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In this work, SnO2 nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) were synthesised using a leaf extract from Shorea robusta. The synthetic method was found to be reliable, cost-effective, and efficient. The synthesised SnO2 NPs have been incorporated with copper (Cu) and used as an electrode material for supercapacitors (SCs). The potential of SnO2 and its nanocomposite for SCs was investigated using various electrochemical parameters. At a current density of 2 A/g, the maximum specific capacitance of SnO2@Cu-A, SnO2@Cu-B, and SnO2@Cu-C was found to be 220, 226, and 300 F/g. The maximum energy density of 11.1 Wh/kg for SnO2@Cu-C has been evaluated at a power density of 1021.3 W/kg. After 5000 GCD cycles, a retention of 96.8% was found for SnO2@Cu-C. Under two electrode systems, a retention of 95.4% was found for SnO2@Cu-C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Numerous insect pests attack stored grains causing both qualitative and quantitative losses. The most damaging pest that infests dry stored produce is the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, a secondary pest of stored goods. This pest, especially in its adult stage, exhibits resistance to chemical insecticides, thereby rendering the traditional pesticides ineffective in controlling it. Phyto-derivatives, which are strong insecticides and also ecologically benign, have gained interest as non-chemical solutions for controlling this pest. Hence, the objective of this study was to investigate the potential of Piper longum leaf extract insecticidal action as an environmentally benign insecticide for the first time against the adults of T. castaneum. In this study, P. longum leaf ethanol extract was tested against the adults of T. castaneum by petri dish bioassay method. Ad hoc studies to verify significant mortality for the initial confirmation of adulticidal activity were conducted for 24 h at different dosages of 62.5, 125, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/L of P. longum leaf ethanol extract. Thereafter, dosages set at 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/L for the fractions of P. longum leaf ethanol extract were conducted. Prior to this, the leaf extract of this plant was subjected to column chromatography for fractionation. The fractions tested for adulticidal activity were subjected to gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy. Results: Significant adulticidal action with 100% adult mortality was observed in ethanol extract of P. longum leaves. Among the fourteen fractions (F0–F13) obtained tested, only fractions, F5, F10 and F13, demonstrated adulticidal activity, and the remaining fractions displayed poor activity. One hundred per cent morality was noted in T. castaneum adults after 96 h at 40 mg/L in F5 and F10, and in F13 at 20 mg/L, and their respective LD50 values were 17.6, 26.6 and 10.0 mg/L. The fractions F5, F10 and F13 contained fatty acids, viz., hexadecanoic acid, dotriacontane and heptacosane in F5; tetradecanoic acid and nonadecanoic acid in F10; and octadecanoic acid, aspartame and tridecanoic acid in F13, revealed through gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy. Conclusions: The results of the study showed that P. longum ethanol leaf extract revealed significant adulticidal activity and is a promising toxic agent to the adults of T. castaneum. The fatty acids in the ethanolic leaf extract fractions of P. longum could have caused toxicity to the adults of T. castaneum. According to the current literature survey, this is the first research report on the adulticidal activity of P. longum leaf extracts against the adults of T. castaneum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current anti-hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) medications still have side effects such as myopathy, rhabdomyolysis, liver damage, and insulin resistance. The development and discovery of new, safer agents to treat hypertriglyceridemia is urgently needed. The leaves of Murraya paniculata have been empirically used for lowering lipids. Meanwhile, Tamarindus indica leaves are reported to contain high antioxidants and anti-diabetic activity. This study was conducted to evaluate the combination effect of leaf extracts from Tamarindus indica and Murraya paniculata to treat hypertriglyceridemia in animal models and to predict the optimum ratio. Hypertriglyceridemic Wistar rats were developed by feeding the high fat-sucrose diet for 75 days. The combination of T. indica extract (TIE) and M. paniculata extract (MPE) was made following the Simplex Lattice Design ranging from 50:350 to 350:50, producing denoted ratios TIE:MPE: (i) 50:350, (ii) 125:275, (iii) 200:200, (iv) 275:125, and (v) 350:50. The extract was given to hyperlipidemic animals orally once per day for 14 days at a dose of 400 mg/kgBW. Prior to the in vivo assay, both extracts were analyzed for their phytochemical content (mineral, phenol and flavonoid content) and water content. The result of lipid profile measurements showed that the combination of 350:50 mg/kgBW (TIE:MPE) gave the strongest effect in lowering triglyceride (p<0.05). As the composition of the TIE extract increased, the TG-lowering