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The study aimed to determine the chemical composition, apparent digestibility of dry matter, energy, and nutrients of Dehydrated Brewery Residue (DBR) for New Zealand White rabbits, as well as evaluate performance, biochemical and immunological blood parameters, carcass characteristics, and meat quality. Two experiments were carried out: digestibility and performance, both in a completely randomized design. In the digestibility experiment, 20 animals of mixed sexes were used, from 45 to 60 days of age, which consumed reference feed (RF) or test feed (TF - 70% RF + 30% DBR). In the performance experiment, 50 mixed-sex animals were used from 31 to 70 days of age. For digestibility, bromatological analyses were made of total dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract (EE), mineral matter (MM), organic matter (OM), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), gross energy (GE), hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin from samples of feces, feed (RF and TF) and experimental feed (DBR). In terms of performance, the treatments were the basal feed (BF) + four TF, made up of increasing levels of DBR inclusion (10, 20, 30, and 40%). Overall, the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of DM was 64.68 ±7.91%, while the ADC of GE and CP were 67.39 ±7.79% and 80.64 ±8.99%, respectively, resulting in digestible energy and digestible protein contents of 3,081 ±356 kcal/kg and 17.97 ±2.00%. There was a linear reduction (P

This review aimed to address all relevant parts of the digestive physiology of rabbits, before and after weaning, with a view to enabling greater understanding of these phases and reducing the mortality of kits. The biggest bottlenecks in Brazilian rabbit farming are linked to the period from birth to weaning, a time when the animals are more sensitive to environmental adverse events, requiring more rigid and efficient management due to their immune system being not fully developed. Throughout the period in which kits are with the females, many physiological changes occur, mainly in their gastrointestinal tract (GIT), which changes over time, depending on the type of food intake; in order to achieve its full capacity to utilize food, the intestine needs to undergo an adaptation from milk-based to solid diet. Thus, the digestive system in the intrauterine phase, in the nursing kits, and in the weaned babies will be covered. Therefore, understanding the physiology of baby rabbits proves to be of great value in reducing the mortality rate, so that management becomes more practical, providing producers with different problem-solving alternatives, in addition to greater profit.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the characteristics of carcasses, monitor their pH evolution during the first 24 h post-mortem, and determine the time required for the establishment and resolution of rigor mortis in different categories of Botucatu rabbits. Live weight at slaughter, carcass weight, and yield were higher in 12-month-old animals compared to 3-month-old rabbits, regardless of sex. There was an effect of muscle type, age, and sex on the kinetics of muscle acidification, with the Biceps femoris showing a significantly higher pH than the Longissimus lumborum from 4 h post-mortem onward. The establishment of rigor mortis occurred at 5 h post-mortem in young rabbits and bucks and at 6 h post-mortem in does, along with pH stabilization, while the resolution of rigor occurred at 18 h post-mortem for all types of carcasses evaluated. In conclusion, Botucatu rabbit carcasses should be chilled continuously at 4 °C for a minimum of 18 h to ensure efficient rigor mortis progression and muscle-to-meat transformation throughout the carcass.

The aim was to assess the impact of long-term storage on the quality of Botucatu rabbit meat frozen in pre- and post-rigor stages. The stability of the technological and nutritional parameters of Longissimus lumborum (LL) muscle was analyzed over 12 months. In the post-rigor phase, the dorsal LL surface showed a higher level (p < 0.05) of redness and saturation, while the ventral surface showed a higher level (p < 0.05) of yellowness compared to the pre-rigor LL muscle. During storage, the redness and saturation in the LL muscle decreased (p < 0.05), while the yellowness increased (p < 0.05) on both dorsal and ventral surfaces. In the first six months, the pre-rigor meat had a higher pH (p < 0.05) compared to the post-rigor meat. The fresh meat showed higher (p < 0.05) shear force values in the post-rigor stage. Over the 12-month study period, the lipid oxidation, myofibrillar fragmentation index, gross energy, and levels of protein, fat, and carbohydrates increased (p < 0.05), while the shear force, mineral content, and moisture decreased (p < 0.05). Thus, rigor mortis affects meat color in Botucatu rabbits. Fresh meat in the pre-rigor stage is softer, moister, and less acidic than post-rigor meat after 24 h of chilling. Long-term freezing enhances tenderness, regardless of the rigor phase at freezing, preserving its physical, chemical, and nutritional quality, with minor changes in color, lipid oxidation, and chemical composition.

The present study aims to conduct a review on the potential use of insect meal as an alternative protein source in poultry feed, particularly to serve the rearing of free-range chickens. Insects are already part of the diet of birds in their natural habitat, and the availability of low-cost alternative foods with low environmental impact is essential for the development of the activity. The review comprehended studies that used meals consisting of silkworm (Bombyx mori) chrysalis, earthworm (Eisenia foetida), housefly (Musca domestica), black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) and mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor) to replace plant-based protein sources. In general, insect meals have a high content of crude protein and ether extract, as well as an essential amino acid profile suitable for poultry feeding. The addition of insect meal in poultry feed normally shows good results as to growth performance and egg production, without causing a negative effect on carcass characteristics, meat sensory quality and egg quality, presenting itself as an alternative protein source with good prospects for replacing plant-based sources in poultry feed.

