53 results on '"Leal CM"'
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2. A comparison of solvents for extraction of condensed tannins in tree leaves
- Author
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Capetillo Leal, CM, primary, Reyes Ramírez, R., additional, Sandoval-Castro, CA, additional, and Camacho Morfin, D., additional
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. The in vitro rumen exsheathment test for studying the effect of plant extracts on the exsheathment of Haemonchus contortus infective larvae.
- Author
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Marin-Tun CG, Torres-Acosta JFJ, Capetillo-Leal CM, Sandoval-Castro CA, Hoste H, Borges-Argáez R, and Mancilla-Montelongo MG
- Subjects
- Animals, Haemonchiasis veterinary, Haemonchiasis parasitology, Anthelmintics pharmacology, Anthelmintics chemistry, Haemonchus drug effects, Rumen parasitology, Plant Extracts pharmacology, Plant Extracts chemistry, Larva drug effects
- Abstract
This study applied the in vitro rumen exsheathment test (IVRET) to evaluate the exsheathment kinetics of Haemonchus contortus infective larvae (L
3 ) incubated in ruminal liquor (RL) containing acetone:water extracts of Acacia pennatula (AP), Gymnopodium floribundum (GF), Havardia albicans (HA) or Lysiloma latisiliquum (LL). The role of polyphenols in the biological activity of the evaluated extracts was also determined. Larvae were incubated in RL either alone or added with a different plant extract (AP, GF, HA, or LL) at 1200 μg/mL. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was added to block polyphenols in each treatment (RL+PEG, AP+PEG, GF+PEG, HA+PEG, and LL+PEG). After incubation times of 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, and 24 h, the exsheathment process was stopped to count the number of ensheathed and exsheathed L3 . A Log-Logistic model was used to determine the L3 exsheathment kinetics in the different RL treatments. The inflection point of the respective kinetic curves, which indicates the time to reach 50 % exsheathed L3 (T50 ), was the only parameter that differed when comparing the exsheathment models (99 % probability of difference). The T50 values obtained for GF, HA, and LL treatments (T50 = 7.11 - 7.58 h) were higher in comparison to the T50 of RL (5.72 h) (≥ 70 % probability of difference). The L3 incubated in RL added with GF, HA, and LL extracts delayed their exsheathment at 3 and 6 h of incubation (28.71 - 48.06 % exsheathment reduction) compared to the RL treatment. The T50 value for AP, AP+PEG, GF+PEG, HA+PEG, and LL+PEG were similar to RL and RL+PEG (T50 = 5.34 - 6.97 h). In conclusion, the IVRET can be used to identify plants with the potential to delay the exsheathment of H. contortus L3 in the ruminal liquor. The acetone:water extracts of G. floribundum, H. albicans, and L. latisiliquum delayed the T50 of H. contortus exsheathment, which was evident at 3 and 6 h of incubation in ruminal liquor. The observed exsheathment delay was attributed to the polyphenol content of the extracts., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper, (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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4. Antiviral treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection in the current situation: a position paper of the Spanish Society of Emergency Medicine (SEMES).
- Author
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González Del Castillo J, Fernández-Simón Almela A, Jacob J, Arranz M, Espinosa B, de la Torre Marti H, Molines A, Rodríguez-Leal CM, Salido Mota M, Serrano L, Rivas Del Valle P, and Llorens P
- Subjects
- Humans, Spain epidemiology, Emergency Medicine standards, COVID-19 epidemiology, COVID-19 prevention & control, Emergency Service, Hospital, SARS-CoV-2, Antiviral Agents therapeutic use, COVID-19 Drug Treatment
- Abstract
Summary: COVID-19 continues to pose a significant threat: mortality stands at nearly twice that of influenza, and the incidence rate is growing as the population's vaccination rate decreases, particularly in Spain and other areas of Europe. Given this situation, it is vitally important know whether medical protocols are consistent and appropriately implemented by health care staff in the interest of preventing possible inefficiency or inequity. Physicians from hospital emergency departments met to study their hospitals' usual clinical practices for managing SARS-CoV-2 infection and to determine their expert opinions on the use of antiviral agents. The participating physicians then reached consensus on evidencebased recommendations for strategies that would optimize emergency treatment.
- Published
- 2024
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5. Candent issues in pneumonia. Reflections from the Fifth Annual Meeting of Spanish Experts 2023.
- Author
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Rodríguez-Leal CM, González-Corralejo C, Candel FJ, and Salavert M
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- Humans, Spain, Pneumonia drug therapy, Cross Infection drug therapy, Cross Infection microbiology, Pneumonia, Bacterial drug therapy, Pneumonia, Bacterial microbiology, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Community-Acquired Infections drug therapy, Community-Acquired Infections microbiology
- Abstract
Pneumonia is a multifaceted illness with a wide range of clinical manifestations, degree of severity and multiple potential causing microorganisms. Despite the intensive research of recent decades, community-acquired pneumonia remains the third-highest cause of mortality in developed countries and the first due to infections; and hospital-acquired pneumonia is the main cause of death from nosocomial infection in critically ill patients. Guidelines for management of this disease are available world wide, but there are questions which generate controversy, and the latest advances make it difficult to stay them up to date. A multidisciplinary approach can overcome these limitations and can also aid to improve clinical results. Spanish medical societies involved in diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia have made a collaborative effort to actualize and integrate last expertise about this infection. The aim of this paper is to reflect this knowledge, communicated in Fifth Pneumonia Day in Spain. It reviews the most important questions about this disorder, such as microbiological diagnosis, advances in antibiotic and sequential therapy, management of beta-lactam allergic patient, preventive measures, management of unusual or multi-resistant microorganisms and adjuvant or advanced therapies in Intensive Care Unit., (©The Author 2024. Published by Sociedad Española de Quimioterapia. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).)
- Published
- 2024
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6. Adapting the in vitro rumen incubation method to evaluate the effect of a plant extract on the exsheathment inhibition of Haemonchus contortus infective larvae.
- Author
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Marin-Tun CG, Mancilla-Montelongo MG, Capetillo-Leal CM, Sandoval-Castro CA, Hoste H, Borges-Argáez R, and Torres-Acosta JFJ
- Subjects
- Animals, Tannins pharmacology, Larva, Rumen, Polyphenols pharmacology, Polyethylene Glycols pharmacology, Plant Extracts pharmacology, Haemonchus
- Abstract
This study adapted the in vitro rumen incubation (IVRI) method to evaluate the biological activity of a Gymnopodium floribundum leaves extract against the exsheathment of Haemonchus contortus infective larvae (L
3 ), and to determine the role of plant polyphenols on the biological activity. The incubation protocol followed the IVRI method, adding polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a polyphenol-blocking agent. The L3 were incubated in ruminal liquor (RL), ruminal liquor with PEG (RL+PEG), ruminal liquor with G. floribundum extract (RLE), and ruminal liquor with G. floribundum extract and PEG (RLE+PEG). Incubation condition controls included phosphate buffered saline (PBS), PBS with PEG (PBS+PEG), incubation medium (without ruminal liquor) (IM), and incubation medium with PEG (IM+PEG). The L3 were recovered after incubation times of 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, and 24 h (39 °C). The respective L3 exsheathment kinetics were estimated for the different treatments (RL, RL+PEG, RLE, and RLE+PEG) using Log-Logistic models. The parameters of the different models were compared to determine the impact of the extract, with or without PEG, on the L3 exsheathment kinetics. The exsheathment in PBS and PBS+PEG remained < 2.71% at each incubation time. The exsheathment in IM and IM+PEG reached 13.58% and 17.18% at 24 h, respectively. The exsheathment percentages for RLE were lower than those for RL at 3, 6 and 9 h of incubation. The inflection point, indicating the time required to reach 50% of the maximal exsheathment (T50 ), was the only parameter that differed between the ruminal liquor models. The T50 in RLE (7.106 h) was higher than the values obtained for RL (5.385 h) and RL+PEG (4.923 h) (99.99% probability of being different). Such delay resulted in a reduction of exsheathment in RLE of 62% at 3 h, 38% at 6 h, and 12% at 9 h, relative to RL values. When PEG was added with the extract (RLE+PEG), the T50 (5.045 h) was similar to that of RL and RL+PEG. The IVRI method was adapted as an in vitro rumen exsheathment test (IVRET). The IVRET showed that H. contortus L3 exposed to G. floribundum extract delayed their exsheathment kinetics at different time points. The exsheathment delay was attributed to the polyphenol content of the extract., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2024
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7. Disentangling the effects of terroir , season, and vintage on the grapevine fungal pathobiome.
- Author
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Leal CM, Geiger A, Molnár A, Váczy KZ, Kgobe G, Zsófi Z, and Geml J
- Abstract
The composition, diversity and dynamics of microbial communities associated with grapevines may be influenced by various environmental factors, including terroir , vintage, and season. Among these factors, terroir stands out as a unique possible determinant of the pathobiome, the community of plant-associated pathogens. This study employed high-throughput molecular techniques, including metabarcoding and network analysis, to investigate the compositional dynamics of grapevine fungal pathobiome across three microhabitats (soil, woody tissue, and bark) using the Furmint cultivar. Samples were collected during late winter and late summer in 2020 and 2021, across three distinct terroirs in Hungary's Tokaj wine region. Of the 123 plant pathogenic genera found, Diplodia, Phaeomoniella , and Fusarium displayed the highest richness in bark, wood, and soil, respectively. Both richness and abundance exhibited significant disparities across microhabitats, with plant pathogenic fungi known to cause grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) demonstrating highest richness and abundance in wood and bark samples, and non-GTD pathogens prevailed soil. Abundance and richness, however, followed distinct patterns Terroir accounted for a substantial portion of the variance in fungal community composition, ranging from 14.46 to 24.67%. Season and vintage also contributed to the variation, explaining 1.84 to 2.98% and 3.67 to 6.39% of the variance, respectively. Notably, significant compositional differences in fungi between healthy and diseased grapevines were only identified in wood and bark samples. Cooccurrence networks analysis, using both unweighted and weighted metrics, revealed intricate relationships among pathogenic fungal genera. This involved mostly positive associations, potentially suggesting synergism, and a few negative relationships, potentially suggesting antagonistic interactions. In essence, the observed differences among terroirs may stem from environmental filtering due to varied edaphic and mesoclimatic conditions. Temporal weather and vine management practices could explain seasonal and vintage fungal dynamics. This study provides insights into the compositional dynamics of grapevine fungal pathobiome across different microhabitats, terroirs , seasons, and health statuses. The findings emphasize the importance of considering network-based approaches in studying microbial communities and have implications for developing improved viticultural plant health strategies., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Leal, Geiger, Molnár, Váczy, Kgobe, Zsófi and Geml.)
- Published
- 2024
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8. Evaluation of the Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Anti-Biofilm Effects of the Stem Bark, Leaf, and Seed Extracts from Hymenaea courbaril and Characterization by UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS Analysis.
