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Supplemental tables 1-5. Supplemental Table 1: Inflammation by smoking status. Supplemental Table 2: Inflammation by treatment arm. Supplemental Table 3: Univariable odds ratios of inflammation by smoking status stratified by treatment arm. Supplemental Table 4: Association of smoking status with acute and chronic prostate inflammations at 2-year repeat biopsy by cancer status. Supplemental Table 5: Association of smoking status with acute and chronic prostate inflammations at 4-year repeat biopsy by cancer status.

Supplementary Table 1: Differences in Baseline Characteristics by Number of On-Study Biopsies Received Among Men with No Cancer on the First On-Study Biopsy. Supplementary Table 2: Association between smoking and prostate cancer risk or disease grade vs. non-smokers from all on-study biopsies.

Purpose: Although the relationship between smoking and prostate cancer risk is inconsistent, some studies show that smoking is associated with prostate cancer mortality. Whether this reflects delayed diagnosis or direct smoking-related effects is unknown. REDUCE, which followed biopsy-negative men with protocol-dictated prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-independent biopsies at 2 and 4 years, provides an opportunity to evaluate smoking and prostate cancer diagnosis with minimal confounding from screening biases.Experimental Design: Logistic regression was conducted to test the association between smoking and cancer on the first on-study biopsy (no cancer, low-grade Gleason 4–6, high-grade Gleason 7–10) in REDUCE.Results: Of 6,240 men with complete data and ≥1 on-study biopsy, 2,937 (45.8%) never smoked, 929 (14.5%) were current smokers, and 2,554 (39.8%) were former smokers. Among men with negative first on-study biopsies, smokers were 36% less likely to receive a second on-study biopsy (P < 0.001). At first on-study biopsy, 941 (14.7%) men had cancer. Both current and former smoking were not significantly associated with either total or low-grade prostate cancer (all P > 0.36). Current (OR = 1.44, P = 0.028) but not former smokers (OR = 1.21, P = 0.12) were at increased risk of high-grade disease. On secondary analysis, there was an interaction between smoking and body mass index (BMI; Pinteraction = 0.017): current smokers with BMI ≤ 25 kg/m2 had an increased risk of low-grade (OR = 1.54, P = 0.043) and high-grade disease (OR = 2.45, P = 0.002), with null associations for BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2.Conclusion: Among men with elevated PSA and negative pre-study biopsy in REDUCE, in which biopsies were largely PSA independent, smoking was unrelated to overall prostate cancer diagnosis but was associated with increased risk of high-grade prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 20(20); 5331–8. ©2014 AACR.

The primary focus of work in the area of translation studies is to observe the continuum in which a translation takes place; the textual and extratextual constraints imposed on the translator (Bassnet & Lefevere 1998, pp. 123-4) when creating a translation strategy. The following aspects have been cited as most integral to the study of translated children's literature :(1) the assumption that children's books build bridges between different cultures; (2) textspecific challenges to the translator; (3) the polysystem theory which classifies children's literature as a subsystem of minor prestige within literature; and (4) the age-specific addressees either as implied or real readers (Tabbert 2002, p. 303). The merging of cultural studies with translation studies in the 1970s gave rise to the polysystem theory as a way of viewing the function of literary translation in a certain (cultural) context or system. The final product of the act of translation is the result of the relationship between a 'source system' and a 'target system' (Even-Zohar 1981). In viewing translation as part of a transfer process, the translation occurs from one language to another, but also from one system to another (Shavit 1986, p.111). Children's literature exists within this literary polysystem. This article will focus on the key question of how certain Australian cultural signifiers are transferred from the Australian source text to the German target text through the act of translation.