This study aimed to compare the resistance of the Oryctolagus cuniculus L. (rabbit) and Oreochromis niloticus L. (Nile tilapia) skins, as well as to observe the design of the flower of these skins and the morphology of the dermis. Tilapia and rabbit skins were placed inside the same equipment (tannery machine) for the chromium salt tanning process. The flower design of the fish leather distinguishes it from the rabbit leather, the latter being constituted by the opening of the hair follicles and pores, while the fish leather is constituted by the presence of protective lamellae and insertion of the scales. The dermis of rabbit skin consists of thick bundles of collagen fibers arranged in all directions, which differs from the morphology observed in the dermis of fish skin. However, in the Nile tilapia skin dermis, overlapping and parallel layers of longitudinal collagen fiber bundles are observed, these layers are interspersed with fiber bundles crossing the sking surface (transversely), tying the fibers together and providing greater strength, which can be proven by the strength test. The fish leathers, despite having less thickness (1.0 mm), demonstrated significantly greater tensile strength (13.52 ± 1.86 N mm−2) and tear strength (53.85 ± 6.66 N mm−2) than rabbit leathers, that is, (8.98 ± 2.67 N mm−2) and (24.25 ± 4.34 N mm−2). However, rabbit leather demonstrated higher elasticity (109.97 ± 13.52%) compared to Nile tilapia leather (78.97 ± 8.40%). It can be concluded that although the rabbit leather is thicker due to the histological architecture of the dermis (thick bundles of collagen fibers arranged in all directions with no pattern of organization of collagen fibers), it shows less resistance than Nile tilapia leather, which demonstrates an organization of overlapping and parallel layers and intercalating collagen fiber bundles transversally to the surface, functioning as tendons for the swimming process. It is recommended to use a piece of fabric (lining) together with the fleshy side of the rabbit leather, to increase resistance when used in clothing and footwear, as these products require greater tensile strength. Thus, it minimizes this restriction for the use of rabbit leather in the aforementioned purposes.

Chronic wound healing represents an impactful financial burden on healthcare systems. In this context, the use of natural products as an alternative therapy reduces costs and maintains effectiveness. Phytotherapeutic gels applied in photodynamic therapy (PDT) have been developed to act as topical healing medicines and antibiotics. The bioactive system is composed of Spirulina sp. (source of chlorophylls) and Copaifera reticulata oil microdroplets, both incorporated into a polymeric blend constituted by kappa-carrageenan (k-car) and F127 copolymer, constituting a system in which all components are bioactive agents. The flow behavior and viscoelasticity of the formulations were investigated. The photodynamic activity was accessed from studies of the inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, the main pathogen of hospital relevance. Furthermore, in vivo studies were conducted using eighteen rabbits with dermatitis (grade III and IV) in both paws. The gels showed significant antibiotic potential in vitro, eliminating up to 100% of S. aureus colonies in the presence or absence of light. The k-car reduced 41% of the viable cells; however, its benefits were enhanced by adding chlorophyll and copaiba oil. The animals treated with the phytotherapeutic medicine showed a reduction in lesion size, with healing and re-epithelialization verified in the histological analyses. The animals submitted to PDT displayed noticeable improvement, indicating this therapy’s viability for ulcerative and infected wounds. This behavior was not observed in the iodine control treatment, which worsened the animals’ condition. Therefore, gel formulations were a viable alternative for future pharmaceutical applications, aiming at topical healing.

This study evaluated the effect of oral supplementation with tryptophan (Trp) and pyridoxine (Pyr) on the growth performance and social behavior of suckling piglets before and after weaning. At day 14, six suckling piglets per sow were distributed into three treatments and allotted in a randomized block design, with eight replicates and two piglets per experimental unit. Treatments consisted of a Control - oral supplementation with L-alanine (1.70 g), D-glucose (1.74 g) and distilled water (3.44 mL); Trp - oral supplementation with Trp (3.5 g/d) and distilled water; and Trp + Pyr - oral supplementation with Trp (3.5 g/d) + Pyr (0.0095 g/d) and distilled water. Each treatment was supplied orally five times per day (2.5 mL each treatment), from 14 to 21 days old. Piglets were monitored continuously in the nursing phase for 24 h at 21, 28 and 33 days of age to assess the behavior (standing, lying, eating, socializing, sitting and drinking). Piglets receiving oral Trp + Pyr showed a decreased weight loss on the first day after weaning (P = 0.03). Performance was not affected (P > 0.05) by treatments in each studied period, such as in overall period (21 to 34 days) after weaning. Piglets receiving Trp supplementation visited the feeders more frequently from days 21 to 22 (P < 0.01) and from days 28 to 29 (P < 0.02), as well as in the overall period (P < 0.01). It is concluded that high doses of tryptophan with or without high doses of pyridoxine, supplied orally to nursing piglets, reduced the weight loss on the first day after weaning and increased the frequency of visits to the drinkers on the first day after weaning and also to the feeders, mainly from weaning until 7 days after.