- Author
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Cruz JERD, Saldanha HC, Nascimento AMD, Borges RB, Gomes MS, Freitas GROE, Leal CM, Ferreira EA, da Silva Filho AA, and Morais ER
- Abstract
Currently, biofilm-forming bacteria are difficult to treat by conventional antibiotic therapy and are, thus, becoming a clinical and epidemiological problem worldwide. Medicinal plants have been identified as novel alternative treatments due to their therapeutic and antimicrobial effects. In this context, the present study aimed to determine the total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and antimicrobial and anti-biofilm potential of nine extracts of Hymenaea courbaril (Fabaceae), popularly known as Jatobá. Furthermore, extracts that exhibited biofilm inhibitory activity against S. aureus (ATCC 25923) were selected for UPLC-HRMS/MS chemical analysis. Our results showed a high total phenolic content, mainly in the stem bark extract, and that the plant is rich in compounds with antioxidant activity. In the anti-biofilm analysis, leaf extracts stood out in comparison with chloramphenicol, with inhibition percentages of 78.29% and 78.85%, respectively. Through chemical analysis by UPLC-HRMS/MS, chrysoeriol-7- O -neohesperidoside, isorhamnetin-3- O -glucoside, and 3,7-di- O -methylquercetin were annotated for the first time in the leaves of H. courbaril . Therefore, these results showed the potential use of H. courbaril as an antioxidant and point to its use in antimicrobial therapy with an anti-biofilm effect.
- Published
- 2023
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9. Antiparasitic properties of 4-nerolidylcatechol from Pothomorphe umbellata (L.) Miq. (Piperaceae) in vitro and in mice models with either prepatent or patent Schistosoma mansoni infections.
- Author
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Costa DS, Leal CM, Cajas RA, Gazolla MC, Silva LM, Carvalho LSA, Lemes BL, Moura RO, Almeida J, de Moraes J, and da Silva Filho AA
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- Animals, Mice, Antiparasitic Agents pharmacology, Schistosoma mansoni, Praziquantel pharmacology, Plant Extracts pharmacology, Plant Extracts therapeutic use, Plant Extracts chemistry, Mammals, Schistosomiasis mansoni drug therapy, Schistosomiasis mansoni parasitology, Piperaceae chemistry, Anthelmintics pharmacology, Anthelmintics therapeutic use, Schistosomiasis drug therapy
- Abstract
Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Roots of Pothomorphe umbellata (L.) Miq. are used in traditional medicine of Africa and South America for the treatment of malaria and helminthiasis. However, neither P. umbellata nor its isolated compounds have been evaluated against Schistosoma species., Aims of This Study: To investigate the antischistosomal effects of P. umbellata root extracts and the isolated compound 4-nerolidylcatechol (4-NC) against Schistosoma mansoni ex vivo and in murine models of schistosomiasis., Materials and Methods: The crude hydroalcoholic (PuE) and hexane (PuH) extracts of P. umbellata roots were prepared and initially submitted to an ex vivo phenotypic screening against adult S. mansoni. PuH was analyzed by HPLC-DAD, characterized by UHPLC-HRMS/MS, and submitted to chromatographic fractionation, leading to the isolation of 4-NC. The anthelmintic properties of 4-NC were assayed ex vivo against adult schistosomes and in murine models of schistosomiasis for both patent and prepatent S. mansoni infections. Praziquantel (PZQ) was used as a reference compound., Results: PuE (EC
50 : 18.7 μg/mL) and PuH (EC50 : 9.2 μg/mL) kill adult schistosomes ex vivo. The UHPLC-HRMS/MS analysis of PuH, the most active extract, revealed the presence of 4-NC, peltatol A, and peltatol B or C. After isolation from PuH, 4-NC presented remarkable in vitro schistosomicidal activity with EC50 of 2.9 μM (0.91 μg/mL) and a selectivity index higher than 68 against Vero mammalian cells, without affecting viability of nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. In patent S. mansoni infection, the oral treatment with 4-NC decreased worm burden and egg production in 52.1% and 52.3%, respectively, also reducing splenomegaly and hepatomegaly. 4-NC, unlike PZQ, showed in vivo efficacy against juvenile S. mansoni, decreasing worm burden in 52.4%., Conclusions: This study demonstrates that P. umbellata roots possess antischistosomal activity, giving support for the medicinal use of this plant against parasites. 4-NC was identified from P. umbellata roots as one of the effective in vitro and in vivo antischistosomal compound and as a potential lead for the development of novel anthelmintics., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2023
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10. An in vitro rumen incubation method to study exsheathment kinetics of Haemonchus contortus third-stage infective larvae.
- Author
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Marin-Tun CG, Mancilla-Montelongo MG, Torres-Acosta JFJ, Capetillo-Leal CM, Sandoval-Castro CA, Hoste H, and Borges-Argáez R
- Subjects
- Animals, Cattle, Larva, Kinetics, Rumen, In Vitro Techniques, Haemonchus
- Abstract
This study developed and evaluated an in vitro rumen incubation (IVRI) method to describe the exsheathment kinetics of Haemonchus contortus third-stage infective larvae (L
3 ) in ruminal liquor (RL). The specific objectives were (i) to standardize the IVRI method to facilitate the contact between L3 and RL as well as the larval recovery, and (ii) to apply the IVRI method to describe the exsheathment kinetics of H. contortus and to select the best fitting nonlinear model. Incubation devices containing H. contortus larvae were incubated according to the IVRI technique in cattle RL or PBS. The incubation conditions included RL mixed with a nitrogen-rich media, maintained at 39 °C, with pH = 7.0, vented with CO2 and manual agitation. The larvae were recovered after 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h. The exsheathed and ensheathed larvae were counted to estimate the exsheathment (%) in RL or PBS. Exsheathment in RL was analyzed with nonlinear regression models: Exponential, Gompertz, Logistic, Log-Logistic, and Weibull. The models' fit was compared to select the one that best described the exsheathment kinetics. The exsheathment in RL reached 6.52%, 20.65%, 58.22%, 69.24%, 73.08%, and 77.20% in 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h, respectively. Although the Gompertz, Weibull, and Logistic models were adequate to describe the observed exsheathment, the Log-Logistic model had the best fit. The IVRI method using bovine RL represents a suitable tool for the study of the in vitro exsheathment kinetics of H. contortus L3 ., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)- Published
- 2023
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11. In silico screening of phenylethanoid glycosides, a class of pharmacologically active compounds as natural inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 proteases.
- Author
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Cheohen CFAR, Esteves MEA, da Fonseca TS, Leal CM, Assis FLF, Campos MF, Rebelo RS, Allonso D, Leitão GG, da Silva ML, and Leitão SG
- Abstract
Since the advent of Covid-19, several natural products have been investigated regarding their in silico interactions with SARS-CoV-2 proteases - 3CL
pro and PLpro , two of the most important pharmacological targets for antiviral development. Phenylethanoid glycosides (PG) are a class of natural products present in important medicinal plants and a drug containing this group of active ingredients has been successfully used in the treatment of Covid-19 in China. Thus, a dataset with 567 derivatives of this class was built from reviews published between 1994 and 2020, and their interaction against both SARS-CoV-2 proteases was investigated. The virtual screening was performed by filtering the PGs through the evaluation of scores based on the AutoDock Vina, GOLD/ChemPLP, and GOLD/GoldScore evaluation functions. The bRO5 pharmacokinetic parameters of the PGs ranked in the previous step were analyzed and their interaction with key amino acid residues of the 3CLpro and PLpro enzymes was evaluated. Ninety-eight compounds were identified by computational approaches against PLpro and 80 PGs against 3CLpro . Of these, four interacted with key catalytic residues of PLpro , which is an indicative of inhibitory activity, and three compounds interacted with catalytic key residues of 3CLpro . Of these, five PGs occur in plants of the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), while two are components of plants/formulations currently used in the Covid-19 protocols in China. The data presented here show the potential of PGs as selective inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and PLpro ., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Research Network of Computational and Structural Biotechnology.)- Published
- 2023
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12. Composition of Slow-Growing Male Chicken's Meat and Bone Quality as Affected by Dietary Moringa oleifera Lam. Meal.
- Author
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Faustin-Evaris E, Sarmiento-Franco LA, Capetillo-Leal CM, and Sandoval-Castro CA
- Abstract
This study investigated the impact of Moringa oleifera Lam. meal (MOM) on meat nutritional properties and bone quality of slow-growing layer-type male chickens raised in semi-intensive conditions. A total of 198, 72-d-old Dominant Blue D 107 male chickens, with an average weight of 1093 ± 15.2 g, were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments supplemented with 0, 3, and 6% of MOM that corresponded to T1, T2, and T3, respectively. Each treatment, consisting of six replicated floor pens of 11 birds, had access to the outdoors for 49 days. The results showed that breast muscle ash percentage was significantly greater (P ≤ 0.05) in T2 in comparison to the T1 group. Meat dry matter, protein, and fat content were not influenced by the treatments (P > 0.05). Regardless of the treatments, oleic acid (C18:1N9C) was numerically more abundant in the breast than in the leg muscle. Alternatively, femoral and tibial lengths were shorter (P ≤ 0.05) in birds fed 3% MOM than the two other groups. Moreover, birds fed with MOM had greater tibial diameter (P ≤ 0.05) than those that were fed without MOM. In addition, bone ash content and phosphorous amount were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) in birds fed 6% MOM compared to those fed without MOM. The data of this study indicate that up to 6% of MOM may be added to the diet of slow-growing layer-type male chickens raised with outdoor access under tropical conditions to improve bone quality traits.
- Published
- 2022
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13. Use of predictive scales for pulmonary thromboembolism in an emergency department.
- Author
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Castro-Sandoval P, Barrós-González R, Galindo-Martín MA, Ruiz-Grinspan MS, and Rodríguez-Leal CM
- Subjects
- Humans, Retrospective Studies, Cross-Sectional Studies, Emergency Service, Hospital, Computed Tomography Angiography, Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products, Pulmonary Embolism diagnostic imaging
- Abstract
Background and Objective: Diagnosing pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is difficult. Clinical probability scales (CPS) can help. The aim is to find out which one is the best., Patients and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional single-center study was conducted. It evaluated four CPS (Pulmonary Embolism Rule Out Criteria [PERC], Wells, Geneva, and YEARS criteria) validity in 200 patients who underwent computerized tomography angiography of the pulmonary arteries. Their degree of use was estimated, as well as the possible correlation between them and DD (D dimer)., Results: The four CPS have a high sensitivity, close to 1 and without differences between them. The YEARS scale is between 2 and 4 times more specific than the others. The degree of use of the scales was estimated at 14% (95% CI: 9.19-18.81). A weak positive correlation was found between the scores on the Wells and Geneva scales and the DD., Conclusions: The YEARS scale is shown to be better than the others due to its potential greater number of imaging tests avoided and the degree of application of the CPS could be improved., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
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14. Abiotic environmental factors drive the diversity, compositional dynamics and habitat preference of ectomycorrhizal fungi in Pannonian forest types.