effect appeared to strengthen and the body weight gain of rats also decreased in a dose dependent manner. The liver protective activity was observed in all combinations based on hepatic catalase and malondialdehyde measurement. Administration of the combined extract with a high proportion of TIE tends to provide better enhancement of muscle lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity. In conclusion, it was proven that the combination of Tamarindus indica and Murraya paniculata leaf extracts significantly reduced triglycerides level in animal models. The optimum effect was achieved at a ratio of 350:50 mg/kgBW (TIE:MPE). Finally, purification of extract from primary fat components is suggested for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antioxidant properties of the leaves of the Mediterranean strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) are mainly attributed to the main bioactive compound, the phenolic glycoside arbutin. In this study, the safety profile of strawberry tree aqueous leaf extract (STE) and arbutin at the DNA level was assessed in vitro using porcine PK-15 kidney cells and HepG2 cells derived from human hepatomas. To examine the effects on cell viability and DNA damage, cells were treated for 24 h with STE or arbutin at three concentrations presumed to be non-toxic (400, 200, and 11.4 µg/mL). Assessments were performed using the MTS viability assay, dual acridine orange/ethidium bromide fluorescent staining, and alkaline comet assay. Results showed that the highest concentration (400 µg/mL) of both tested compounds had no significant cytotoxic effects on either PK-15 or HepG2 cells. Apoptosis was the predominant type of cell death and the total amount of DNA damage in treated cells was within acceptable limits. These results on the in vitro cytocompatibility of arbutin and STE with PK-15 and HepG2 cells could serve to make more reliable judgements about safe levels of arbutin in cosmetic products and functional foods, given the increased popularity of the compound in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the optimization of process parameters for coating silk sutures with Acanthus ilicifolius leaf extract. The increasing awareness of surgical site infections is a critical concern associated with the use of sutures in medical procedure undertaking. Our study aimed to assess the impact of three crucial coating factors, namely extract content, temperature, and duration, on the mechanical and antibacterial characteristics of silk sutures braided together. Through Box–Behnken design, in conjunction with the response surface approach, we conducted a thorough analysis to refine the model. The result showed that extract concentration directly influences both antimicrobial activity and elongation, while temperature and time primarily affect tensile strength and bending stiffness. To achieve the maximum tensile strength, minimum breaking elongation, minimum bending stiffness, and lower friction, all while maintaining the important antimicrobial efficacy of the sutures, this study emphasizes the use of response surface methodology in optimizing coating parameters for A. ilicifolius leaf extract on silk sutures. The response models are developed on the complex relationships between these parameters and the properties of the sutures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese yam (Dioscorea polystachya, DP) is promising for the food and pharmaceutical industries due to its nutritional value and pharmaceutical potential. Its proper cultivation is therefore of interest. An insufficient supply of minerals necessary for plant growth can be manifested by discoloration of the leaves. In our earlier study, magnesium deficiency was excluded as a cause. As a follow-up, this work focused on manganese and molybdenum. To quantify both minerals in leaf extracts of DP, analytical methods based on atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) using the graphite furnace sub-technique were devised. The development revealed that the quantification of manganese works best without using any of the investigated modifiers. The optimized pyrolysis and atomization temperatures were 1300 °C and 1800 °C, respectively. For the analysis of molybdenum, calcium proved to be advantageous as a modifier. The optimum temperatures were 1900 °C and 2800 °C, respectively. Both methods showed satisfactory linearity for analysis. Thus, they were applied to quantify extracts from normal and discolored leaves of DP concerning the two minerals. It was found that discolored leaves had higher manganese levels and a lower molybdenum content. With these results, a potential explanation for the discoloration could be found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of repellents for nematode control has not been established. Leaf extracts of Myrtus communis, an evergreen shrub with wide distribution in the Mediterranean and some other regions, were tested for repellence of second‐stage juveniles (J2s) of Meloidogyne species. Extracts obtained with several solvents and water repelled M. javanica J2s on agar plates, with the 60% methanol extract showing the highest repellent activity. M. hapla J2s were also repelled by the aqueous and 60% methanol