A síntese proteica muscular em suínos é essencial para promover o ganho de carne marga. Entretanto, é um processo complexo que envolve inúmeras enzimas, proteínas ribossomais e pode ser influenciado por diversos fatores, de ordem ambiental, nutricional e hormonal. Neste sentido, os hormônios sexuais podem exercer ação anabólica na síntese proteica, levando a diferentes taxas de deposição muscular em machos castrados, machos inteiros e fêmeas. Com o intuito de aproveitar o efeito anabólico da testosterona, a imunocastração vem sendo cada vez mais difundida na suinocultura, levando machos imunocastrados a apresentarem desempenho e características de carcaça semelhantes a machos inteiros. De forma geral, o sexo parece desempenhar um importante papel na síntese proteica. Isso confere diferentes exigências de aminoácidos, em machos inteiros, fêmeas e machos castrados, devido às diferenças na deposição de proteína na carcaça.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the standardized ileal digestible (SID) leucine levels in low crude protein diets on Performance, backfat thickness, longissimus dorsi depth and biochemical blood parameters of starting pigs. A total of 50 pigs, with initial weight of 11.14±0.24 kg; were distributed in a randomized blocks design with five treatments (1.10; 1.25; 1.40; 1.55 and 1.70% SID leucine), five replicates and two animals per experimental unit, comprised for a barrow and a gilt. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) reduced (P=0.018) due to the increasing SID leucine levels, without affecting other growth performance parameters (final weight, average daily feed intake, average daily gain, backfat thickness, longissimus dorsi depth and lean meat percentage). There was a quadratic effect for plasma triglyceride (P=0.049) and plasma urea (P=0.001). The optimal SID leucine levels obtained for triglycerides and urea were 1.16% and 1.24%, respectively, by associating the quadratic model with the Linear Response Plateu. Low crude protein diets with SID leucine levels up to 1.70% improved the feed conversion with desired urea and triglycerides concentration in blood plasmas achieved at 1.16% and 1.24%, respectively.

This study aimed to determine the SID isoleucine (Ile) requirement of starting barrows fed low crude protein. Two experiments were carried out. Experiment 1: Ten crossbred barrows were used in order to determine the SID AA of the basal diet (treatment with the lowest SID Ile level used in the growth performance experiment), averaging 15.00 ± 0.27 kg of initial weight, individually housed in metabolic cages and allotted in a complete randomized design, with two treatments, five replicates and one animal per experimental unit. Treatments consisted of a basal (14.13% CP and 0.450% of SID Ile) and a free protein diet. Experiment 2: A performance experiment was carried out to determine the SID Ile requirement when using low crude protein diets. Forty crossbred barrows were used, averaging 15.00 ± 0.87 kg of initial weight and distributed in a randomized block design with five treatments (0.450, 0.520, 0.590, 0.660 and 0.730% of SID Ile) and two animals per experimental unit. The average daily gain (ADG) (P=0.049) and protein deposition (P=0.01) were affected by the studied SID Ile levels. The daily need of SID Ile was estimated at 5.9 g when considering 0.61% as the optimum level of SID Ile in the diet for an improved ADG and protein deposition.

In order to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME), the AME corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn), the apparent coefficients of metabolization (ACM) of gross energy and the ACM corrected for nitrogen balance (ACMn), an experiment was conducted to evaluate five different plant foods (corn, soybean meal, deactivated full-fat soybean, wheat bran and soybean oil) for broilers at different ages (1-8, 11-18, 21-28, 31-38 and 41-48 days). The method of total excreta collection was used, divided into five metabolism assays. The birds were housed in metabolic cages in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and five replicates per treatment, totaling 25 experimental units. The AME and AMEn values increased with the age of the birds for most foods, except soybean meal. The smaller AMC and AMCn of gross energy were obtained for wheat bran. There was adjustment of the equation to the linear response plateau model for the ACM of corn, soybean meal and deactivated full-fat soybean. The wheat bran and soybean oil were adjusted to the linear regression model. The equations show that the digestibility of energy tends to increase with age, except for soybean meal, which had higher metabolization with younger birds. We conclude that the age of the birds influences the determination of the metabolizable energy of feed.

Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar o uso da farinha de mexilhão dourado (FMD) contaminada com chumbo como fonte de cálcio para frangos de corte de 14 a 42 dias de idade e verificar prováveis efeitos no desempenho, contaminação de tecidos, parâmetros sanguíneos, digestibilidade de Pb e qualidade óssea. O experimento foi conduzido num delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), sendo estudados quatro níveis de contaminação de Pb (71,33; 147,55; 223,78 e 300 mg kg-1 de Pb) na FMD, cinco repetições e três aves por unidade experimental. Foram utilizados 60 frangos de corte, machos, Cobb, com 14 dias de idade, alojados em gaiolas de metabolismo. A FMD foi adicionada às rações em substituição ao calcário calcítico. As variáveis zootécnicas foram avaliadas – consumo de ração, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar; bem como a digestibilidade de nutrientes. Ainda, estudou-se a bioquímica sérica das aves – transaminases, bilirrubina total, cálcio e fosfato; a concentração de chumbo nos tecidos e a qualidade óssea das aves. A tíbia foi coletada para avaliação da qualidade óssea. Os níveis de contaminação com Pb no mexilhão dourado não alteraram o desempenho das aves (P ? 0,05), bem como os teores de Pb no músculo Pectoralis major, pele, fígado, pena, ossos e soro e nos teores séricos de ALT, GGT e bilirrubina total, porém houve efeito dos níveis de Pb (P < 0,01) sobre as concentrações de AST. Os níveis de Pb alteram os valores (P < 0,01) de Pb digestível aparente e coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente de Pb, havendo efeito linear crescente. ão ocorreu efeito (P ? 0,05) sobre a rigidez óssea, mas a flexibilidade e resistência óssea foi alterada (P < 0,05). As concentrações séricas de Ca e P não mostraram alterações (P ? 0,05) pelo uso de níveis de Pb na FMD. Neste estudo pode ser observado que a utilização de FMD com Pb em até 300 mg kg-1 como fonte de Ca em dietas de frangos de corte não altera o desempenho, porém a utilização de FMD contaminada com Pb acima de 73,33 mg kg-1 promove contaminações dos tecidos dos animais com Pb, impossibilitando assim o consumo das aves. Concluiu-se que o aumento nas concentrações de Pb na FMD aumenta a digestibilidade e metabolismo deste metal e provoca aumento na produção de AST pelo fígado. Níveis de Pb na FMD acima de 214,11 mg kg-1 prejudicam a resistência e a flexibilidade óssea.

RESUMO Foram utilizados 1200 pintos da linhagem Label Rouge, com peso médio inicial de 41,0 ± 0,55 g, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 5, (com e sem acidificante X 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100% de silagem de grãos úmidos de milho - SGUM). Foram determinados o ganho de peso (GP), consumo de ração (CR), conversão alimentar (CA), além da análise morfométrica e de microbiota intestinal, rendimento de carcaça e de cortes. De 1 a 63 dias, houve efeito quadrático (P

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the standardized ileal digestible (SID) valine and SID leucine levels on performance, backfat thickness, longissimus dorsi depth, and biochemical blood parameters of starting gilts. A total of 72 gilts, with initial weight of 15.16±1.15 kg, were distributed in a randomized block design in a 2 × 4 factorial scheme, comprised of two SID leucine levels (1.20 and 1.77%) and four SID valine levels (0.58, 0.73, 0.88, and 1.03%), with nine replicates and one animal per experimental unit. No interactions were observed for growth performance parameters. Final weight and average daily gain presented linear and quadratic effects. Setting data to the quadratic model associated with the Linear Response Plateau model, the optimal level of SID valine for average daily gain was achieved at 0.703%. A quadratic effect was also observed for average daily feed intake (ADFI), estimating the highest ADFI at 0.822% of SID valine. No branched chain amino acid (BCAA) effects were observed for backfat thickness, longissimus dorsi depth, and lean meat percentage. The interaction between levels of BCAA showed that the highest SID leucine levels (1.77%) provided a high plasma urea concentration only at low SID valine levels (0.58 and 0.73%). The SID valine requirement of starting gilts for a maximum average daily gain is achieved at 0.703%, corresponding to 9.72 g day−1, and is not affected by SID leucine levels currently used in conventional diets.

Three experiments were conducted to determine the nutritional composition of tilapia filleting waste meal (TFWM) for pigs in the initial phase. In the first experiment, the chemical composition and the values of digestible and metabolizable energy of TFWM were determined using 10 pigs (15.10 ± 0.74 kg), distributed in cages for metabolic research (2 treatments X 5 replicates). The TFWM replaced 20% of the reference diet based on corn and soybean meal. In the second experiment, the ileal digestibility coefficients of amino acids present in TFWM were determined, using chromic oxide as a marker, through the method of sacrifice, using 10 pigs (15.00 ± 0.27 kg), distributed in cages for metabolic research (2 treatments X 5 replicates). Treatments consisted of a basal diet and one without protein. In the third experiment, the performance of pigs fed diets containing different concentrations of TFWM (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%) was evaluated. Forty pigs (15.00 ± 0.87 kg), distributed in pairs in nursery pens (5 treatments X 4 replicates) were used. The values of digestible and metabolizable energy corresponded to 3,632 and 3,260 kcal/kg, respectively. Inclusion of up to 10% TFWM in the diet of barrows from 15 to 30 kg did not affect the average daily gain and feed conversion of the animals.