Biodiversity in the Green Economy: Setting the stage 2. Biodiversity in the Green Economy: what biodiversity do we need? 3. Chapter Biodiversity and the Forestry Sector 4. Uncovering hidden trade-offs in the Green Economy: Biodiversity and the manufacturing, transport and renewable energy sectors 5. The multifaceted contribution of biodiversity to human wellbeing: Lessons from The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) Initiative 6. Promoting sustainable use of biodiversity in socio-ecological production landscapes 7. Biodiversity and ecosystem services in European cultural landscapes: Pathways, pitfalls, and perspectives 8. Guiding principles for green economic development in the marine environment: Insights from small-scale fisheries and marine protected areas 9. Green Infrastructure: A bridging concept between biodiversity conservation and the Green Economy 10. Organizational, management and accounting perspectives on biodiversity 11. Payments for ecosystem services as a mechanism to promote biodiversity conservation in a Green Economy: Potentials and limitations 12. REDD+ forest carbon investments, biodiversity and the promise of a Green Economy 13. Biodiversity governance: A global perspective from the Convention on Biological Diversity 14. Exploring barriers to the integration of biodiversity concerns across EU policy 15. Biodiversity and green governance in Brazil: Innovative solutions to target resources for conservation and equity 16. The Green Economy as an Opportunity to Improve U.S. Biodiversity Assistance 17. Biodiversity in the Green Economy: moving beyond the rhetoric

An age-old conflict around a seemingly simple question has resurfaced: why do we conserve nature? Contention around this issue has come and gone many times, but in the past several years we believe that it has reappeared as an increasingly acrimonious debate between, in essence, those who argue that nature should be protected for its own sake (intrinsic value)1, 2 and those who argue that we must also save nature to help ourselves (instrumental value)

To determine whether PTEN status in prostate biopsy represents a predictor of intermediate and long-term oncological outcomes after radical prostatectomy, and whether PTEN status predicts response to androgen deprivation therapy.In a retrospective analysis of 77 men treated by radical prostatectomy who underwent diagnostic biopsy between 1992-2006, biopsy samples were stained for PTEN expression by the PREZEON assay with10% staining reported as positive. Cox proportional hazards and log-rank models were used to assess the correlation between PTEN loss and clinical outcomes.During a median follow-up period after radical prostatectomy of 8.8 years, 39 men (51%) developed biochemical recurrence, four (5%) had castration-resistant prostate cancer, two (3%) had metastasis and two (3%) died from prostate cancer. PTEN loss was not significantly associated with biochemical recurrence (hazard ratio 2.1, 95% confidence interval 0.9-5.1, P = 0.10), but significantly predicted increased risk of castration-resistant prostate cancer, metastasis and prostate cancer-specific mortality (all log-rank, P0.0001), and time from androgen deprivation therapy to castration-resistant prostate cancer (log-rank, P = 0.003). No patient without PTEN loss developed metastases or died from prostate cancer.PTEN loss at the time of biopsy seems to predict time to development of metastasis, prostate cancer-specific mortality and, for the first time, castration-resistant prostate cancer and response to androgen deprivation therapy after radical prostatectomy. If confirmed by larger studies, this would support the use of PTEN loss as an early marker of aggressive prostate cancer.

To characterize the use of emergent JJ ureteric stent placement and percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) for patients with obstructive urolithiasis with sepsis, and to determine whether outcomes differ between the two treatment methods.A total of 130 patients with obstructive urolithiasis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria were identified retrospectively from a single health system database from 1995 to 2011. Primary outcomes included stone-related and clinical variables which predicted the use of each treatment method. Secondary outcomes included the length of hospital stay, risk of intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and surgical approach used for definitive stone management.The overall rate of failed procedures was 2.3% (3/130), with one in-hospital death (0.8%). Patients treated with PCN had larger stones (10 vs 7 mm, P = 0.031), and were more acutely ill (acute physiology, age, chronic health evaluation [APACHE] II scores of 15 vs 11, P = 0.036) than those treated with JJ stent placement. Patients treated with PCN were more likely to require ICU admission (odds ratio: 3.23, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.24-8.41, P = 0.016), and demonstrated longer length of hospital stay (β: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.20-0.74, P = 0.001), even when adjusting for age, APACHE II score, and Charlson Comorbidity Index score. After resolution of sepsis, patients treated with PCN were more likely to be treated definitively with a percutaneous approach, while patients treated with JJ stent placement were more likely to be treated ureteroscopically.Both JJ stent placement and PCN drainage appear effective. Patients with larger stones and who are more acutely ill are more likely to be treated with PCN. Additional randomized clinical trials of adequate power are warranted to define the optimum management of these often complex cases.