extracts. Adding the 60% methanol extract to fluopyram, a chemical J2 attractant, reduced and abolished, respectively, the attraction of M. javanica and M. hapla J2s to it. When the methanolic extract was added near lettuce seedling roots on an agar plate, the number of M. javanica, M. incognita and M. hapla J2s attracted to the root tips was reduced by 70.0%–98.2%, infection rates decreased by 50.1%–95.8% and root length increased by 61.8%–186.7% compared to control seedlings grown on the same plates. When the methanol extract was mixed into the agar plate, the three Meloidogyne species' attraction to and infection of lettuce seedlings was reduced by up to 75.4% and 100%, respectively, and root length increased up to 3.4‐fold. The acetone extract mixed into the agar reduced the attraction of M. javanica J2s to fluopyram but did not affect their repellence by KNO3. The results suggest that M. communis leaf extracts have repellent and infection‐inhibitory activity against Meloidogyne J2, offering potential control means for Meloidogyne species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing evidence that arbutin and plant extracts rich in arbutin, such as extracts of the strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.), exert a range of beneficial effects, including cyto- and genoprotective properties. This study evaluated the effects of strawberry tree water leaf extract (STE) and arbutin in the brain tissue of Lewis rats. STE or arbutin were administered per os to male and female rats at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight/day for 14 or 28 days. Treatment outcomes were evaluated using biochemical markers (lipid peroxidation and the activities of the antioxidative enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase). The effects of the tested substances on DNA integrity in brain cells were evaluated using the alkaline comet assay. The results suggest a high biocompatibility of both tested substances with rat brain tissue. No significant harmful disturbances were observed in the oxidative/antioxidative status or impairments of DNA integrity in the rat brain cells. Nearly all post-treatment values were within tolerable limits as compared to the matched control rats. Such encouraging findings support further research using other subtle biomarkers to clarify the safety aspects of arbutin and STE prior to the development of specific nutraceutical products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Numerous insect pests attack stored grains causing both qualitative and quantitative losses. The most damaging pest that infests dry stored produce is the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, a secondary pest of stored goods. This pest, especially in its adult stage, exhibits resistance to chemical insecticides, thereby rendering the traditional pesticides ineffective in controlling it. Phyto-derivatives, which are strong insecticides and also ecologically benign, have gained interest as non-chemical solutions for controlling this pest. Hence, the objective of this study was to investigate the potential of Piper longum leaf extract insecticidal action as an environmentally benign insecticide for the first time against the adults of T. castaneum. In this study, P. longum leaf ethanol extract was tested against the adults of T. castaneum by petri dish bioassay method. Ad hoc studies to verify significant mortality for the initial confirmation of adulticidal activity were conducted for 24 h at different dosages of 62.5, 125, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/L of P. longum leaf ethanol extract. Thereafter, dosages set at 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/L for the fractions of P. longum leaf ethanol extract were conducted. Prior to this, the leaf extract of this plant was subjected to column chromatography for fractionation. The fractions tested for adulticidal activity were subjected to gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy. Results Significant adulticidal action with 100% adult mortality was observed in ethanol extract of P. longum leaves. Among the fourteen fractions (F0–F13) obtained tested, only fractions, F5, F10 and F13, demonstrated adulticidal activity, and the remaining fractions displayed poor activity. One hundred per cent morality was noted in T. castaneum adults after 96 h at 40 mg/L in F5 and F10, and in F13 at 20 mg/L, and their respective LD50 values were 17.6, 26.6 and 10.0 mg/L. The fractions F5, F10 and F13 contained fatty acids, viz., hexadecanoic acid, dotriacontane and heptacosane in F5; tetradecanoic acid and nonadecanoic acid in F10; and octadecanoic acid, aspartame and tridecanoic acid in F13, revealed through gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy. Conclusions The results of the study showed that P. longum ethanol leaf extract revealed significant adulticidal activity and is a promising toxic agent to the adults of T. castaneum. The fatty acids in the ethanolic leaf extract fractions of P. longum could have caused toxicity to the adults of T. castaneum. According to the current literature survey, this is the first research report on the adulticidal activity of P. longum leaf extracts against the adults of T. castaneum.