The aim of this study was to evaluate equations to predict the metabolizable energy (ME) of soybean meal (SBM) for swine. Seven SBM were used, which were analyzed for dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ash, calcium, phosphorus, solubility in potassium hydroxide (KOH) and urease index. To determine the ME of SBM, 32 barrows, with an average initial weight of 29.01 ± 3.64 kg, were used and distributed in a randomized blocks design, with seven treatments and four replicates. To validate the prediction equations, linear regression models were adjusted, using observed values of ME (metabolism trial) as a function of the estimated ME (obtained by applying the chemical composition of the SBM in selected equations found in the literature). The existence of regression was evaluated by the “t” test, partially applied to each parameter (?0 and ?1). The validation of the prediction models of first degree was obtained by accepting the joint null hypothesis ?0 = 0 and ?1 = 1. The equations ME = 5.42 - 17.2FDN - 19.4MM + 0.709GE and ME= 1099 + 0.740GE - 5.5MM - 3.7NDF are effective for estimating the ME of SBM for growing pigs.

The metabolizable energy (ME) determination for foods used in quail diets, through metabolism assays, takes time, infrastructure and financial resources, which makes the development of prediction equations based on proximal composition of foods to estimate the ME values of particular interest. The objective of this study was to adjust the prediction equations of metabolizable energy (ME) of corn for quail. The chemical compositions of 12 maize varieties were determined and a metabolism assay was carried out in order to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) of these corn varieties. The values of chemical composition, AME and AMEn, converted to dry matter, were used to adjust the prediction equations. The initial adjustment of simple and multiple linear regression of the AME and AMEn was performed using the values of crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral (NDF) and acid (ADF) detergent fiber, mineral matter (MM), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) as regressors (full model). To adjust the prediction equations the statistical procedure of simple and multiple linear regression was used, with the technique of indirect elimination (Backward). There was adjustment of 10 prediction equations, in which five were for AME and another five for AMEn, the R² values of which ranged from 0.20 to 0.75 and from 0.21 to 0.78, respectively. For all adjusted equations, negative correlations for MM were observed, which may be related to its dilutive effect of the gross energy contained in corn. In conclusion, the equations that showed better adjustment were AME= 5605.46 - 385.074CP + 111.648EE + 48.1133NDF + 303.924ADF - 929.931MM (R²= 0.75) and AMEn= 5878.16 - 403.937CP + 81.9618EE + 41.8954NDF + 303.506FDA - 901.621MM (R²= 0.78).

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), os valores de EMA corrigida para o balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn), os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade aparente (CMA) da energia bruta e os CMA corrigidos para o balanço de nitrogênio (CMAn) de cinco diferentes alimentos de origem vegetal (milho, farelo de soja, soja integral desativada, farelo de trigo e óleo de soja) com frangos de corte em diferentes idades (1 a 8, 11 a 18, 21 a 28, 31 a 38 e 41 a 48 dias). Foi utilizado o método de coleta total de excretas. Os frangos foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições cada, totalizando 25 unidades experimentais. Os valores de EMA e EMAn aumentaram com a idade das aves para a maioria dos alimentos, exceto para o farelo de soja. O menor CMA e CMAn da energia bruta foi obtido com o farelo de trigo. Houve ajuste das equações ao modelo LRP para o CMA do milho, farelo de soja e soja integral desativada. O farelo de trigo e o óleo de soja se ajustaram ao modelo de regressão linear. As equações demonstram que a metabolizabilidade da energia tende a aumentar com a idade, com exceção do farelo de soja, que teve maior metabolizabilidade com aves mais jovens. Conclui-se que a idade das aves influencia na determinação dos valores de energia metabolizável dos alimentos.

The ideal protein concept for pigs has allowed reducing levels of crude protein in the diet, since synthetic amino acids are included because the branched chain amino acids may be limiting. In order to determine the digestible isoleucine requirement for gilts from 15 to 30 kg, a performance assay was accomplished, using 40 crossbreed gilts of high genetic potential, averaging 15.00 ± 0.52 kg of body weight, alloted in a randomized blocks design, consisting of five treatments (0.45, 0.52, 0.59, 0.66, 0.73% of digestible isoleucine), four replicates and two animals per experimental unit. Performance traits were determined and at the end of the experiment one animal per experimental unit was slaughtered to determine carcass composition and organs weight. Levels from 0.45 to 0.73% of digestible isoleucine did not affect the carcass traits and organs weight of gilts from 15 to 30 kg. A quadratic effect (PO conceito de proteína ideal, para suínos, tem permitido reduzir os níveis de proteína bruta da dieta, desde que haja a inclusão de aminoácidos sintéticos, pois os aminoácidos de cadeia ramificada podem ser limitantes. Com o objetivo de determinar a exigência de isoleucina digestível para fêmeas suínas dos 15 aos 30 kg, foi realizado um ensaio de desempenho, utilizando-se 40 fêmeas suínas, mestiças de alto potencial genético, com peso vivo inicial de 15,00 ± 0,52kg, distribuídas em um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, constituído de cinco tratamentos (0,45; 0,52; 0,59; 0,66; 0,73% de isoleucina digestível), quatro repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. Foram determinadas características de desempenho e, ao final do experimento, um animal de cada unidade experimental foi abatido, para a determinação da composição de carcaça e peso de órgãos. Níveis de 0,45 a 0,73% de isoleucina digestível não influenciaram as características de carcaça e peso de órgãos dos animais. Houve efeito quadrático (P