- Author
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Geml J, Leal CM, Nagy R, and Sulyok J
- Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are among the most diverse and dominant fungal groups in temperate forests and are crucial for ecosystem functioning of forests and their resilience toward disturbance. We carried out DNA metabarcoding of ECM fungi from soil samples taken at 62 sites in the Bükk Mountains in northern Hungary. The selected sampling sites represent the characteristic Pannonian forest types distributed along elevation (i.e., temperature), pH and slope aspect gradients. We compared richness and community composition of ECM fungi among forest types and explored relationships among environmental variables and ECM fungal alpha and beta diversity. The DNA sequence data generated in this study indicated strong correlations between fungal community composition and environmental variables, particularly with pH and soil moisture, with many ECM fungi showing preference for specific zonal, topographic or edaphic forest types. Several ECM fungal genera showed significant differences in richness among forest types and exhibited strong compositional differences mostly driven by differences in environmental factors. Despite the relatively high proportions of compositional variance explained by the tested environmental variables, a large proportion of the compositional variance remained unexplained, indicating that both niche (environmental filtering) and neutral (stochastic) processes shape ECM fungal community composition at landscape level. Our work provides unprecedented insights into the diversity, landscape-level distribution, and habitat preferences of ECM fungi in the Pannonian forests of Northern Hungary., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Geml, Leal, Nagy and Sulyok.)
- Published
- 2022
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15. Exploring Relationships among Grapevine Chemical and Physiological Parameters and Leaf and Berry Mycobiome Composition.
- Author
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Molnár A, Geml J, Geiger A, Leal CM, Kgobe G, Tóth AM, Villangó S, Mézes L, Czeglédi M, Lőrincz G, and Zsófi Z
- Abstract
Improving our knowledge on biotic and abiotic factors that influence the composition of the grapevine mycobiome is of great agricultural significance, due to potential effects on plant health, productivity, and wine characteristics. Here, we assessed the influence of scion cultivar on the diversity and composition of fungal communities in the berries and leaves of three different cultivars. We generated DNA metabarcoding data, and statistically compared the richness, relative abundance, and composition of several functional groups of fungi among cultivars, which are partly explained by measured differences in chemical composition of leaves and berries and physiological traits of leaves. Fungal communities in leaves and berries show contrasting patterns among cultivars. The richness and relative abundance of fungal functional groups statistically differ among berry and leaf samples, but less so among cultivars. Community composition of the dominant functional groups of fungi, i.e., plant pathogens in leaves and saprotrophs in berries, differs significantly among cultivars. We also detect cultivar-level differences in the macro- and microelement content of the leaves, and in acidity and sugar concentration of berries. Our findings suggest that there appears to be a relatively diverse set of fungi that make up the grapevine mycobiome at the sampled terroir that spans several cultivars, and that both berry and leaf mycobiomes are likely influenced by the chemical characteristics of berries and leaves, e.g., pH and the availability of nutrients and simple carbohydrates. Finally, the correlation between fungal community composition and physiological variables in leaves is noteworthy, and merits further research to explore causality. Our findings offer novel insights into the microbial dynamics of grapevine considering plant chemistry and physiology, with implications for viticulture.
- Published
- 2022
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16. Selection of Forage Resources by Juvenile Goats in a Cafeteria Trial: Effect of Browsing Experience, Nutrient and Secondary Compound Content.
- Author
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Ortíz-Domínguez GA, Marin-Tun CG, Torres-Fajardo RA, González-Pech PG, Capetillo-Leal CM, Torres-Acosta JFJ, Ventura-Cordero J, and Sandoval-Castro CA
- Abstract
We evaluated the effect of browsing experience, nutritional quality and secondary compounds of forage resources, and the interaction between these factors on the selection and intake of goats in a cafeteria trial. Twelve juvenile Criollo goats from 7 to 9 months of age, weighing 22 ± 3 kg, were divided into two groups: (a) browser goats group ( n = 6, BG), and (b) naïve goats group ( n = 6, NG), formed according to their previous browsing experience (with and without, respectively). Animals were housed in individual pens. The cafeteria experiment lasted 21 days considering pen adaptation, foliage adaptation, and measurements, which included the selection index (SI) of experimental forage resources (Chesson's alpha) and their dry matter intake (DMI/Kg
0.75 ), using a multiple Latin square design. Furthermore, correlation and regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between the aforementioned factors. The NG did not show any selection pattern, while the BG selected Piscidia piscipula and Senegalia gaumeri ( p = 0.0002). The BG consumed smaller amounts of secondary compounds compared to NG ( p = 0.0001). In the BG, the flavonoids affected negatively their selection (R2 = 97.51, p = 0.0001), while the DMI was affected by in vitro DM digestibility and flavonoids (R2 = 99.85; p = 0.0001). For the NG, the crude protein and organic matter contents were associated with DMI, but none had a significant relationship with SI. The BG selected and consumed forages with suitable nutritional quality avoiding those with high content of secondary compounds such as flavonoids. Conversely, NG did not show a clear pattern for their selection or intake.- Published
- 2022
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17. Usefulness of D-dimer concentration in the diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19 in the emergency department: estimating its discriminative capacity, sensitivity, and specificity.
- Author
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Rodríguez-Leal CM, García-Del-Salto L, Coperías JL, Sanmartín-Fenollera L, Fraga-Rivas P, and Sebastián Ruiz-Grinspan M
- Subjects
- Emergency Service, Hospital, Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products, Humans, COVID-19 complications, COVID-19 diagnosis, Pulmonary Embolism diagnosis
- Published
- 2022
18. Bioassay-Guided Fractionation of Siparuna glycycarpa n -Butanol Extract with Inhibitory Activity against Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus by Centrifugal Partition Chromatography (CPC).
- Author
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Leal CM, Leitão SG, de Mello LLO, Rangel IC, da Silva CVA, Miranda MD, Tucci AR, de Assis CB, Sacramento CQ, Fintelman-Rodrigues N, Koolen HHF, Vaz BG, Simas RC, and Leitão GG
- Subjects
- 1-Butanol chemistry, Biological Assay, Chemical Fractionation methods, Humans, Chromatography, Liquid methods, Alkaloids pharmacology, Alkaloids chemistry, Alkaloids isolation & purification, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype drug effects, Plant Extracts chemistry, Plant Extracts pharmacology, Antiviral Agents pharmacology, Antiviral Agents chemistry
- Abstract
Siparuna glycycarpa occurs in the Amazon region, and some species of this genus are used in Brazilian folk medicine. A recent study showed the inhibitory effect of this species against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, and in order to acquire active fractions, a polar solvent system n -butanol-methanol-water (9:1:10, v / v ) was selected and used for bioassay-guided fractionation of n -butanol extract by centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC). The upper phase was used as stationary phase and the lower phase as mobile (descending mode). Among the collected fractions, the ones coded SGA, SGC, SGD, and SGO showed the highest antiviral inhibition levels (above 74%) at 100 µg·mL
-1 after 24 h of infection. The bioactive fractions chemical profiles were investigated by LC-HRMS/MS data in positive and negative ionization modes exploring the Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) platform to build a molecular network. Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids were annotated in the fractions coded SGA, SGC, and SGD collected during elution step. Aporphine alkaloids, O -glycosylated flavonoids, and dihydrochalcones in SGO were acquired with the change of mobile phase from lower aqueous to upper organic. Benzylisoquinolinic and aporphine alkaloids as well as glycosylated flavonoids were annotated in the most bioactive fractions suggesting this group of compounds as responsible for antiviral activity.- Published
- 2022
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19. Amazonian Siparuna extracts as potential anti-influenza agents: Metabolic fingerprinting.
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Leal CM, Simas RC, Miranda M, Campos MF, Gomes BA, Siqueira MM, Vale GD, Gomes de Almeida CV, Leitão SG, and Leitão GG
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- Alkaloids chemistry, Alkaloids pharmacology, Animals, Antiviral Agents analysis, Biflavonoids chemistry, Biflavonoids pharmacology, Brazil, Catechin chemistry, Catechin pharmacology, Cell Survival drug effects, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Dogs, Flavonoids chemistry, Flavonoids pharmacology, Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells, Medicine, Traditional, Plant Extracts analysis, Proanthocyanidins chemistry, Proanthocyanidins pharmacology, Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Antiviral Agents chemistry, Antiviral Agents pharmacology, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype drug effects, Laurales chemistry, Plant Extracts chemistry, Plant Extracts pharmacology, Plant Leaves chemistry
- Abstract
Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Siparuna species are used in Brazilian Folk Medicine for the treatment and prophylaxis of colds, fever, headache, gastrointestinal disorders and rheumatic pain., Aim of the Study: This study aimed to investigate a possible anti-influenza activity of 25 extracts from leaves of Amazonian S. cristata, S. decipiens, S. glycycarpa, S. reginae and S. sarmentosa based on their folk medicinal uses as well as to investigate their metabolic fingerprinting. The chemical composition of the active extracts was further dereplicated., Material and Methods: The chemical composition of the crude EtOH extracts from five Siparuna species were investigated by ESI (±) LC-QTOF-MS
2 . Organic extracts were obtained by liquid-liquid partition with solvents of increasing polarity, generating 25 extracts which were subjected to a quick DI-ESI (±) IT-MS fingerprint analysis. These extracts were tested against influenza virus replication and cellular toxicity using MDCK cells and influenza A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09 virus. The compounds in the active BuOH extracts from S. glycycarpa and S. sarmentosa were annotated by ESI (±) LC-QTOF-MS2 ., Results: Analysis of the EtOH extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids and flavonoids, in the positive and negative ionization modes. Out of the 25 organic extracts screened for their antiviral activity, the BuOH extracts from S. glycycarpa and S. sarmentosa were the most active, inhibiting 96.0 ± 1.3% and 89.5 ± 0.8% of influenza virus replication 24 h post-infection. These inhibitory effects were maintained until 72hpi. Alkaloids, O- and C-flavonoid glycosides, dihydrochalcones and a procyanidin dimer were annotated in these extracts., Conclusions: The inhibitory effect against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus replication shown by Amazonian Siparuna species corroborates the use of these plants in Brazilian Folk Medicine, showing their potential as anti-influenza agents. These promising results stimulate the continuation of this study with the aim of isolating the compound(s) responsible for this bioactivity, thus contributing to a better knowledge of those species and to the research of natural products with potential anti-influenza activity., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2021
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20. Flavonoids from Siparuna cristata as Potential Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Replication.