Botanical fungicides are fungicides derived from plants that produce chemical compounds that potentially inhibit microbial growth. These fungicides are safe because to its not harmful to humans and the environment. In the present study, the plant materials used often compete with plant materials used for food and medicine such as galangal rhizomes and betel leaves. Therefore, it is necessary to explore materials derived from plants that have not been widely utilized. So the research was conducted to determine the effect of leaf extracts from several plants on the growth of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. the fungus that causes wilt disease in plants and determines the level of antifungal activity. This research was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD). The leaf extracts used were from the plants Muntingia calabura, Terminalia cattapa, Syzygium oleina, Morinda citrifolia, Dimocarpus longan, and Artocarpus altilis with concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 0% as control. The data obtained were analyzed using variance analysis (ANOVA) with Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT). The results showed that all treatments used could inhibit the growth of S. rolfsii Sacc because they were significantly different from the control. It was determined that antifungal activity in leaf extracts of M. calabura, T. cattapa, S. oleina, and D. longan was very strong, and also A. altilis had a strong antifungal activity, while M. citifolia had a moderate antifungal activity.

In this work, Azadirachta indica leaf extract and the ultrasonic method were applied for the fabrication of a CuO/Ag-based nanocomposite. The CuO/Ag was characterised using different analytical methods such as FTIR, SEM, EDX, and XRD. The well diffusion method was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of non-calcined and calcined CuO/Ag against some hazardous bacterial strains. After the incubation period, remarkable zones of inhibition were observed around the loaded CuO/Ag. The maximum zones of inhibition were found to be 17.9 (± 0.39), 20 (± 0.17), and 14.3 (± 0.31) mm for E. coli, S. aureus, and S. enterica, respectively. Experimental findings indicated that non-calcined CuO/Ag was a more effective antibacterial agent as compared to calcined CuO/Ag.

Context: On a cellular level, osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease caused by osteoclastic bone resorption that is not offset by osteoblastic bone synthesis. This increases the risk of fractures by making bones weak and brittle. The selective inactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in osteoblast lineage cells demonstrated that EGFR promotes bone formation by increasing the number of mesenchymal progenitors. Active compounds of gandarusa (Justicia gendarussa Burm. f.) are potentially playing crucial roles in EGFR activation. Aims: To evaluate the potential of J. gendarussa for osteoporosis prevention via EGF pathway in silico. Methods: A GC-MS approach was used to screen the active compounds from 70 and 95% methanol extraction, which was continued with molecular docking analysis by PyRx v0.8. The visualization and amino acid interactions were also revealed using Discovery Studio software R17. ADME analysis was performed using the SwissADME webserver to consider whether the best compound could be classified as a drug following Lipinsky rule’s of five. Results: The top five compounds with high binding affinity were selected from a total of 33 active compounds detected. One compound, namely eslicarbazepine, has a -6.7 kcal/mol affinity score and passes the threshold for drugs bioavailability, supported by the data of MW compounds 254.28 kDa, low rotatable bonds 1 bond, hydrogen bond acceptors and donors (2), high GI absorption, and ability to permeant to blood-brain barrier system. Conclusions: This finding added new insight into J. gendarussa extract potential as anti-osteoporosis in humans. Nevertheless, in vitro and in vivo experiments are necessary to confirm the potential.