The current study was performed to evaluate whether baseline acute and chronic prostate inflammation among men with an initial negative biopsy for prostate cancer (PCa) increased the risk of subsequent PCa detection in a clinical trial with systematic biopsies.A retrospective analysis was performed of 6238 men aged 50 years to 75 years with prostate-specific antigen levels between 2.5 ng/mL and 10 ng/mL and a prior negative biopsy in the REduction by DUtasteride of PCa Events study who completed a 2-year biopsy. PCa, acute prostate inflammation, and chronic prostate inflammation were assessed by central review. The association between inflammation in baseline prostate biopsies and positive 2-year and 4-year repeat biopsies was evaluated with the chi-square test and logistic regression analysis adjusting for baseline covariates.Acute and chronic inflammation and both were detected in 46 baseline biopsies (1%), 3931 baseline biopsies (63%), and 892 baseline biopsies (14%), respectively. Acute and chronic inflammation were found to be significantly associated with each other (P.001). Acute inflammation at baseline biopsy was associated with younger age, lower prostate-specific antigen levels, and a smaller prostate (all P.01), whereas chronic inflammation was associated with older age and larger prostate glands (all P0.01). At the 2-year biopsy, the prevalence of PCa was 14% (N=900 patients). On univariable and multivariable analysis, both acute and chronic inflammation were found to be significantly associated with a lower PCa risk (acute univariable: odds ratio [OR], 0.65 [P.001] and multivariable: OR, 0.75 [P=.012] and chronic univariable: OR, 0.61 [P.001] and multivariable: OR, 0.65 [P.001]). At the time of 4-year biopsy, only acute inflammation was found to be associated with a lower PCa risk.Baseline acute and chronic inflammation were both found to be independently associated with a lower PCa risk. From a clinical standpoint, inflammation in negative biopsies for PCa may lower the risk of subsequent PCa detection.

Study Type--Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4. What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? The role of the vacuum erection device (VED) has increased with its use in combined therapy with a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5i) for penile rehabilitation after radical prostatectomy (RP) and radiotherapy. The advantages of the VED are non-invasive, cost-effective, and a possibility of preventing shrinkage of penis length. Albeit current widespread use of penile rehabilitation programmes for post-RP erectile dysfunction, independent predictors for the rehabilitation participants, as well as for its treatment success have not been fully investigated. In the present study, we have added several new predictors for rehabilitation participation, e.g. African-Americans and higher preoperative sexual function. Conversely, higher preoperative PSA concentrations and the presence of positive surgical margins were predictors for avoidance of rehabilitation. Notably, there was a primary surgeon difference, which had a trend for predicting outcome of the rehabilitation among the participants, implying their surgical technique and follow-up might influence success of the rehabilitation.• To investigate baseline demographic and clinicopathological characteristics of men who participate in our penile rehabilitation programme after radical prostatectomy (RP). • To determine predictors for participation in rehabilitation, as well as successful rehabilitation outcome using multivariable logistic regression analyses.• We analysed data on 2345 consecutive patients who underwent RP between 2001 and 2009 in our institution. • The decision to participate in penile rehabilitation using phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5i) with a vacuum erection device (VED) was based on the patient's choice after post-RP discussions. • Rehabilitation success was defined using the following criteria: (i) patients who continued the penile rehabilitation programme and did not switch treatment from PDE5i to other erectile aids, (ii) success was noted in men who had an Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) sexual function (SF) score of75% of the patient's baseline EPIC score, and (iii) patients who answered that they achieved adequate erections with a PDE5i. • Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with treatment participation and its success.• Of 676 patients, 354 (53.2%) men participated in a penile rehabilitation programme. Among 329 rehabilitation participants with available data, 96 (29.2%) had treatment success. • In multivariable regression analysis, African-Americans (odds ratio [OR] 3.47, P0.001), and higher preoperative SF (OR 1.02, P0.001) were associated with participation in rehabilitation. • Higher preoperative PSA concentration (OR 0.50, P = 0.004) and presence of positive surgical margins (OR 0.68, P = 0.042) were found to be independent predictors for non-participation in the rehabilitation. • For rehabilitation outcomes, being older at surgery (OR 0.93, P = 0.001) and adjuvant therapy (OR 0.34, P = 0.047) had a negative association with successful outcome. • There was a trend in the relationship between primary surgeon and rehabilitation success (OR 1.05, P = 0.053)• Those patients who have risk factors, e.g. adverse prostate cancer features, need to be carefully counselled and encouraged to participate in the penile rehabilitation programme. • Clinicians could lead patients toward successful outcomes if appropriate surgical techniques and rehabilitation are provided.

