Moringa oleifera oil} and the profile of fatty acid compositions of the extracted Moringa oil. During the present study, the knowledge of the phase behaviour proved to be of great importance to optimize supercritical extraction using pressurized fluid. This project also presents a comparison with the classical Soxhlet method including mathematical modelling of kinetic curves of extraction. The extraction experiments were performed in the temperature and pressure ranges of 303–333 K and 2.5–12 MPa, respectively, at a constant flow rate of 1.0 cm3/min of n-propane. All the conditions applied during the n-propane extraction process provided similar or higher yields (32.8 to 42.1%) compared to extractions using n-hexane (42.6%) and supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) (37.8%). In addition, phase transition study for the {Propane (1) + Moringa oleifera oil (2)} system was performed using a variable volume cell and the static synthetic method in a temperature range of 303–343 K, pressures up to 3.23 MPa and n-propane mass fraction between 0.2 and 0.8. Vapour-liquid (VLE), liquid-liquid (LLE) and vapour-liquid-liquid (VLLE) phase transitions were observed at relatively low pressures. The fatty acid profiles of the extracted Moringa oils were evaluated using gas chromatography. They all have very close composition regardless of the solvent used and oleic acid as the major component (≈76%). The Sovova mathematical model indicated a good fit for all the conditions investigated. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

New experimental data were measured for phase transition of the binary system CO2 + black sesame oil. A variable volume cell was employed using the static synthetic method in a temperature range of 303–333 K, pressures up to 20 MPa, and CO2 mass fractions between 0.12–0.39 g/g. For mass fractions > 0.39, phase transition data were not measured due to pressure limitations of the high-pressure system used. Vapour-liquid transitions (VLE) of bubble point (BP) were determined. Phase transition data of CO2 + black sesame oil were compared to reported data from the literature involving CO2 and similar oils. The trend of the phase transition behaviour between all systems compared was similar. Phase equilibrium data obtained experimentally were successfully modelled with the Peng-Robinson equation of state (PR-EoS) combined with the van der Waals mixing rule (PR-vdW2) and Wong-Sandler mixing rule (PR-WS).

New data were obtained for production of H2 and reduction of total organic carbon (TOC) by gasification of lactose in supercritical water with(out) the presence of catalysts (NaOH, KOH and Na2CO3) in a continuous Inconel 625 flow reactor. The gasification reactions were carried out at 550–700 °C, 22.5 MPa, lactose concentrations in the range of 0.5–2.5 wt%, feed flow rates of 5 and 7 g min−1 and a total reaction time of 30 min. The optimum condition for the production of H2 yielded approximately 4.5 mol H2/mol lactose with a TOC reduction of ∼95%. In addition, supercritical gasification of whey was carried out using the same operating conditions as the lactose system. A reduction of 92% on the TOC and 0.45 molar fraction of H2 production was achieved, similar to the gasification of lactose at a concentration of 0.5 wt%.

This paper reports experimental phase equilibrium data for the systems {CO2 (1) + solketal (2)} and {CO2 (1) + solketal (2) + oleic acid (3)}. The phase transition pressure measurements for ternary mixtures were carried out by injecting a known amount of carbon dioxide into a mixture with fixed molar ratios of the two other components (0.75 solketal + 0.25 oleic acid). A variable-volume cell with a front window was used for the measurements. The experimental data were measured over the temperature range from (308 to 338) K and at pressures of up to 20 MPa. Bubble point conditions were measured for the binary system {CO2 (1) + solketal (2)}, whereas bubble and dew point conditions were measured for the ternary system {CO2 (1) + solketal (2) + oleic acid (3)}. Phase equilibrium modeling with the Peng–Robinson equation of state was successful in describing the behavior of the investigated systems.

This work presents new phase equilibrium data of {CO2 + 2-ethyl-1-hexanol} and {CO2 + 2-methyl-2-propanol} systems with or without glycerol. The static synthetic method using a variable-volume view cell was utilized to measure vapor–liquid equilibrium saturation points at temperatures from 343 K to 393 K and at pressures up to 20 MPa. The phase transition pressure measurements were carried out by injecting a known amount of carbon dioxide into a mixture of [0.0087 glycerol + 0.9913 (2-ethyl-1-hexanol or 2-methyl-2-propanol)]. This amount of added glycerol did not significantly affect vapor–liquid transition pressures, compared to binary systems without glycerol. The Peng–Robinson equation of state was used to correlate the experimental phase equilibrium data.

The main objective of this work was to investigate the high pressure phase behavior of the binary systems {CO 2 (1) + methanol(2)} and {CO 2 (1) + soybean methyl esters (biodiesel)(2)} and the ternary system {CO 2 (1) + biodiesel(2) + methanol(3)} were determined. Biodiesel was produced from soybean oil, purified, characterized and used in this work. The static synthetic method, using a variable-volume view cell, was employed to obtain the experimental data in the temperature range of (303.15 to 343.15) K and pressures up to 21 MPa. The mole fractions of carbon dioxide were varied according to the systems as follows: (0.2383 to 0.8666) for the binary system {CO 2 (1) + methanol(2)}; (0.4201 to 0.9931) for the binary system {CO 2 (1) + biodiesel(2)}; (0.4864 to 0.9767) for the ternary system {CO 2 (1) + biodiesel(2) + methanol(3)} with a biodiesel to methanol molar ratio of (1:3); and (0.3732 to 0.9630) for the system {CO 2 + biodiesel + methanol} with a biodiesel to methanol molar ratio of (8:1). For these systems, (vapor + liquid), (liquid + liquid), (vapor + liquid + liquid) transitions were observed. The phase equilibrium data obtained for the systems were modeled using the Peng–Robinson equation of state with the classical van der Waals (PR-vdW2) and Wong-Sandler (PR–WS) mixing rules. Both thermodynamic models were able to satisfactorily correlate the phase behavior of the systems investigated and the PR–WS presented the best performance.