In the current investigation, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles were sustainably synthesized utilizing an extract derived from the Rumex dentatus plant through a green synthesis approach. The Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Ultra-violet visible spectroscopy (UV–vis) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques were used to examine the compositional, morphological, optical, and thermal properties of both samples. The doping of iron into ZnO NPs has significantly influenced their properties. The analysis firmly established that both ZnO NPs and Fe-doped ZnO NPs have hexagonal wurtzite structures and spherical shapes by XRD and SEM. The EDX analysis suggests that iron atoms have been successfully integrated into the ZnO lattice. The change in color observed during the reaction indicated the formation of nanoparticles. The UV–vis peaks at 364 nm and 314 nm confirmed the presence of ZnO NPs and Fe-doped ZnO NPs, respectively. The band gap of ZnO NPs by Fe dopant displayed a narrowing effect. This indicates that adding iron ions to ZnO NPs offers a control band gap. The thermal study TGA revealed that Fe-doped ZnO NPs remain stable when heated up to 600 °C. The antibacterial efficacy of ZnO NPs and Fe-doped ZnO NPs was evaluated against several bacterial strains. The evaluation is based on the zone of inhibition (ZOI). Both samples exhibited excellent antibacterial properties as compared to conventional pharmaceutical agents. These results suggest that synthesizing nanoparticles through plant-based methods is a promising approach to creating versatile and environmentally friendly biomedical products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fields of biomedicine and catalysis have both shown a great deal of interest in copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs). Green synthesis methods are being frequently employed to develop highly active CuONPs. This research investigates the potential photocatalytic and antibacterial applications of two CuONPs that were synthesized utilizing extracts from Dillenia indica (D‐CuONPs) and Mikania micrantha (M‐CuONPs) leaves. Analysis using electron microscopy revealed that CuONPs are uniformly spherical and average size around 15 nm. The development of single‐phase CuONPs with a monoclinic structure is shown by X‐ray diffraction studies. The FTIR peaks at 695 cm−1 and 860 cm−1 represent a stretching of Cu−O, signifying the formation of CuO nanostructure. The EDX profiles stated that the CuONPs are correlated with compliantly intensified Cu and O signals. Under solar irradiation, around 90 % of congo red (CR) dye was degraded by both CuONPs in 120 min, with the rate constants of 0.0187 and 0.0174 min−1, respectively. Furthermore, CuONPs have excellent antibacterial activity against bacteria belonging to both Gram classes. Overall, CuONPs hold great potential for inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria and for degrading organic dyes in the presence of sunlight. As such, they can be manufactured on a large scale using plant sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed priming is one method for increasing the growth and quality of seedlings. This study aims to evaluate moringa leaf extract as a priming agent and its effect on the seedling growth and quality of shallot from true seed. This study used a randomized block design with five replications. Priming treatment consisted of unprimed, hydropriming, and three levels of Moringa leaf extract concentration, including 12.5%, 25%, and 37.5%. A one-way analysis of variance was used to perform statistical analysis, with a p-value of 0.05 considered significant. In addition, the mean comparison was performed by Tukey multiple comparison test. According to the research, seed priming with moringa leaf extract at 37.5% resulted in the best effects on the parameter seedling emergence index (1.20), plant height (31.12 cm), number of leaves (4.80), pseudo stem diameter (3.22 mm), total root length (329.70 mm), number of root tips (94.60), root volume (4.64 mm³ ), fresh weight seedling (2.77 g), dry weight seedling (0.19 g) and seedling quality index (0.0126), while compared to other treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antifungal properties of clove basil (Ocimum gratissimum L.) extract on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cepae and Alternaria porri were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Thirty grams of the clove basil sterilized leaves were mashed in a sterile mortar, soaked for 24 hr in 100 mL of 96% ethanol as an extractant. The extract was filtered through sterile Whatman No. 1 filter paper and stored at 4°C for subsequent use. Three different concentrations (5, 10, and 15%) were applied using the poisoned food technique. A 4-mm diameter mycelial disc of each tested fungus was inoculated on each amended agar plate. Daily radial growth was recorded for 7 days. For the in vivo test, two different concentrations (15% and 20%) were used. No spray and mancozeb spraying were used as controls. Seed bulbs of shallots were planted in a 25 cm x 25 cm polybag and allowed to be naturally infected by Alternaria porri. The clove basil leaf extract and mancozeb were sprayed onto the plants once a week, starting when the first symptom of the purple blotch disease appeared. The results showed that clove basil leaf extract had good efficacy in inhibiting F. Oxysporum f. sp. Cepae and A. Porri in vitro, with a growth inhibition up to 55%. The extract can also reduce the disease intensity of purple blotch with an infection rate of 