To analyze the association between prostate-specific antigen doubling time with prostate cancer risk and grade among men with prostate-specific antigen levels ≥4.0 ng/mL undergoing repeat prostate biopsy.A total of 286 patients with prostate-specific antigen ≥4 ng/mL and available prostate-specific antigen doubling time data, who underwent repeat prostate biopsy from 1996-2009, were included in this analysis. Prostate-specific antigen doubling time was divided into three groups:9 years, 3-9 years and3 years. Multivariate analyses of prostate-specific antigen doubling time with cancer risk and grade (≤3 + 4 vs ≥4 + 3) were carried out using logistic regression adjusting for prebiopsy prostate-specific antigen, race, age, digital rectal examination, year of biopsy and number of prior negative biopsies.The median prostate-specific antigen doubling time before biopsy was 4.5 years (interquartile range = 2.5-10). Shorter prostate-specific antigen doubling time was associated with higher prostate-specific antigen (P0.001), but it was unrelated to age, digital rectal examination or race. Shorter prostate-specific antigen doubling time as a continuous variable was associated with greater prostate cancer risk in both uni- (hazard ratio = 0.99, 95% confidence interval = 0.98-0.99, P = 0.001) and multivariate analysis (hazard ratio = 0.99, 95% confidence interval = 0.98-0.99, P = 0.004). The prevalence of cancer among prostate-specific antigen doubling time groups (9, 3-9,3 years) was 17%, 37% and 40%, respectively. Shorter prostate-specific antigen doubling time groups were associated with higher cancer risk (P = 0.001). Stratified by grade, short prostate-specific antigen doubling time as a continuous variable significantly predicted both low- (P = 0.010) and high-grade disease (P = 0.049). The inclusion of prostate-specific antigen doubling time groups in a multivariate model to predict biopsy positivity increased its accuracy from 0.69 to 0.74.Prostate-specific antigen doubling time seems to provide further cancer risk assessment in men undergoing repeat biopsy for prostate-specific antigen ≥4.0 ng/mL. If validated in future studies, the present findings support the use of prostate-specific antigen doubling time in the risk stratification of this patient population.

Conservation of marine species through fisheries management and no-take marine reserves have focused primarily on single species, but such protection may influence the target speciesʼ predators, prey, competitors, or mutualists. Conversely, successful protection may depend on responses of these other species. Empirical data and previ- ous theory indicate that fisheries status and life-history attributes strongly influence speciesʼ responses to protection. Both direct effects and indirect effects of protection (through species interactions) have been documented. A predator-prey model depict- ing the dynamics of two species in a two-patch habitat (a no-take reserve and a fished area) revealed conditions under which the predator and prey may decline after reserve establishment. Not surprisingly, model results suggest that management scenarios and life-history traits leading to high predator population growth are more likely to pro- duce prey declines following reserve establishment. Interestingly, trade-offs between enhancing predator and enhancing prey occurred at low fishing intensities regardless of the prey and predator life-history traits. At high fishing rates, reserve establishment generally outweighed predation effects and resulted in increased abundance of both predator and prey. Simple spatial models can help determine the range of possible re- sponses of interacting species to protection and can yield some general insights for their management.

Article on the concept of Creative Constraints in translation, with particular reference to the case study of my translation of an Australian best-seller (Alice Pung's multicultural literature memoir 'Unpolished Gem').