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Leal CM, Leitão SG, Sausset R, Mendonça SC, Nascimento PHA, de Araujo R Cheohen CF, Esteves MEA, Leal da Silva M, Gondim TS, Monteiro MES, Tucci AR, Fintelman-Rodrigues N, Siqueira MM, Miranda MD, Costa FN, Simas RC, and Leitão GG
- Abstract
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has been affecting the world, causing severe pneumonia and acute respiratory syndrome, leading people to death. Therefore, the search for anti-SARS-CoV-2 compounds is pivotal for public health. Natural products may present sources of bioactive compounds; among them, flavonoids are known in literature for their antiviral activity. Siparuna species are used in Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of colds and flu. This work describes the isolation of 3,3',4'-tri- O -methyl-quercetin, 3,7,3',4'-tetra- O -methyl-quercetin (retusin), and 3,7-di- O -methyl-kaempferol (kumatakenin) from the dichloromethane extract of leaves of Siparuna cristata (Poepp. & Endl.) A.DC., Siparunaceae, using high-speed countercurrent chromatography in addition to the investigation of their inhibitory effect against SARS-CoV-2 viral replication. Retusin and kumatakenin inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in Vero E6 and Calu-3 cells, with a selective index greater than lopinavir/ritonavir and chloroquine, used as control. Flavonoids and their derivatives may stand for target compounds to be tested in future clinical trials to enrich the drug arsenal against coronavirus infections., Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43450-021-00162-5., Competing Interests: Competing InterestsThe authors declare no competing interests., (© Sociedade Brasileira de Farmacognosia 2021.)
- Published
- 2021
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21. Prevention of Cardiac Adverse Events Associated With the Use of Drugs in Patients With Severe Mental Illness: Case Report.
- Author
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López-Lunar E, Rodríguez-Leal CM, Provencio-Arranz RM, Carrascosa-Bernáldez JM, and Rivera-Villaverde Á
- Subjects
- Aftercare, Bronchodilator Agents therapeutic use, Bundle-Branch Block diagnosis, Chlorpromazine therapeutic use, Dibenzothiazepines therapeutic use, Electrocardiography, Humans, Hyperthyroidism complications, Ipratropium therapeutic use, Male, Mass Screening, Middle Aged, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive complications, Schizophrenia, Paranoid complications, Thyroxine therapeutic use, Antipsychotic Agents therapeutic use, Bronchodilator Agents adverse effects, Bundle-Branch Block chemically induced, Formoterol Fumarate adverse effects, Hyperthyroidism drug therapy, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive drug therapy, Schizophrenia, Paranoid drug therapy
- Published
- 2017
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22. Underdiagnosed chronic somatic illnesses in patients with severe mental disorder.
- Author
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Rodríguez-Leal CM, López-Lunar E, Carrascosa-Bernáldez JM, and Rivera-Villaverde A
- Published
- 2017
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23. Electrocardiographic surveillance in a psychiatric institution: avoiding iatrogenic cardiovascular death.
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Rodríguez-Leal CM, López-Lunar E, Carrascosa-Bernáldez JM, and Provencio-Arranz RM
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- Adult, Female, Humans, Long QT Syndrome chemically induced, Long QT Syndrome epidemiology, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mental Disorders epidemiology, Middle Aged, Antipsychotic Agents adverse effects, Death, Sudden, Cardiac prevention & control, Electrocardiography standards, Hospitals, Psychiatric standards, Iatrogenic Disease prevention & control, Long QT Syndrome diagnosis, Mental Disorders drug therapy, Monitoring, Physiologic standards
- Abstract
Objective: To describe a new initiative developed to optimise patient safety in a mental health setting in order to prevent serious cardiac events., Materials and Methods: A longitudinal study of all in-patients admitted at the hospital, comprised of 197 beds distributed among three units, was conducted for 12 months. All admitted patients at the hospital underwent electrocardiogram surveillance, as it was described in our new local guideline for sudden cardiac death prevention. When electrocardiographic alterations were detected, treating physicians searched for patient's risk factors and suspicious medication and communicated the adverse event to the Pharmacy Department. These data were registered in electronic medical record system., Results: Over the 12-month study period, 225 patients were evaluated and 9 cases (4%) of long QT segment were detected. A multidisciplinary evaluation was done and it resulted in treatment modification and patient close monitoring. No sudden cardiac deaths occurred during the study period. Drugs more often involved in QT segment prolongation were: olanzapine, clomipramine, clozapine and risperidone., Conclusion: QT segment interval enlargement is a frequent clinical problem that affects patients with mental pathology. This inexpensive initiative has allowed identifying patients at risk of sudden cardiac death and has helped to avoid mayor side effects.
- Published
- 2017
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24. Molecular identification of Lutzomyia migonei (Diptera: Psychodidae) as a potential vector for Leishmania infantum (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae).
- Author
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Rodrigues AC, Melo LM, Magalhães RD, de Moraes NB, de Souza Júnior AD, and Bevilaqua CM
- Subjects
- Animals, Brazil, Female, Genes, Insect genetics, Genes, Protozoan genetics, Insect Control instrumentation, Leishmania infantum genetics, Leishmaniasis, Visceral transmission, Male, Population Dynamics, Seasons, Insect Vectors genetics, Insect Vectors parasitology, Leishmania infantum physiology, Psychodidae genetics, Psychodidae parasitology
- Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Brazil is caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum. This parasite is transmitted by the bite of a female sand fly. The most important sand fly species in VL transmission is Lutzomyia longipalpis. In Fortaleza, the capital of Ceará State, Brazil, the simultaneous occurrence of Lutzomyia migonei and L. longipalpis was detected in localities where VL transmission is observed. The purpose of this study was to determine conclusively if L. migonei can be found naturally infected with L. infantum in key focus in Fortaleza. Using a CDC traps we performed phlebotomine capture during one year. External morphological features and qPCR targeting species-specific gene sequences of Lutzomyia species were used to identify the female phlebotomine sand flies. The molecular identification of the Leishmania species was performed using qPCR targeting species-specific gene sequences of L. infantum and Leishmania braziliensis. The males L. migonei abundance was higher in the rainy season. Humidity and rainfall positively correlated with males L. migonei abundance, while temperature showed a negative correlation. The correlation between the density of L. migonei female with rainfall, relative air humidity, and temperature were not statistically significant. According to the molecular data produced by qPCR amplifications, three positive sand flies were identified as L. longipalpis, and one was identified as L. migonei. The infection rate was 0.35% and 0.18%, respectively. The parasite load was 32,492±2572 L. infantum in L. migonei while the L. longipalpis had parasite loads between 2,444,964.6±116,000 and 6,287,130±124,277. Our findings confirm L. migonei as a potential vector of VL in Fortaleza at a molecular level., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2016
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25. In vitro effects of Eucalyptus staigeriana nanoemulsion on Haemonchus contortus and toxicity in rodents.
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Ribeiro WL, Camurça-Vasconcelos AL, Macedo IT, dos Santos JM, de Araújo-Filho JV, Ribeiro Jde C, Pereira Vde A, Viana Dde A, de Paula HC, and Bevilaqua CM
- Subjects
- Animals, Dosage Forms, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Larva drug effects, Mice, Oils, Volatile, Plant Extracts administration & dosage, Plant Extracts adverse effects, Plant Extracts chemistry, Plant Oils adverse effects, Plant Oils chemistry, Plant Oils pharmacology, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Eucalyptus chemistry, Haemonchiasis drug therapy, Haemonchus drug effects, Plant Extracts pharmacology
- Abstract
Strategies for controlling gastrointestinal nematodes have been developed based on the use of numerous alternative methods, including the use of phytotherapy. New formulations of essential oils with anthelmintic activity have been proposed as a means to optimize their biological effects. Thus, the objective of this study was to formulate a nanoemulsion to optimize the nematicide effect of Eucalyptus staigeriana essential oil (EsEO). Initially, physico-chemical analyses were performed to verify the stability of the E. staigeriana nanoemulsion (EsNano). In vitro tests were conducted to evaluate the ovicidal and larvicidal activities of both EsNano and EsEO against Haemonchus contortus, and toxicology tests were then performed on rodents. The EsEO content in the nanoemulsion was 36.4% (v/v), and the mean particle size was 274.3 nm. EsNano and EsEO inhibited larval hatching by 99% and 96.3% at 1 and 2mg/ml concentrations, respectively, and inhibited larval development by 96.3% and 97.3% at 8 mg/ml concentrations. The acute toxicity test revealed that the EsNano and EsEO doses required to kill 50% of the mice (LD50) were 1,603.9 and 3,495.9 mg/ml, respectively. EsNano did not alter the hematological parameters in the rats after treatment., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2015
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26. Structural and kinetic characterization of recombinant 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas putida G7.
- Author
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Araújo SS, Neves CM, Guimarães SL, Whitman CP, Johnson WH Jr, Aparicio R, and Nagem RA
- Subjects
- Amino Acid Sequence, Binding Sites, Computer Simulation, Enzyme Activation, Enzyme Stability, Kinetics, Models, Chemical, Models, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Protein Binding, Protein Conformation, Pseudomonas putida genetics, Recombinant Proteins, Substrate Specificity, Aldehyde Oxidoreductases chemistry, Aldehyde Oxidoreductases ultrastructure, NAD chemistry, Naphthalenes chemistry, Pseudomonas putida enzymology
- Abstract
The first enzyme in the oxalocrotonate branch of the naphthalene-degradation lower pathway in Pseudomonas putida G7 is NahI, a 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde dehydrogenase which converts 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde to 2-hydroxymuconate in the presence of NAD(+). NahI is in family 8 (ALDH8) of the NAD(P)(+)-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase superfamily. In this work, we report the cloning, expression, purification and preliminary structural and kinetic characterization of the recombinant NahI. The nahI gene was subcloned into a T7 expression vector and the enzyme was overexpressed in Escherichia coli ArcticExpress as a hexa-histidine-tagged fusion protein. After purification by affinity and size-exclusion chromatography, dynamic light scattering and small-angle X-ray scattering experiments were conducted to analyze the oligomeric state and the overall shape of the enzyme in solution. The protein is a tetramer in solution and has nearly perfect 222 point group symmetry. Protein stability and secondary structure content were evaluated by a circular dichroism spectroscopy assay under different thermal conditions. Furthermore, kinetic assays were conducted and, for the first time, KM (1.3±0.3μM) and kcat (0.9s(-1)) values were determined at presumed NAD(+) saturation. NahI is highly specific for its biological substrate and has no activity with salicylaldehyde, another intermediate in the naphthalene-degradation pathway., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2015
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27. Anthelmintic activity of Cymbopogon citratus against Haemonchus contortus.
- Author
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Macedo IT, Oliveira LM, Ribeiro WL, Santos JM, Silva Kd, Araújo Filho JV, Camurça-Vasconcelos AL, and Bevilaqua CM
- Subjects
- Acyclic Monoterpenes, Animals, Female, Gerbillinae, Haemonchiasis drug therapy, Haemonchiasis veterinary, Male, Monoterpenes pharmacology, Oils, Volatile pharmacology, Phytotherapy, Anthelmintics pharmacology, Cymbopogon, Haemonchus drug effects, Plant Extracts pharmacology
- Abstract
Parasitic nematodes are of major economic importance in livestock. An alternative for the control of parasites is phytotherapy. This study evaluated the efficacy of Cymbopogon citratus decoction (CcD), C. citratus essential oil (CcEo) and citral against Haemonchus contortus using in vitro egg hatch test (EHT) and larval development test (LDT) and an in vivo test using a Meriones unguiculatus (gerbil) model. The effect of 800 mg/kg CcEo was evaluated in gerbils that had been artificially infected with 5,000 third-stage H. contortus larvae. The effective concentrations required to inhibit 50% (EC50) of egg hatching were 0.46, 0.14 and 0.13 mg/mL for CcD, CcEo and citral, respectively. The EC50 values in the LDT were 5.04, 1.92 and 1.37 mg/mL for CcD, CcEo and citral, respectively. H. contortus population in the group treated with C. citratus essential oil was reduced by 38.5% (P< 0.05) in comparison to the control group. These results suggest that it may be possible to use C. citratus essential oil to control of H. contortus parasite of small ruminant.