0.029, indicating that it has the potential to be developed as a botanical fungicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Medicinal plants have been vital for human health for many years due to their restorative properties. Phytochemicals contribute to medicinal plants' healing power, including flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, exudates, terpenes, alkaloids, and phenolics. Several medicinal herbs used by the local community have unknown phytochemical compositions. Knowing the phytochemical composition helps identify bioactive compounds that can be further developed into pharmaceutical drugs. Hence, this study aims to look into the phytochemical composition of Vernonia iodocalyx and Myrica. salicifolia, which is extensively used in Tanzanian traditional medicine. Methodology: The extracts from methanol and petroleum ether were obtained through the Soxhlet extraction technique. Preliminary phytochemical screening was conducted using standard methods, while GC-MS analysis was used for in-depth analysis of the identified phytochemicals. Results: According to the test tube reaction method data, methanolic extract outperformed petroleum ether extracts regarding phytochemical compositions. GC-MS analysis revealed that Vernonia iodocalyx and Myrica salicifolia contained 21 and 22 phytochemicals, respectively. Out of the identified phytochemicals, 7 from Vernonia iodocalyx and 5 from Myrica salicifolia have been reported to possess different bioactive compounds essential for drug synthesis. Conclusion: Methanolic leaf extract of both Vernonia iodocalyx and Myricasalicifolia has the satisfactory number of phytochemicals. Hence, these plants are recommended for the isolation of active compounds for pharmacological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, Azadirachta indica leaf extract and the ultrasonic method were applied for the fabrication of a CuO/Ag-based nanocomposite. The CuO/Ag was characterised using different analytical methods such as FTIR, SEM, EDX, and XRD. The well diffusion method was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of non-calcined and calcined CuO/Ag against some hazardous bacterial strains. After the incubation period, remarkable zones of inhibition were observed around the loaded CuO/Ag. The maximum zones of inhibition were found to be 17.9 (± 0.39), 20 (± 0.17), and 14.3 (± 0.31) mm for E. coli, S. aureus, and S. enterica, respectively. Experimental findings indicated that non-calcined CuO/Ag was a more effective antibacterial agent as compared to calcined CuO/Ag. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Botanical fungicides are fungicides derived from plants that produce chemical compounds that potentially inhibit microbial growth. These fungicides are safe because to its not harmful to humans and the environment. In the present study, the plant materials used often compete with plant materials used for food and medicine such as galangal rhizomes and betel leaves. Therefore, it is necessary to explore materials derived from plants that have not been widely utilized. So the research was conducted to determine the effect of leaf extracts from several plants on the growth of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. the fungus that causes wilt disease in plants and determines the level of antifungal activity. This research was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD). The leaf extracts used were from the plants Muntingia calabura, Terminalia cattapa, Syzygium oleina, Morinda citrifolia, Dimocarpus longan, and Artocarpus altilis with concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 0% as control. The data obtained were analyzed using variance analysis (ANOVA) with Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT). The results showed that all treatments used could inhibit the growth of S. rolfsii Sacc because they were significantly different from the control. It was determined that antifungal activity in leaf extracts of M. calabura, T. cattapa, S. oleina, and D. longan was very strong, and also A. altilis had a strong antifungal activity, while M. citifolia had a moderate antifungal activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera is called a miracle plant due to its diverse uses and several medicinal benefits all over the world. There are several bioactive secondary metabolites yet to be discovered. This study was conducted to actuate the biochemical content of ethanol leaf extract of Moringa oleifera (ELEMO) using Agilent Gas Chromatography--Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Quantitative phytochemical screening of the ethanolic extracts of the leaf revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids and phenols. The GC-MS results of the extract were relevant to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. GC-MS analysis of ELEMO showed the presence of n-hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (33.42), Pentadecanoic acid, 14-methylmethyl ester (36.23), Ethyl 9,12,15-octadecatrienoate (33.12 and 4-(4-Chlorobenzoyl)- 1-cyclohexyl-5-tosylamino-1 H-1,2,3-triazole (31.24). Results from this study may potentiate the discovery of more valuable bioactive components of industrial and pharmaceutical importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To create and evaluate cutting-edge therapeutic composition on biosynthesized nanoparticles exhibiting varied biological activity, nanotechnology is a novel and forward-thinking method. Increased antioxidant activity decreased toxicity to free radicals as well as cancer cells, and other benefits are achieved carefully