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o tempo de homogeneização para que os metais Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb e Cr apresentassem maior uniformidade em um reservatório de dejetos bovinos, e determinar as concentrações destes metais no dejeto. O dejeto foi submetido à homogeneização após repouso por 45 dias. Coletaram-se amostras dodejeto em quatro diferentes tempos de homogeneização e em três diferentes profundidades. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de parcelas subdivididas, sendo a parcela constituída pela profundidade de coleta das amostras e a subparcela pelos tempos de coleta. A determinação dos teores dos metais foi realizada por espectrometria de absorção atômica, modalidade chama. As concentrações de metais encontradas no dejeto foram inferiores aos limites estabelecidos, e o tempo necessário para ocorrer a homogeneização do Cu, Zn e Mnforam 50 minutos; para o Cd, Pb e Fe foram 30 minutos e para o Cr, 60 minutos.The objective of the present work was to determine the homogenization time so that the metals Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb and Cr would show the highest uniformity in a reservoir of bovine manure, as well to determine the concentration of this metals in the manure. Samples of the manure in four different times of homogenization and in three different depths were collected. The experimental design used was of subdivided parcels. The parcel was formed by the depth of collecting samples, and the sub parcel by the collecting times. The determination of metals was performed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The found concentrations of metals in the manure were lower than the established limits, and the necessary time for the homogenization of Cu, Zn and Mn is 50 minutes; for the Cd, Pband Fe is 30 minutes and for the Cr 60 minutes.

Objetivou-se avaliar dietas referências e inclusões de farelo de soja como ingrediente teste sobre o balanço metabólico de suínos. Foram utilizados 24 suínos mestiços, machos castrados, peso médio inicial de 29,01 ± 3,64kg, distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2x2 + 2 (duas rações referência e dois níveis de substituição do alimento teste), mais dois tratamentos adicionais. A metodologia utilizada foi a coleta total de fezes, e a urina filtrada e coletada diariamente. Para avaliar o teor de nitrogênio da ureia plasmática, amostras de sangue foram obtidas mediante punção na veia jugular. Foram determinados os coeficientes de digestibilidade e metabolizabilidade da energia bruta, os valores de energia digestível e metabolizável e o balanço de nitrogênio. As variações das médias dos coeficientes de digestibilidade da energia bruta estão associadas às diferenças na digestibilidade dos nutrientes que constituem a matéria orgânica. Os valores médios de energia digestível também foram significativos para os dois níveis de substituição. Em relação à eficiência de utilização de nitrogênio, melhor resultado foi obtido para a ração que continha o menor nível de proteína bruta, uma vez que houve interação significativa (P=0,01) entre os fatores estudados, sendo que a substituição de 15% do alimento teste apresentou o melhor resultado. Concluiu-se que os níveis de substituição do farelo de soja, nas rações referências, influenciaram os valores de energia digestível para suínos, e a ração teste, contendo um nível de proteína bruta próximo da recomendação, proporcionou otimização na eficiência de utilização do nitrogênio.The objective of this study was to evaluate the reference diets and inputs of soybean meal as test ingredient on the metabolic balance in swines. Twenty four crossbred barrows with initial weight of 29.01 ± 3.64kg were used, allotted in a randomized blocks design in a 2x2 + 2 factorial scheme (two reference rations and two levels of substitution for the test food), plus two extra treatments. The methodology used was the total collection of feces, and the urine was daily filtered and collected. Blood samples were obtained from puncture in the jugular vein to evaluate the levels of plasma urea nitrogen. The digestibility and metabolizability coefficients of gross energy were determined, as the digestible and metabolizable energy values and the nitrogen balance. Variations of DCGE mean are associated with differences in the digestibility of the nutrients that make up the organic matter. The average DE values were also significant for both levels of substitution. The best result for nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) was obtained for the diet containing the lowest level of CP, since there was a significant interaction (P=0.01) among the factors evaluated, and the replacement with 15% of the test food had the best result. It was concluded that the substitution levels of soybean meal in references diets influenced the digestible energy for swines and test diet containing a crude protein level close to the recommendation provided an optimization in the efficiency of nitrogen utilization.