In this work, phase equilibrium data of the ternary system CO2(1) + glycerol(2) + methanol(3) at high pressures are presented. The static synthetic method using a variable-volume view cell was employed to obtain the phase envelope in the temperature range of 303.15–343.15 K and at pressures up to 22 MPa. For the pressure transition measurements a given amount of carbon dioxide was injected into a methanol:glycerol mixture with a known molar ratio. Three different methanol to glycerol molar ratios were investigated (1:30, 1:20 and 1:12). The mole fraction of carbon dioxide was varied according to the system as follows: 0.3373–0.9741 for the glycerol to methanol molar ratio of 1:30, 0.2524–0.9949 for the molar ratio of 1:20, 0.2625–0.9940 for the molar ratio of 1:12. A complex phase behavior including vapor–liquid (VL), liquid–liquid (LL) and vapor–liquid–liquid (VLL) transitions were observed for these systems.

The survey awakened a big interest in the production of functional, such as isoflavones, with proven action on the prevention of health problems, such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Considering the importance of soybean supplements standardization, this study aimed identifying and quantifying the isoflavones in products sold at different pharmacies. Isoflavones samples were acquired in six different pharmacies specialized in the production of phytotherapic medications. The isoflavones were extracted, quantified and identified in HPLC. None of the samples, from different pharmacies, presented the isoflavones content presented on the label, i.e., 20 mg. In relation to the isoflavones profile, the highest levels found were of daidzein, with up to 66.8 µg, being the lowest levels the ones of genistein. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt methods of standardization and characterization of raw ensure that the content of isoflavones, because they are essential for the purposes prescribed by medical professionals

RESUMO Este trabalho tem como objetivo a extracao e quantificacao de compostos bioativos da semente do cumaru por meio de extracao convencional (soxhlet) e supercritica utilizando dioxido de carbono e solventes modificadores. As extracoes supercriticas foram realizadas numa faixa de pressao de 180 220 bar e temperatura de 60 80oC. O planejamento experimental foi definido a partir do design fatorial fracionado (metodo Taguchi). Os extratos foram analisados por cromatografia liquida (HPLC) e gasosa com espectrofotometro de massas (GCMS). A extracao da cumarina utilizando o dioxido de carbono e modificados apresentou melhor seletividade e rendimentos em relacao a extracao convencional.

Experimental data from the phase transition of the ternary systems {CO2(1) + [0.25 monoethanolamine(2) + 0.75 ethanol(3)]}, {CO2(1) + [0.25 diethanolamine(2) + 0.75 ethanol(3)]} and {CO2(1)+ [0.25 triethanolamine(2) + 0.75 ethanol(3)]} is reported. A variable volume cell was employed using the static synthetic method in a temperature range of (313–343) K, pressures up to 14 MPa and CO2 mole fractions between 0.05 and 0.35. For xCO2 > 0.35 phase transition data could not be measured for pressures up to 35 MPa. Vapor–liquid transitions (VLE) of bubble point (BP) are determined for the three ternary systems studied. The determination of measures of the phase equilibrium of systems involving CO2 and alkanolamines are of great importance in the development of absorption processes. A great feature of alkanolamines is the possibility of capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) and promoting separation of this gas from other gas streams. Fil: Brito Guerra Neto, Dival de . Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte; Brasil Fil: Ferreira Pinto, Leandro . Universidad Estadual de Maringá; Brasil Fil: Machado Giufrida, Willyan . Universidad Estadual de Maringá; Brasil Fil: Zabaloy, Marcelo Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnológico Bahia Blanca. Planta Piloto de Ingenieria Quimica (i). Grupo Vinculado Al Plapiqui - Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnologia Quimica; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Ingenieria Quimica; Argentina Fil: Cardozo Filho, Lúcio. Universidad Estadual de Maringá; Brasil Fil: Chiavone Filho, Osvaldo . Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte; Brasil

The use of Biodiesel allows several advantages over diesel fuels such as lower pollutants emission profiles into the atmosphere, hand jobs posts creating, and reduction of imported diesel fuel. Since the program has begun, the soybean oil has been used as mainly raw material to biodiesel production. In fact, this culture is the only that can afford the production needs from biodiesel facilities. However, this oil is a commodity and alternatives fatty materials sources have to be found in order to increase the competitiveness of the process and release the oilseed production to food industry. This work has focused on evaluating the potential use of castor oil, ouricuri, babassu, castanets, macauba and seeds of passion fruit and pinecone as alternative sources to biodiesel production. The results have shown that the evaluation of moisture content of the samples plays an important role before oil content determination and except the seeds of passion fruit, all of them shown oil potential to supply biodiesel production needs.