by regulating the form and nanoparticle dimensions. Methods: Nanostructures biosynthesized utilizing Liv-Pro-08 AHF showed a strong antioxidant effect. The creation of novel and more efficient antioxidants may benefit from the usage of nanoparticles. It is noteworthy that the resulting nanoparticles exhibit more biological processes than the extract. This research aims to calculate if there are any noticeable differences in the behaviour of leaf extracts and the many nanomaterials obtained from the aqueous-based separation of Liv-Pro-08 Ayurveda herbal-based formulations. Results: Several in-vitro free radical scavenging experiments were used to determine whether or not Liv-pro-08 nanoparticles possessed any antioxidant properties. Zinc nanoparticles generated from Liv-pro-08 ayurvedic formulation demonstrated dose-dependent suppression of DPPH, as well as concentrationdependent lowering power potential, indicating that the nanomaterials contain free radical scavenging capability to produce the antioxidant effect. Conclusion: Nanoparticles might be useful for the development of newer and more potent antioxidants. It is worth mentioning that the resultant nanoparticles possess an elevated biological activity in comparison to the extract. The data represented in our study contribute to a novel and unexplored area of nano materials as alternative medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several technologies are employed for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles, each synthesis technique has advantages and disadvantages, and the best technique relies on the application at hand, the required qualities of the nanoparticles, and the size of the product. But in this article green synthesis were followed. In this research, AgNPs were synthesized using Salvia Sclarea leaf extract in green synthetic routes. The synthesized nanoparticles were examined using UV–vis spectroscopy, powder XRD, SEM, and FT-IR. Here three different type of silver nanoparticles were biosynthesized, AgNPs-1, AgNPs-2, and AgNPs-3 (where composition of AgNO3 and extract were 6:1, 10:1 and 14:1 respectively). The catalytic ability of AgNPs 1–3 was determine in the reduction of nitro-compounds into corresponding amines, where AgNPs-2 was found efficient reductive catalyst. Moreover, antibacterial activities were checked against both gram-positive (Bacillus Suntilis) and gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae). Upon increasing Ag contents antibacterial activities were found in increasing mode. Which open new era of knowledge for further consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fabrication of carbon nanostructured material for biomedical application has gained a lot of interest in recent years. Herein, the preparation of carbon dots (CDs) using Allium sativum L. leaf extract were demonstrated using hydrothermal process. The CDs were characterized using various techniques including UV-Vis, DLS, FT-IR, XPS and TEM methods. The green synthesized CDs were mostly spherical with diameter of 2.1 ±0.6 nm with high colloidal stability. Good antioxidant activity versus DPPH was observed using the prepared CDs. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity effect of carbon CDs was investigated using MTT strategy. Moreover, the prepared CDs were applied as scavengers of reactive oxygen species in osteoarthritis (OA). For clinical applications, the green source CDs demonstrated positive effects in terms of antioxidant, anti-osteoarthritis, and cytotoxicity properties. The obtained results have the potential to offer fresh perspectives on the treatment of different inflammatory diseases caused by reactive oxygen species. Additionally, the CDs were used to determine Fe(III) by fluorescence (FL) procedure. The decrease of FL intensity allowed to measure Fe(III) in a wide linear range (10 nM-0.5 mM) with a low detection limit of 4.0 nM. These findings show that the prepared CDs have great potential for various applications.

ABSTRACT: Efficient poultry production can be accomplished using combined technologies. A combination of in ovo and ethno-veterinary technologies can deliver significant benefits, including reduced labour and production costs. This study evaluated the effect of in ovo administration of soursop leaf extract (SLE) on the hatching performance and physiology of Noiler chicks. A total of 550 eggs were incubated, and 460 fertile eggs were randomly distributed into 4 groups with 3 replicates on the 18th d of incubation. The eggs were then injected with 0.75 µg SLE, 1.5 µg SLE, and saline solution (negative control) at a rate of 0.2 ml in the air space. The noninjected group served as the positive control. At the end of the hatching period, the various groups were evaluated for embryo mortality, hatchability, hatch duration, organ weight, serum biochemistry, and chick quality. The results showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) in embryonic mortality, hatchability, organ weight, total protein, albumin, globulin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and glucose among the treatment groups. However, chick weight, chick quality, and serum triglyceride levels were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the extract-injected group. Additionally, incubation and hatch times were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the SLE group compared to the other groups. In ovo administration of soursop leaf extract resulted in reduced incubation duration, hatch time, and embryo mortality. In conclusion, the in ovo injection of SLE improved hatch performance and chick quality.