- Published
- 2015
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28. A tannin-blocking agent does not modify the preference of sheep towards tannin-containing plants.
- Author
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Hernández-Orduño G, Torres-Acosta JF, Sandoval-Castro CA, Capetillo-Leal CM, Aguilar-Caballero AJ, and Alonso-Díaz MA
- Subjects
- Animals, Choice Behavior drug effects, Female, Polyethylene Glycols pharmacology, Sheep psychology, Tannins antagonists & inhibitors, Tannins chemistry, Animal Feed, Eating physiology, Feeding Behavior physiology, Food Preferences, Sheep physiology, Tannins metabolism
- Abstract
Sheep have been suggested to use their senses to perceive plant properties and associate their intake with consequences after ingestion. However, sheep with browsing experience do not seem to select against tannin-rich browsing materials in cafeteria trials. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between the chemical composition, selectivity index (SI), preference and intake rate (IR) of tannin-containing forage trees offered to sheep in cafeteria experiments. Four trees were selected for their condensed tannin content and their varying biological activities. Havardia albicans (high biological activity), Leucaena leucocephala (medium biological activity), Acacia gaumeri (low biological activity) and Brosimum alicastrum (very low biological activity) were used in this study. Ten hair sheep (23.7kg±1.43LW) with eight months of browsing experience in native vegetation were used in this study. Polyethylene glycol (PEG 3600MW) was administered to five sheep during all experiments. In experiment 1, fresh foliage from all trees was offered ad libitum for 4h. In experiment 2, B. alicastrum was withdrawn and the preference was determined again. The forage preference in experiment 1 was A. gaumeri (14.77gDM/kgLW)>B. alicastrum (11.77gDM/kgLW)>H. albicans (3.71gDM/kgLW)=L. leucocephala (1.87gDM/kgLW) (P<0.05). The preference in experiment 2 was A. gaumeri>H. albicans=L. leucocephala. PEG administration had no effect on the preference or IR. The intake rate seemed to have been affected by the plant density. Moreover, fiber compounds were found to be better predictors of DM intake than polyphenolic compounds at levels typically found in the evaluated forages. It was concluded that tannins and PEG did not modify the preferences of sheep in cafeteria trials. Thus, tannins are not involved in the preference regulation of animals with browsing experience., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2015
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29. Influence of surface free energy of denture base and liner materials on Candida albicans biofilms.
- Author
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da Silva WJ, Leal CM, Viu FC, Gonçalves LM, Barbosa CM, and Del Bel Cury AA
- Subjects
- Candida albicans cytology, Colony Count, Microbial, Dental Pellicle microbiology, Humans, Materials Testing, Methylmethacrylates chemistry, Microscopy, Confocal, Plasma, Polymethyl Methacrylate chemistry, Random Allocation, Surface Properties, Surface Tension, Biofilms, Candida albicans physiology, Dental Materials chemistry, Denture Bases microbiology, Denture Liners microbiology
- Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the influence of surface free energy (SFE) of denture base and liner materials on Candida albicans biofilm development., Methods: Discs were fabricated using poly(methyl methacrylate) acrylic resin and poly(ethyl methacrylate) denture liner, according to the manufacturers' instructions. For SFE test, discs were pellicle-coated with saliva alone, saliva + blood plasma, or blood plasma alone. Candida albicans biofilms were allowed to form on pellicle-coated discs for 48 h. Biofilms were evaluated for cell counts, metabolic activity, and structural characteristics at adhesion phase (after 1.5 h of development) and at biofilm maturity (after 48 h of development). Data were analyzed by anova and Tukey tests using a significance level of 5%., Results: Saliva + blood plasma pellicles had a higher SFE compared to pellicles of saliva or blood plasma alone (P < 0.001). Differences in SFE by pellicle-coating did not affect the cell counts, metabolic activity, or structure at the adhesion phase (P > 0.05). In contrast, the presence of blood plasma resulted in higher cell counts, biovolume, and thickness of mature biofilms on both materials (P < 0.001)., Conclusions: Increases in SFE from pellicle-coating leads to robust mature C. albicans biofilms on both denture materials., (© 2014 Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.)
- Published
- 2015
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30. Thymol and eugenol derivatives as potential antileishmanial agents.
- Author
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de Morais SM, Vila-Nova NS, Bevilaqua CM, Rondon FC, Lobo CH, de Alencar Araripe Noronha Moura A, Sales AD, Rodrigues AP, de Figuereido JR, Campello CC, Wilson ME, and de Andrade HF Jr
- Subjects
- Animals, Antiprotozoal Agents pharmacology, Cell Line, Eugenol pharmacology, Humans, Macrophages parasitology, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Thymol pharmacology, Antiprotozoal Agents chemistry, Antiprotozoal Agents therapeutic use, Eugenol analogs & derivatives, Eugenol therapeutic use, Leishmania infantum drug effects, Leishmaniasis, Visceral drug therapy, Thymol analogs & derivatives, Thymol therapeutic use
- Abstract
In Northeastern Brazil visceral leishmaniasis is endemic with lethal cases among humans and dogs. Treatment is toxic and 5-10% of humans die despite treatment. The aim of this work was to survey natural active compounds to find new molecules with high activity and low toxicity against Leishmania infantum chagasi. The compounds thymol and eugenol were chosen to be starting compounds to synthesize acetyl and benzoyl derivatives and to test their antileishmanial activity in vitro and in vivo against L. i. chagasi. A screening assay using luciferase-expressing promastigotes was used to measure the growth inhibition of promastigotes, and an ELISA in situ was performed to evaluate the growth inhibition of amastigote. For the in vivo assay, thymol and eugenol derivatives were given IP to BALB/c mice at 100mg/kg/day for 30 days. The thymol derivatives demonstrated the greater activity than the eugenol derivatives, and benzoyl-thymol was the best inhibitor (8.67 ± 0.28 μg/mL). All compounds demonstrated similar activity against amastigotes, and acetyl-thymol was more active than thymol and the positive control drug amphotericin B. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated the presence of Leishmania amastigote only in the spleen but not the liver of mice treated with acetyl-thymol. Thus, these synthesized derivatives demonstrated anti-leishmanial activity both in vitro and in vivo. These may constitute useful compounds to generate new agents for treatment of leishmaniasis., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2014
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31. Ecology of Lutzomyia longipalpis and Lutzomyia migonei in an endemic area for visceral leishmaniasis.
- Author
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Silva RA, Santos FK, Sousa LC, Rangel EF, and Bevilaqua CM
- Subjects
- Animals, Brazil, Demography, Endemic Diseases, Female, Male, Urban Health, Insect Vectors, Leishmaniasis, Visceral epidemiology, Psychodidae
- Abstract
The main vector for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Brazil is Lutzomyia longipalpis. However, the absence of L. longipalpis in a region of autochthonous VL demonstrates the participation of other species in the transmission of the parasite. Studies conducted in La Banda, Argentina, and São Vicente Férrer, Pernambuco State, Brazil, have correlated the absence of L. longipalpis and the presence of L. migonei with autochthonous cases of VL. In São Vicente Férrer, Pernambuco, there was evidence for the natural infection of L. migonei with Leishmania infantum chagasi. Thus, the objective of this work was to assess the ecology of the sand flies L. longipalpis and L. migonei in Fortaleza, an endemic area for VL. Insect capture was conducted at 22 sampling points distributed across four regions of Fortaleza. In total, 32,403 sand flies were captured; of these, 18,166 (56%) were identified as L. longipalpis and 14,237 (44%) as L. migonei. There were significant density differences found between the vectors at each sampling site (indoors and outdoors) (p <0.0001). These findings confirm that L. migonei and L. longipalpis are distributed throughout Fortaleza, where they have adapted to an indoor environment, and suggest that L. migonei may share the role as a vector with L. longipalpis in the transmission of VL in Fortaleza.
- Published
- 2014
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32. Epidemiological survey of Lutzomyia longipalpis infected by Leishmania infantum in an endemic area of Brazil.
- Author
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Rodrigues AC, Silva RA, Melo LM, Luciano MC, and Bevilaqua CM
- Subjects
- Animals, Brazil, Epidemiological Monitoring, Parasite Load, Leishmania infantum physiology, Phlebotomus parasitology
- Abstract
The objective of this study was to perform an epidemiological survey to determine the areas at risk of visceral leishmaniasis through the detection and quantification of natural infection by Leishmania infantum in Lutzomyia longipalpis. The sandflies were captured between February 2009 and January 2010, at 21 sites in four regions of the Fortaleza municipality. Samples were screened for the presence of Leishmania DNA by Real Time PCR (qPCR), amplification of kDNA minicircle sequence. Out of the 123 pools of analyzed sandflies, 45 were positive for L.infantum, and the minimum infection rate was 3.7%. In the north, south, east and west regions, the pool screen assay predicted sand-fly infection prevalence of 3.4%, 4.7%, 4.9% and 8.4%, respectively. The parasite load ranged from 2.45 ± 0.96 to 2,820,246 ± 106,072. No statistical differences were found with respect to the frequency of sand-fly infection between the regions (P=0.3014), seasons (P = 0.3906) or trap locations (P = 0.8486). Statistical differences were found with respect to the frequency of sand-fly infection between the two seasons only in the west region (P=0.0152). The qPCR was able to detect and quantify L. infantum in L. longipalpis, therefore succeeding in identifying the areas of greatest risk of VL transmission.
- Published
- 2014
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33. Identification and quantification of benzimidazole resistance polymorphisms in Haemonchus contortus isolated in Northeastern Brazil.
- Author
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dos Santos JM, Monteiro JP, Ribeiro WL, Macedo IT, Camurça-Vasconcelos AL, Vieira Lda S, and Bevilaqua CM
- Subjects
- Alleles, Animals, Anthelmintics pharmacology, Brazil, Feces parasitology, Haemonchiasis parasitology, Inhibitory Concentration 50, Male, Parasite Egg Count, Sheep, Benzimidazoles pharmacology, Drug Resistance genetics, Haemonchiasis veterinary, Haemonchus drug effects, Haemonchus genetics, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Sheep Diseases parasitology, Tubulin genetics
- Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is the most prevalent nematode in Brazil. The objective of this study was to select 6 populations of H. contortus of known or suspected benzimidazole resistance status and characterize these using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) F200Y, F167Y and E198A in the β-tubulin isotype 1 gene. qPCR was performed using DNA from a pool of 10 adult male H. contortus from a single animal per farm. Faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and egg hatch test (EHT) were used to determine the resistance status. Samples were obtained from 6 farms located in 5 counties in the Ceará State: Tauá, Boa Viagem, Quixadá, Santa Quitéria and Solonópole. The inbred-susceptible-Edinburgh (ISE) isolate was used as reference for comparative purposes in the qPCR. Benzimidazole resistance was detected by FECRT on all farms with efficacy values ranging from 0 to 51%. EC50 values as determined by EHT were all above 1.49μg/ml. High frequencies of the resistant SNPs F200Y and F167Y alleles were detected but no resistance was detected at SNP E198A. Our results suggest that the SNPs F167Y and F200Y are both important for benzimidazole resistance in the studied populations., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2014
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34. Tropical tannin-rich fodder intake modifies saliva-binding capacity in growing sheep.
