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Large-capacity toluene storage tank leakage accidents can lead to severe casualties and environmental damage. In this study, numerical simulation of the toluene leakage accidents is performed using PHAST and ALOHA softwares across 16 scenarios. The present research focuses on the dispersion of toluene lethal and toxicity clouds, as well as the associated risks from vapor cloud explosions and pool fires resulting from the large-capacity toluene storage tank leakage. Meanwhile, the effects of influential factors such as leakage height, wind speed, ambient temperature, and atmospheric stability on toluene leakage accidents are also discussed, and then the worst-case scenario of the toluene leakage accident is obtained. The effects of wind speed, ambient temperature, leakage height, and atmospheric stability on outcomes such as toxic clouds, vapor dispersion, explosions, and pool fires are also analyzed. The result reveals that toxic cloud dispersion increases with ambient temperature, while the impact of vapor cloud explosions and pool fires decreases with the increase of leak heights. Wind speed significantly affects pool fire spread. The influential factors related to maximizing hazard range including low leak heights, low wind speeds, high temperatures, and stable conditions are obtained. Risk analysis indicates that vapor cloud explosions significantly impact outdoor potential loss of life (PLLoutdoor) compared with other incidents. Scenario 4 within a directional range from 33.8 to 56.3° shows the highest incident frequencies, highlighting its importance for risk monitoring. These findings are crucial for enhancing emergency response strategies and safety protocols in industrial safety management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The partial air cushion supported catamaran (PACSCAT) is a novel Surface Effect Ship (SES) and possesses distinctive resistance performance due to the presence of planing bottom. In this paper, the design of PACSCAT and air cushion system are described in detail. Model tests were carried out for Froude numbers ranging from 0.1 to 1.11, the focus is on the influence of air cushion system on resistance characteristics. Drag-reducing effect of air cushion system was proved by means of contrast tests in cuhionborne and non-cushionborne mode. Wave-making characteristics reflect that the PACSCAT would eventually enter planing regime, in which the air could just escape under the seals and the hull body could operate in a steady state. To acquire different air cushion pressure, air flow rate and leakage height were adjusted during tests. Experimental results show that the resistance performance in planing regime would decrease evidently as the increased air flow rate, however, the scheme with medium leakage height presents the best resistance performance in the hump region.