Com o objetivo de determinar a composição química e energética de quatro cultivares de milho para suínos e avaliar modelos matemáticos para predizer seus valores energéticos, foram utilizados 20 suínos, machos castrados, distribuídos em blocos ao acaso, constituídos por quatro tratamentos mais a ração referência e quatro repetições por tratamento. O milho grão, oriundo de diferentes cultivares substituiu em 30% a ração referência. Foi determinada a composição química das cultivares, e a matéria seca (MS), matéria mineral (MM), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), hemicelulose (Hemi), cálcio (Ca) e fósforo (P) variaram de 86,29 a 89,04; 1,12 a 1,99; 8,13 a 8,38; 0,61 a 2,33; 12,39 a 16,70; 4,42 a 5,35; 7,04 a 11,51; 0,027 a 0,043 e 0,214 a 0,359%, respectivamente. Os valores de energia bruta (EB), energia digestível (ED) e energia metabolizável (EM) variaram de 3.829 a 4.016; 3.397 a 3.522 e 3.280 a 3.383kcal/kg, respectivamente, e os coeficientes de digestibilidade e metabolizabilidade da energia bruta tiveram variação de 87,42 a 89,37 e 84,01 a 86,00 %, respectivamente.. Para se estimar os valores de ED foram utilizadas quatro equações de predição e nenhuma se ajustou. Para a EM, foram utilizadas nove equações, das quais a EM = 1,000ED - 0,68PB (R2=0,99) e a EM = 0,997ED - 0,68PB + 0,23EE (R2=0,99) se ajustaram, apresentando correlação de Spearman significativa.Aiming to determine the chemical composition and energetic values of four varieties of corn for pigs and evaluate mathematical models to predict its energetic values, twenty crossbred barrows were used, distributed in a randomized blocks design with four treatments plus the reference ration and four replicates per treatment. The corn cultivars replaced 30% of the reference ration. The chemical composition of the corn cultivars was determined. The dry matter (DM), mineral matter (MM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose (Hemi), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) ranged from 86.29 to 89.04; 1.12 to 1.99; 8.13 to 8.38, 0.61 to 2.33, 12.39 to 16.70; 4.42 to 5.35, 7.04 to 11.51; 0.027 to 0.043 and 0.214 to 0.359%, respectively. The values of gross energy (GE), digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) ranged from 3,829 to 4,016; 3,397 to 3,522 and 3,280 to 3,383kcal/kg, respectively, and the digestibility and metabolizability coefficients of gross energy ranged from 87.42 to 89.37 and 84.01 to 86.00%. The ME:DE ratio ranged between 0.96 and 0.97. Four predictive equations were used to estimate the values of DE and none of those was adjusted. Nine predictive equations such as used to determine ME, where ME = 1.000DE - 0.68CP (R2 = 0.99) and ME = 0.997DE - 0.68CP + 0.23EE (R2 = 0.99) tha had a good adjustment, presenting significant Spearman correlation.

This work aimed to evaluate the microbiological, sensory and centesimal characterization of four kinds of fishburgers elaborated with tilapia mechanically separated meat. The microbiological analyses showed that both raw material and fishburgers met the microbiological standards for products derived from fish and certified that the use of byproducts derived from fish processing is a form of aggregating value to a final product, with good acceptance by the consumer, assisting quality standards. It was not verified significant differences for the averages attributed for taste, aroma, softness, global appearance and purchase intention that ranged, respectively, from 7.14 to 7.44; 7.14 to 7.46; 7.30 to 7.42; 7.21 to 7.35; 3.86 to 3.98. All fish burgers were moderately and very accepted and did not have a preferred specific one. The results of purchase intention oscillated between “maybe would buy”/”wouldn’t buy” and “possibly would buy the product”. The physical-chemical analysis presented the following results: 15.50 to 16.14; 1.73 to 10.28 and 1.12 to 2.44 g/100 g for crude protein, ethereal extract and mineral matter, respectively. The unit cost ranged from R$ 0.36 to R$ 0.37 with yield of 12 units/kg, that denote the production viability.Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar as características microbiológicas, sensorial e centesimal de quatro tipos de fishburgers elaborados à base de carne de tilápia mecanicamente separada (CMS). As análises microbiológicas demonstraram que tanto a matéria-prima quanto os fishburgers atenderam aos padrões microbiológicos para derivados de pescado, constatando-se que a utilização de subprodutos de processamento do pescado é uma forma de agregar valor a um produto final, com boa aceitação pelo consumidor e atendendo aos padrões de qualidade. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas para as médias atribuídas aos parâmetros sabor, aroma, maciez, aparência global e intenção de compra, que oscilaram, respectivamente, entre 7,14 e 7,44; 7,14 e 7,46; 7,30 e 7,42; 7,21 e 7,35; 3,86 e 3,98. Todos os fishburgers estiveram entre moderadamente e muito aceitos, não havendo preferência por um específico. Os resultados referentes à intenção de compra variaram entre “talvez comprasse”/”não comprasse” e “possivelmente compraria o produto”. A análise físico-química indicou resultados de 15,50 a 16,14; 1,73 a 10,28 e 1,12 a 2,44 g/100 g para proteína bruta, extrato etéreo e matéria mineral, respectivamente. O custo unitário variou de R$0,36 a R$ 0,37, com rendimento de 12 unidades/kg, o que denota a viabilidade da produção.