- Author
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Vargas-Magaña JJ, Aguilar-Caballero AJ, Torres-Acosta JF, Sandoval-Castro CA, Hoste H, and Capetillo-Leal CM
- Subjects
- Animals, Diet veterinary, Protein Binding, Salivary Proteins and Peptides chemistry, Tropical Climate, Animal Feed analysis, Saliva chemistry, Salivary Proteins and Peptides metabolism, Sheep physiology, Tannins chemistry
- Abstract
We evaluated the effect of feeding dietary tannins from Lysiloma latisiliquum fresh forage on the saliva tannin-binding capacity of hair sheep lambs without previous exposure to tannin-rich (TR) fodder. Twenty-four hair sheep lambs (13.6±3.04 kg LW) were fed a tannin-free diet at the beginning of the experimental period (from day 10 to 13). On day 14, lambs were distributed into three groups (n=8): control group (CG), fed with the tannin-free diet (from D10 to D112); tannin short-term group (TST), fed the basal diet and 650 g of L. latisiliquum forage (from D14 to D55); tannin long-term group (TLT), fed the basal diet and 650 g of L. latisiliquum forage (from D14 to D112). Saliva samples were collected from the mouth of each lamb in the morning before feeding time on D10 and D14 (baseline period), on D49 and D56 (period 1) and on D97 and D112 (period 2). The tannin binding response of salivary protein (∆% turbidity) was determined with the haze development test (HDT) using either tannic acid or L. latisiliquum forage acetone extract. A turbidity protein index (TPI) was calculated as (∆% turbidity/[salivary protein (mg)]). Differences in HDT and TPI in the different groups were compared by repeated measures ANOVA using Proc Mixed. All groups had similar ∆% turbidity throughout the experiment (P>0.05). At baseline and period 1, the TPI of the different groups was similar (P>0.05). On period 2 the TLT group showed higher TPI compared with CG (P<0.05). Meanwhile, CG and TST showed similar salivary TPI. The saliva of hair sheep lambs consuming TR L. latisiliquum fresh fodder (TLT group) increased their TPI compared with control lambs not exposed to tannins.
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- 2013
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35. In vitro effects of Coriandrum sativum, Tagetes minuta, Alpinia zerumbet and Lantana camara essential oils on Haemonchus contortus.
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Macedo IT, de Oliveira LM, Camurça-Vasconcelos AL, Ribeiro WL, dos Santos JM, de Morais SM, de Paula HC, and Bevilaqua CM
- Subjects
- Animals, In Vitro Techniques, Larva drug effects, Ovum drug effects, Alpinia, Coriandrum, Haemonchus drug effects, Lantana, Oils, Volatile pharmacology, Tagetes
- Abstract
Phytotherapy can be an alternative for the control of gastrointestinal parasites of small ruminants. This study evaluated the efficacy of Alpinia zerumbet, Coriandrum sativum, Tagetes minuta and Lantana camara essential oils by two in vitro assays on Haemonchus contortus, an egg hatch test (EHT) and larval development test (LDT). No effect was observed for L. camara in the EHT. A. zerumbet, C. sativum and T. minuta essential oils exhibited a dose-dependent effect in the EHT, inhibiting 81.2, 99 and 98.1% of H. contortus larvae hatching, respectively, at a concentration of 2.5 mg mL-1. The effective concentration to inhibit 50% (EC50) of egg hatching was 0.94, 0.63 and 0.53 mg mL-1 for A. zerumbet, C. sativum and T. minuta essential oils, respectively. In LDT, L. camara, A. zerumbet, C. sativum and T. minuta at concentration of 10 mg mL-1 inhibited 54.9, 94.2, 97.8 and 99.5% of H. contortus larval development, presenting EC50 values of 6.32, 3.88, 2.89 and 1.67 mg mL-1, respectively. Based on the promising results presented in this in vitro model, it may be possible use of these essential oils to control gastrointestinal nematodes. However, their anthelmintic activity should be confirmed in vivo.
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- 2013
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36. Anthelmintic activity of Eucalyptus staigeriana encapsulated oil on sheep gastrointestinal nematodes.
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de Aquino Mesquita M, E Silva Júnior JB, Panassol AM, de Oliveira EF, Vasconcelos AL, de Paula HC, and Bevilaqua CM
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- Abomasum parasitology, Animals, Anthelmintics chemistry, Chromatography, Gas, Feces parasitology, Female, Gastrointestinal Diseases drug therapy, Gastrointestinal Diseases parasitology, Gastrointestinal Diseases veterinary, Hydrogels, Ivermectin pharmacology, Male, Mass Spectrometry, Nematoda drug effects, Nematode Infections drug therapy, Nematode Infections parasitology, Oils, Volatile chemistry, Parasite Egg Count veterinary, Plant Oils chemistry, Sheep, Sheep Diseases parasitology, Anthelmintics pharmacology, Eucalyptus chemistry, Nematode Infections veterinary, Oils, Volatile pharmacology, Plant Oils pharmacology, Sheep Diseases drug therapy
- Abstract
The anthelmintic activity of Eucalyptus staigeriana essential oil has previously been inferred through both in vitro and in vivo tests. Thus, the encapsulation process generally improves oil stability, promotes controlled release in target organs, reduces dosage, and increases efficacy. The aims of this study were to analyze and encapsulate E. staigeriana essential oil and to verify its anthelmintic activity in sheep. The encapsulation process was accomplished through emulsion using a 4% chitosan solution as the matrix. Anthelmintic activity was established through controlled testing using 18 sheep that were separated into three groups: group 1 was treated with a single dose of 365 mg/kg of E. staigeriana encapsulated oil, group 2 was treated with 200 μg/kg of ivermectin, and group 3 was treated with a 4% chitosan solution as a negative control. The sheep were euthanized and necropsied 13 days posttreatment to evaluate worm burden. Limonene was the major oil component (72.91%). The final product was a hydrogel with 36.5% (m/m) E. staigeriana essential oil per gram. Its efficacy on gastrointestinal nematodes was 60.79%. The highest efficacy was against abomasal nematodes, with 83.75% efficacy. Further studies are necessary to explore the possibility of increasing the hydrogel efficacy; nevertheless, we can state that E. staigeriana encapsulated oil had anthelmintic activity and can be used in gastrointestinal nematode control.
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- 2013
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37. Activity of chitosan-encapsulated Eucalyptus staigeriana essential oil on Haemonchus contortus.
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Ribeiro WL, Macedo IT, dos Santos JM, de Oliveira EF, Camurça-Vasconcelos AL, de Paula HC, and Bevilaqua CM
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- Animals, Biocompatible Materials, Chitosan, Female, Gastric Mucosa parasitology, Gerbillinae, Haemonchiasis parasitology, Hydrogels, Male, Oils, Volatile therapeutic use, Plant Oils therapeutic use, Random Allocation, Eucalyptus chemistry, Haemonchiasis drug therapy, Haemonchus drug effects, Oils, Volatile pharmacology, Phytotherapy, Plant Oils pharmacology
- Abstract
Phytotherapy has been described as an alternative method for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants. Goal of the encapsulation of essential oils in biopolymer matrices is to optimize the biological effects of these oils. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity of encapsulated Eucalyptus staigeriana essential oil (EncEs) on the eggs and larvae of Haemonchus contortus. Therefore, the egg hatching test (EHT), larval development test (LDT) and worm load evaluation were performed to evaluate Meriones unguiculatus experimentally infected with H. contortus. The chemical constituents of E. staigeriana essential oil (EsEO) and the in vitro oil release profile from the chitosan matrix at a pH of 1.2 and 7.0 were also characterized. EncEs and EsEO inhibited larval hatching by 97.19% and 99.96% at doses of 1.5 and 1.0 mg ml(-1), respectively. In the LDT, EncEs and EsEO induced a larvicidal effect greater than 95% at concentrations of 5.8 and 8 mg ml(-1), respectively. EncEs and EsEO decreased H. contortus load in M. unguiculatus by 40.51% and 46.44%, respectively. The major chemical constituents of EsEO were (+)-Limonene (72.9%), 1,8-Cineole (9.5%) and o-Cimene (4.6%). The release profile of EsEO was 30% in acid and 25% at neutral pH. The similar efficacy of EncEs and EsEO demonstrates that there was no optimization of anthelmintic action following the encapsulation process. Therefore, the use of new encapsulation matrices with controlled release in the pH of the abomasum should be investigated., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
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- 2013
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38. Intrabony tibial tophi in chronic gout.
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Rodríguez Leal CM, Almodóvar R, Zarco P, Mazzuchelli R, and Quirós FJ
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- Alcoholism complications, Allopurinol therapeutic use, Ankle Joint pathology, Arthritis, Gouty diagnosis, Arthritis, Gouty diagnostic imaging, Arthritis, Gouty drug therapy, Benzbromarone therapeutic use, Colchicine therapeutic use, Elbow Joint pathology, Epiphyses diagnostic imaging, Epiphyses pathology, Humans, Hyperlipidemias complications, Hyperuricemia complications, Knee Joint pathology, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Metatarsophalangeal Joint pathology, Middle Aged, Radiography, Synovial Fluid chemistry, Tibia diagnostic imaging, Uric Acid isolation & purification, Arthritis, Gouty pathology, Olecranon Process pathology, Tibia pathology
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- 2012
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39. Antihypertensive profile of 2-thienyl-3,4-methylenedioxybenzoylhydrazone is mediated by activation of the A2A adenosine receptor.
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Leal CM, Pereira SL, Kümmerle AE, Leal DM, Tesch R, de Sant'Anna CM, Fraga CA, Barreiro EJ, Sudo RT, and Zapata-Sudo G
- Subjects
- Adenosine A2 Receptor Agonists chemistry, Adenosine A2 Receptor Agonists metabolism, Animals, Antihypertensive Agents chemistry, Antihypertensive Agents metabolism, CHO Cells, Cricetinae, Cricetulus, Drug Discovery, HEK293 Cells, Humans, Hydrazones chemistry, Hydrazones metabolism, Male, Molecular Docking Simulation, Muscle, Smooth, Vascular drug effects, Muscle, Smooth, Vascular physiology, Protein Conformation, Rats, Receptor, Adenosine A2A chemistry, Receptor, Adenosine A3 metabolism, Thiophenes chemistry, Thiophenes metabolism, Time Factors, Vasodilation drug effects, Adenosine A2 Receptor Agonists pharmacology, Antihypertensive Agents pharmacology, Hydrazones pharmacology, Receptor, Adenosine A2A metabolism, Thiophenes pharmacology
- Abstract
Several N-acylhydrazone derivatives synthesized from safrole have been found to promote intense vasodilation and antihypertensive activity. The present work describes the synthesis and antihypertensive profile of 2-thienyl-3,4-methylenedioxybenzoylhydrazone (LASSBio-1027), a new analogue of the lead compound 3,4-methylenedioxybenzoyl-2-thienylhydrazone. Thoracic aortas from Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were prepared for isometric tension recording. Noninvasive blood pressure measurements were made during 14 days of intraperitoneal (10 mg/kg) or oral (20 mg/kg) administration of LASSBio-1027. LASSBio-1027 exhibited partially endothelium-dependent vasorelaxant activity, which was attenuated in the presence of l-NAME, glibenclamide, or ZM 241385. LASSBio-1027 exhibited an antihypertensive effect in SHR during 14 days of intraperitoneal or oral administration, but did not induce a hypotensive effect in normotensive WKY rats. LASSBio-1027-induced vascular relaxation of aortas from WKY rats was mediated by the activation of A(2A) adenosine receptors. Docking studies and binding assays suggested that LASSBio-1027 has affinity for A(2A) and A(3) adenosine receptors. This new N-acylhydrazone derivative represents a potential strategy for the treatment of arterial hypertension., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)
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- 2012
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40. In vitro anthelmintic activity of five tropical legumes on the exsheathment and motility of Haemonchus contortus infective larvae.
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von Son-de Fernex E, Alonso-Díaz MA, Valles-de la Mora B, and Capetillo-Leal CM
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- Animals, Anthelmintics isolation & purification, Biological Assay, Larva drug effects, Phenols analysis, Phenols isolation & purification, Phenols pharmacology, Plant Extracts chemistry, Plant Extracts isolation & purification, Plant Leaves chemistry, Sheep, Tannins analysis, Tannins isolation & purification, Tannins pharmacology, Anthelmintics pharmacology, Fabaceae chemistry, Haemonchus drug effects, Plant Extracts pharmacology
- Abstract
This study investigated the in vitro anthelmintic (AH) activity of five tropical legume plants [Arachis pintoi CIAT 22160 (A.p. 22160), Gliricidia sepium, Cratylia argentea (C.a. Yacapani), C. argentea CIAT 22386 (C.a. 22386), C. argentea Veranera (C.a. Veranera)] against Haemonchus contortus infective larvae and the role of tannins/polyphenolic compounds in the AH effect. Lyophilized leaf extracts of each plant were evaluated using the Larval Exsheathment Inhibition Assay (LEIA) and the larval migration inhibition assay (LMIA). The role of tannins/polyphenolic compounds in the AH effect was evaluated in both assays using polyethylene glycol (PEG) to remove tannins from the solutions. At the highest concentration (1200μg of extract/ml), A. pintoi 22160, C.a. Yacapani, C.a. Veranera and C.a. 22386 completely inhibited the exsheathment process of H. contortus (P<0.01). At the same concentration (1200μg of extract/ml), the inhibition of larval migration for C.a. 22386, C.a. Veranera and G. sepium was 66.0%, 35.9% and 39.2% (relative to the PBS control), respectively. In both bioassays (LEIA and LMIA), the AH effect shown by each plant was blocked after the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG), corroborating the role of tannins/polyphenolic compounds., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2012
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41. In vitro efficacy of Coriandrum sativum, Lippia sidoides and Copaifera reticulata against Leishmania chagasi.
- Author
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Rondon FC, Bevilaqua CM, Accioly MP, de Morais SM, de Andrade-Júnior HF, de Carvalho CA, Lima JC, and Magalhães HC
- Subjects
- Animals, Cells, Cultured, Inhibitory Concentration 50, Mice, Monocytes parasitology, Coriandrum, Fabaceae, Leishmania drug effects, Lippia, Oils, Volatile pharmacology, Plant Extracts pharmacology
- Abstract
The increased incidence of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Brazil is due to a lack of effective disease control measures. In addition to that, no effective treatment exists for canine VL in response to synthetic drugs. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the essential oils of Coriandrum sativum and Lippia sidoides, and oleoresin from Copaifera reticulata, on Leishmania chagasi promastigotes and amastigotes. We also examined the toxicity of these treatments on the murine monocyte cell line RAW 264.7. To determine the IC50 a MTT test (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) was performed on promastigotes, and an in situ ELISA assay was conducted on amastigotes. Here, we demonstrate that oleoresin from C. reticulata was effective against both promastigotes (IC50 of 7.88 µg.mL-1) and amastigotes (IC50 of 0.52 µg.mL-1), and neither of the two treatments differed significantly (p > 0.05) from pentamidine (IC50 of 2.149 µg.mL-1) and amphotericin B (IC50 of 9.754 µg.mL-1). Of the three plant oils tested, only oleoresin showed no toxicity toward monocyte, with 78.45% viability after treatment. Inhibition of promastigote and amastigote growth and the lack of cytotoxicity by C. reticulata demonstrate that oleoresin may be a viable option for analyzing the in vivo therapeutic effects of leishmanicidal plants.
- Published
- 2012
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42. Leishmanicidal activity in vitro of Musa paradisiaca L. and Spondias mombin L. fractions.
- Author
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Accioly MP, Bevilaqua CM, Rondon FC, de Morais SM, Machado LK, Almeida CA, de Andrade HF Jr, and Cardoso RP
- Subjects
- Animals, Antiprotozoal Agents chemistry, Cell Line, Macrophages drug effects, Mice, Plant Components, Aerial chemistry, Plant Extracts chemistry, Anacardiaceae chemistry, Antiprotozoal Agents pharmacology, Leishmania drug effects, Musa chemistry, Plant Extracts pharmacology
- Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonotic disease characterized by infection of mononuclear phagocytes by Leishmania chagasi. The primary vector is Lutzomyia longipalpis and the dog is the main domestic reservoir. The control and current treatment of dogs using synthetic drugs have not shown effectiveness in reducing the incidence of disease in man. In attempt to find new compounds with leishmanicidal action, plant secondary metabolites have been studied in search of treatments of VL. This study aimed to evaluate the leishmanicidal activity of Musa paradisiaca (banana tree) and Spondias mombin (cajazeira) chemical constituents on promastigotes and amastigotes of L. chagasi. Phytochemical analysis by column chromatography was performed on ethanol extracts of two plants and fractions were isolated. Thin layer chromatography was used to compare the fractions and for isolation the substances to be used in vitro tests. The in vitro tests on promastigotes of L. chagasi used the MTT colorimetric method and the method of ELISA in situ was used against amastigotes besides the cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 cells. Of the eight fractions tested, Sm1 and Sm2 from S. mombin had no action against promastigotes, but had good activity against amastigotes. The fractions Mp1 e Mp4 of M. paradisiaca were very cytotoxic to RAW 264.7 cells. The best result was obtained with the fraction Sm3 from S. mombin with IC(50) of 11.26 μg/ml against promastigotes and amastigotes of 0.27 μg/ml. The fraction Sm3 characterized as tannic acid showed the best results against both forms of Leishmania being a good candidate for evaluation in in vivo tests., (Copyright © 2012. Published by Elsevier B.V.)
- Published
- 2012
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43. Leishmanicidal activity and cytotoxicity of compounds from two Annonacea species cultivated in Northeastern Brazil.
- Author
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Vila-Nova NS, Morais SM, Falcão MJ, Machado LK, Beviláqua CM, Costa IR, Brasil NV, and Andrade Júnior HF
- Subjects
- 4-Butyrolactone analogs & derivatives, 4-Butyrolactone isolation & purification, 4-Butyrolactone pharmacology, 4-Butyrolactone toxicity, Acetogenins isolation & purification, Acetogenins pharmacology, Acetogenins toxicity, Benzylisoquinolines isolation & purification, Benzylisoquinolines pharmacology, Benzylisoquinolines toxicity, Chromatography, Gel, Furans isolation & purification, Furans pharmacology, Furans toxicity, Lethal Dose 50, Mutagenicity Tests, Parasitic Sensitivity Tests, Plant Extracts isolation & purification, Plant Leaves chemistry, Seeds chemistry, Trypanocidal Agents isolation & purification, Trypanocidal Agents toxicity, Annona chemistry, Leishmania infantum drug effects, Plant Extracts pharmacology, Trypanocidal Agents pharmacology
- Abstract
Introduction: Visceral leishmaniasis is endemic in 88 countries, with a total of 12 million people infected and 350 million at risk. In the search for new leishmanicidal agents, alkaloids and acetogenins isolated from leaves of Annona squamosa and seeds of Annona muricata were tested against promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania chagasi., Methods: Methanol-water (80:20) extracts of A. squamosa leaves and A. muricata seeds were extracted with 10% phosphoric acid and organic solvents to obtain the alkaloid and acetogenin-rich extracts. These extracts were chromatographed on a silica gel column and eluted with a mixture of several solvents in crescent order of polarity. The compounds were identified by spectroscopic analysis. The isolated compounds were tested against Leishmania chagasi, which is responsible for American visceral leishmaniasis, using the MTT test assay. The cytotoxicity assay was evaluated for all isolated compounds, and for this assay, RAW 264.7 cells were used., Results: O-methylarmepavine, a benzylisoquinolinic alkaloid, and a C37 trihydroxy adjacent bistetrahydrofuran acetogenin were isolated from A. squamosa, while two acetogenins, annonacinone and corossolone, were isolated from A. muricata. Against promastigotes, the alkaloid showed an IC50 of 23.3 µg/mL, and the acetogenins showed an IC50 ranging from 25.9 to 37.6 µg/mL; in the amastigote assay, the IC50 values ranged from 13.5 to 28.7 µg/mL. The cytotoxicity assay showed results ranging from 43.5 to 79.9 µg/mL., Conclusions: These results characterize A. squamosa and A. muricata as potential sources of leishmanicidal agents. Plants from Annonaceae are rich sources of natural compounds and an important tool in the search for new leishmanicidal therapies.
- Published
- 2011
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44. Effects of Myracrodruon urundeuva extracts on egg hatching and larval exsheathment of Haemonchus contortus.