ABSTRACT Corn is one of the primary ingredients in swine diets, but there is a variation in its chemical composition and metabolizable energy (ME) content. Therefore, faster methods are required that can determine more accurate ME values to improve piglet diets. This study determined and predicted the ME of corn from first and second harvests for piglets. Two experiments were conducted to determine the ME values for 18 corn batches, evaluating corn from first and second harvests. The corn batches were analysed to determine the concentration of dry matter (DM), starch (ST), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and gross energy (GE). To determine the ME values, 40 piglets were used in each experiment, grouped into a randomized block design with four replicates. The ME of the corn from the first and second crops ranged from 3281 to 3509 and from 3143 to 3652 kcal/kg on an as-fed basis, respectively, and the fitted equations to predict the ME presented a low R2. The best fit equation for predicting the ME of corn for piglets was determined to be ME= - 6306.15 + 400.652ADF + 117.286ST + 24924.7Ca + 2489.66P - 148.41CP (R2=0.44) for the first harvest; ME= -7560.08 + 2.66895GE - 120.69ADF (R2=0.48) for the second harvest; and ME= 2848.95 + 68.5714NDF + 161.938EE - 5563.5Ca - 1454.2P (R2=0.41) for the joint harvest.

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) of six corn cultivars, two sorghum cultivars and two wheat brans and to evaluate the cross-validation of predictive models of AME for corn, sorghum and wheat bran for growing pigs, as estimated from the data of chemical composition. Forty-four pigs, with an average initial weight of 24.3 kg, were distributed in a randomized block design, with 11 treatments (ten food treatments and the reference diet), four replicates and one pig per experimental unit. The reference diet was replaced by 30% for the ground corn and sorghum conditions and 20% for the wheat bran condition. The values of AME for corn, sorghum and wheat meal for pigs ranged from 3161 to 3275, 3317 to 3457 and 2767 to 2842 kcal kg-1 as a feed basis, respectively. The average metabolizability of the gross energy did not differ between the corn and sorghum cultivars, which formed a homogeneous group of food. Next, linear regression models were fitted to the 1st degree of the observed values as a function of the predicted AME, to test the hypothesis β0 = 0 and β1 = 1 in an experimental sample and 200 bootstrap samples. Fourteen predictive models had low percentages of cross-validation, ranging from 0-29.5%. The AME1A = 2.547 + 0.969ADE model was validated in experimental sample and 68% of bootstrap samples, proving its accuracy in estimating the AME of corn and sorghum from national data for growing pigs.

RESUMO Este trabalho teve por objetivo determinar a composição bromatológica, energética e a digestibilidade ileal de aminoácidos do resíduo seco de destilaria com solúveis (DDGS), além de avaliar o efeito da utilização desse resíduo sobre o desempenho e rendimento de carcaça de frangos de corte dos 22 aos 42 dias de idade. No primeiro experimento, foram utilizadas 48 aves Cobb, machos, com 21 dias de idade e peso médio de 932 g ± 45 g, distribuídas em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com dois tratamentos, seis repetições e quatro aves por unidade experimental. No segundo (digestibilidade dos aminoácidos), foram utilizados 12 galos Leghorn cecectomizados, com peso médio de 1.912,1 ± 133,73 g, distribuídos em DIC, com um alimento teste (DDGS), seis repetições e um galo por unidade experimental. Finalmente, foi avaliado o desempenho e rendimento de carcaça de frangos de corte da linhagem Cobb Slow, dos 22 aos 42 dias, sendo utilizados 900 frangos, com peso inicial de 972,50 ± 25,79 g, distribuídos em DIC, em esquema fatorial 2 x 5, totalizando 10 tratamentos (macho e fêmea X 0; 5; 10; 15 e 20% de inclusão de DDGS), com cinco repetições por tratamento. Os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e EMA corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) foram de 2.461 e 2.282 kcal kg-1, respectivamente. Níveis de 5 a 20% de inclusão de DDGS nas rações promovem queda no desempenho e no rendimento de carcaça de frangos de corte, machos e fêmeas, além de maior deposição de gordura abdominal nas fêmeas.

ABSTRACT The use of predicted values of apparent metabolisable energy (AME), obtained from regression equations, can be useful for both research institutions and nutrition industries. However, there is a need to validate independent samples to ensure that the predicted equation for AME is reliable. In this study, data was collected in order to estimate the prediction equations of corn, sorghum and wheat bran for pig feed, based on the chemical composition, in addition to evaluating the validity of the stepwise selection procedure regressive method of non-parametric bootstrap resampling. Data from metabolism trials in pigs and the chemical composition of feedstuffs was collected from both Brazilian and international literature, expressed as dry matter. After the residue analysis, five models of multiple linear regression were adjusted to randomly generate 1000 bootstrap samples of equal size from the database via meta-analysis. The five estimated models were adjusted for all bootstrapped samples using the stepwise method. The highest percentage significance for regressor (PSR) value was observed for digestible energy (100%) in the AME1 model, and gross energy (95.7%) in the AME2 model, indicating high correlation of the regressive model with AME. The regressors selected for AME4 and AME5 resulted in a PSR of greater than 50%, and were validated for estimating the AME of pig feed. However, the percentage of joint occurrence of regressor models showed low reliability, with values between 2.6% (AME2) and 23.4% (AME4), suggesting that the stepwise procedure was invalid.