- Author
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de Oliveira LM, Bevilaqua CM, Macedo IT, de Morais SM, Machado LK, Campello CC, and de Aquino Mesquita M
- Subjects
- Animals, Anthelmintics isolation & purification, Larva drug effects, Ovum drug effects, Plant Extracts isolation & purification, Plant Leaves chemistry, Plant Stems chemistry, Anacardiaceae chemistry, Anthelmintics pharmacology, Haemonchus drug effects, Plant Extracts pharmacology
- Abstract
The anthelmintic resistance has limited the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants and thus has awakened interest in the study of tanniferous plants as a source of anthelmintics. These experiments were carried out to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of Myracrodruon urundeuva leaf extract (LE) and stem extract (SE) against Haemonchus contortus. An inhibitor of tannins, polyvinyl polypyrrolidone (PVPP), was used to verify if these metabolites are involved in the anthelmintic activity of the extracts. To evaluate the ovicidal effect, H. contortus eggs were incubated with the extracts (0.31 to 5 mg/mL) for 48 h. In the larval artificial exsheathment assay, third-stage larvae of this nematode were incubated with extracts (0.31 mg/mL) for 3 h and then were exposed to a sodium hypochlorite solution. The exsheathment process was evaluated for 60 min. The results were subjected to the Kruskal-Wallis test (P < 0.05). The extracts showed dose-dependent ovicidal effects, although the LE was more effective, inhibiting egg hatching by 97.73% at 1.25 mg/mL, while the SE inhibited hatching by 83.56% at 5 mg/mL. Contact with the extracts blocked the larval exsheathment (P < 0.05). The addition of PVPP confirmed the role of tannins, as there was a substantial reduction in egg hatching and larval exsheathment percentage. These results suggest that M. urundeuva can be used to control gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants and that the anthelmintic activity of this plant is probably related to tannins; however, in vivo studies should be conducted.
- Published
- 2011
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45. Evaluation of Eucalyptus citriodora essential oil on goat gastrointestinal nematodes.
- Author
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Macedo IT, Bevilaqua CM, de Oliveira LM, Camurça-Vasconcelos AL, Vieira Lda S, and Amóra Sdos S
- Subjects
- Animals, Larva drug effects, Mice, Ovum drug effects, Parasitic Sensitivity Tests, Eucalyptus, Goats parasitology, Nematoda drug effects, Plant Oils pharmacology
- Abstract
Phytotherapy may be an alternative strategy for controlling gastrointestinal parasites. This study evaluated the anthelmintic efficacy of Eucalyptus citriodora essential oil (EcEO). The in vitro effects of EcEO were determined through testing the inhibition of egg hatching and larval development of Haemonchus contortus. EcEO was subjected to acute toxicity testing on mice, orally and intraperitoneally. The in vivo effects of EcEO were determined by the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) in goats infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. The results showed that 5.3 mg.mL(-1) EcEO inhibited egg hatching by 98.8% and 10.6 mg.mL(-1) EcEO inhibited H. contortus larval development by 99.71%. The lethal doses for 50% of the mice were 4153 and 622.8 mg.kg(-1), for acute toxicity orally and intraperitoneally. In the FECRT, the efficacy of EcEO and ivermectin was 66.25 and 79.16% respectively, on goat gastrointestinal nematodes eight days after treatment. EcEO showed in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity.
- Published
- 2011
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46. Effect of six tropical tanniferous plant extracts on larval exsheathment of Haemonchus contortus.
- Author
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Oliveira LM, Bevilaqua CM, Macedo IT, Morais SM, Monteiro MV, Campello CC, Ribeiro WL, and Batista EK
- Subjects
- Animals, Larva drug effects, Haemonchus drug effects, Plant Extracts pharmacology, Tannins pharmacology
- Abstract
Tanniferous plants represent a promising alternative for controlling gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants. This experiment evaluated the effects of extracts from the leaf and stem of Anadenanthera colubrina, Leucaena leucocephala and Mimosa tenuiflora on larval exsheathment of Haemonchus contortus in vitro and verified the role of tannins in this process. Third-stage larvae of H. contortus were incubated with extracts for 3 hours and were exposed to sodium hypochlorite solution. The extracts were tested at 300 μg.mL(-1) and accompanied by controls: phosphate buffer solution (PBS) and polyvinyl polypyrrolidone (PVPP). The larval exsheathment was evaluated for 60 minutes, and the results were subjected to the Kruskal-Wallis test (p < 0.05). The six extracts blocked larval exsheathment. After PVPP addition, a tannin inhibitor, the exsheathment percentage was similar to the PBS (p > 0.05), except for L. leucocephala and M. tenuiflora leaf extracts. However, pre-incubation with PVPP of these two extracts significantly changed larval exsheathment when compared to the non-treated extracts (p < 0.05). These results suggest that A. colubrina, L. leucocephala and M. tenuiflora could be useful in gastrointestinal nematode control and that tannins are probably the main compounds involved in the observed effects. However, in vivo and toxicological studies should be conducted.
- Published
- 2011
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47. Metazoan parasites of cetaceans off the northeastern coast of Brazil.
- Author
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Carvalho VL, Bevilaqua CM, Iñiguez AM, Mathews-Cascon H, Ribeiro FB, Pessoa LM, de Meirelles AC, Borges JC, Marigo J, Soares L, and de Lima Silva FJ
- Subjects
- Animals, Atlantic Ocean epidemiology, Brazil epidemiology, Cestoda, Crustacea, Ectoparasitic Infestations epidemiology, Ectoparasitic Infestations parasitology, Female, Helminthiasis, Animal parasitology, Male, Nematoda, Trematoda, Cetacea, Ectoparasitic Infestations veterinary, Helminthiasis, Animal epidemiology
- Abstract
This study represents the first survey of the parasitic fauna of cetaceans off the northeastern coast of Brazil. Parasites were collected from 82 animals rescued from the states of Ceará to Bahia, including the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha. A total of 14 species of cetaceans were evaluated: Sotalia guianensis, Stenella sp., Stenella clymene, Stenella longirostris, Stenella coeruleoalba, Stenella frontalis, Megaptera novaeangliae, Peponocephala electra, Steno bredanensis, Kogia breviceps, Kogia sima, Globicephala macrorhynchus, Tursiops truncatus, Physeter macrocephalus and Lagenodelphis hosei. The parasites were fixed and preserved in 70% ethanol or alcohol-formalin-acetic acid solution (AFA), clarified in phenol and mounted on slides for morphological identification. In total, 11 species and 8 genera of endo- and ectoparasites were identified: Halocercus brasiliensis, Halocercus kleinenbergi, Stenurus globicephalae, Halocercus sp., Anisakis sp., Crassicauda sp. (Nematoda), Phyllobothrium delphini, Monorygma grimaldii, Scolex pleuronectis, Strobicephalus triangularis, Tetrabothrius forsteri, Tetrabothrius sp., Trigonocotyle sp., Diphyllobothrium sp. (Cestoda), Campula sp. (Trematoda), Bolbosoma sp. (Acanthocephala), Cyamus boopis, Syncyamus pseudorcae and Xenobalanus globicipitis (Crustacea). The identification of some species represented novel records for the country and increased the occurrence of some parasites to new hosts. The use of standardized methodologies for collecting and evaluating a larger number of animals is essential for a better understanding of host-parasite relationships in cetaceans and their use as biological indicators in the region., (Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2010
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48. Sandflies (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) survey in an urban transmission area of visceral leishmaniasis, Northeastern Brazil.
- Author
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Amóra SS, Bevilaqua CM, Feijó FM, Oliveira PG, Peixoto GC, Sousa RN, Alves ND, Oliveira LM, and Macedo IT
- Subjects
- Animals, Brazil epidemiology, Environment, Female, Humans, Leishmaniasis, Visceral epidemiology, Male, Population Density, Urban Health, Leishmaniasis, Visceral transmission, Psychodidae
- Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a major public health challenge in Brazil, especially in states where it is endemic. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of sand fly population density with environmental variables (temperature, rainfall and relative humidity) in urban areas of the city of Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Northeastern Brazil. Sand flies were captured with Center Disease Control (CDC) traps installed monthly in the intra and peridomicile of three houses. Data analysis was based on the chi-square test and linear regression. A total of 7,347 sand flies were captured, being 93.85% Lutzomyia longipalpis and 6.15% Lutzomyia evandroi. Sand flies were more commonly found in the peridomicile and there was no difference between the number of males and females. The variables rainy season as well as relative humidity and rainfall, alone or together, did not have an effect on sand fly population density. However, high temperatures had a negative effect. The study of the behavior of sand flies in specific units of endemic areas can provide input to public health authorities for planning appropriate VL vector control measures.
- Published
- 2010
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49. The effects of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum on different stages of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae).
- Author
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Amóra SS, Bevilaqua CM, Feijó FM, Pereira RH, Alves ND, Freire FA, Kamimura MT, de Oliveira DM, Luna-Alves Lima EA, and Rocha MF
- Subjects
- Animals, Cricetinae, Female, Insect Control methods, Larva growth & development, Larva microbiology, Ovum growth & development, Ovum microbiology, Pest Control, Biological methods, Survival Analysis, Metarhizium pathogenicity, Psychodidae growth & development, Psychodidae microbiology
- Abstract
The control of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) vector is often based on the application of chemical residual insecticide. However, this strategy has not been effective. The continuing search for an appropriate vector control may include the use of biological control. This study evaluates the effects of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum on Lutzomyia longipalpis. Five concentrations of the fungus were utilized, 1 x 10(4) to 1 x 10(8) conidia/ml, accompanied by controls. The unhatched eggs, larvae and dead adults previously exposed to fungi were sown to reisolate the fungi and analysis of parameters of growth. The fungus was subsequently identified by PCR and DNA sequencing. M. anisopliae var. acridum reduced egg hatching by 40%. The mortality of infected larvae was significant. The longevity of infected adults was lower than that of negative controls. The effects of fungal infection on the hatching of eggs laid by infected females were also significant. With respect to fungal growth parameters post-infection, only vegetative growth was not significantly higher than that of the fungi before infection. The revalidation of the identification of the reisolated fungus was confirmed post-passage only from adult insects. In terms of larvae mortality and the fecundity of infected females, the results were significant, proving that the main vector species of VL is susceptible to infection by this entomopathogenic fungus in the adult stage., (Copyright 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Monitoring of Lutzomyia longipalpis Lutz & Neiva, 1912 in an area of intense transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in Rio Grande do Norte, Northeast Brazil.
- Author
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Amóra SS, Bevilaqua CM, Dias Ede C, Feijó FM, Oliveira PG, Peixoto GC, Alves ND, Oliveira LM, and Macedo IT
- Subjects
- Animals, Brazil epidemiology, Female, Male, Population Surveillance, Seasons, Leishmaniasis, Visceral transmission, Psychodidae
- Abstract
Urban increase of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Brazil is associated with the adaptation of its vector, Lutzomyia longipalpis, to environments modified by humans. The present study reports the results of an entomological monitoring of L. longipalpis and the effect of environmental variables on its population density. Sandflies were captured in the municipality of Mossoró, State of Rio Grande do Norte, Northeastern Brazil, from January 2005 to December 2006. Two CDC light traps were placed monthly for four consecutive nights in the peridomicile of selected households. Data analysis was based on the chi-square test and linear regression. A total of 2,087 sandflies were captured, 99.86% of which were L. longipalpis. A higher proportion of females were captured (p < 0.05). Monthly analysis of the variables temperature, relative humidity and rainfall did not show a significant influence on population density. However, there were seasonal differences: approximately 70% of sand flies were captured during the rainy season (p < 0.05). The predominant species, L. longipalpis, is present in substantial number, representing a public health risk. Therefore, because of higher prevalence during the rainy season, we recommend intensified VL control measures before and during this season to reduce the risk of disease transmission.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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