The present study evaluates the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using water extract of Sal leaves (Shorea Robusta) for efficient removal of Eriochrome black-T from the water and wastewater. The material is characterized using FESEM, FTIR, EDX, pHzpc, XRD, BET, and TGA analysis. XRD confirmed the synthesis of ZnO with an average crystallite size of 35.24 nm a surface area of 95.939 m2/g and a pore volume of 0.280 cm3/g. The pHzpc of the material is 7.45. The study evaluates the effects of contact time (0–100 min), pH (3–10), concentration (10–50 mg/L), and temperature (298–328K). The Langmuir isotherm model (R2 = 0.993) and pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.998) were found to be the best-fit models. The maximum uptake capacity is 265.554 mg/g. The interaction is spontaneous (ΔG° −12.889 to–14.898 kJ/mol), endothermic ΔH° (4.290–14.216 kJ/mol) with an increase in spontaneity at the solid-liquid junction. The dye-loaded ZnO NPs were successfully regenerated in dilute NaOH solution and 1:1 methanol water, achieving regeneration efficiencies of 78% and 60%, respectively. The reusability of the ZnO NPs was ascertained for up to three consecutive cycles. A promising method for synthesizing zinc oxide nanoparticles using water extract from burnt Shorea robusta leaves as a precipitating and capping agent has been demonstrated with a high yield. The method is economical and convenient without the use of any chemical precipitating agents. The prepared material efficiently removes Eriochrome black T dye, commonly used in various industries for dyeing silk and nylon, from the solution. We report the first-ever synthesis of ZnO NP using the water extract of burnt leaves, and its application is tested for dye removal. A high surface area of 95.939 m2/g was determined, which is also higher in comparison to many works published. The maximum adsorption capacity recorded for EBT removal is 265.55 mg/g, which is relatively higher than other commercially synthesized zinc oxide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidation in living cells can be very detrimental, leading to the production of chemicals that can cause ill-health in these cells. These chemicals simply referred to as reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in causing different health problems, notably diabetes. Parquetina nigrescens is a medicinal plant that has been traditionally used in management of different kinds of ailments including diabetes over the years, but it lacks scientific proof. This study carried out the structural elucidation of aqueous leaf extract of P. nigrescens using HPLC. The study also investigated the antioxidant potentials of this extract in serum, liver, and kidney of diabetic male albino rats. The HPLC analysis revealed the presence of beta sitosterol, veraquensin, kaempferol, among others. Furthermore, aqueous leaf extract of P. nigrescens significantly (P < 0.05) improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and reduced glutathione). Aqueous leaf extract of P. nigrescens may serve as an antioxidant to ameliorate activities of ROS that might cause advert effects in living cells. The coherent bioactive compounds in the aqueous leaf extract of this plant may be responsible for these antioxidant potentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's scenario nanotechnology has great importance in all scientific and non-scientific sectors. In this study, we have synthesized magnetite nanoparticles coated by the proteins available in the Datura leaf extract through a green and eco-friendly method. From the resulting spectrum obtained on Fe3O4 for different volumes of leaf extract of Datura leaf, the surface plasmon resonance seems to be varying with the volume of capping agent. The data shows that as the volume of capping agent increases the SPR value is shifted to red-end. The Eg values increase with the increasing volume of capping agents. The evaluated band gap (Eg) values are close to semiconductors (0-3 eV). The values indicate that the formed Fe3O4 nanoparticles are marginally semiconducting. The Eg values are found to be dependent upon the volume of the capping agent. The properties of nano-sized semiconductor particles depend on particle size. Here, the absorption peaks (λmax) are consistently increased giving rise to red-shift. The value of surface plasmon resonance shift confirmed that particle size is decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fabrication of carbon nanostructured material for biomedical application has gained a lot of interest in recent years. Herein, the preparation of carbon dots (CDs) using Allium sativum L. leaf extract were demonstrated using hydrothermal process. The CDs were characterized using various techniques including UV-Vis, DLS, FT-IR, XPS and TEM methods. The green synthesized CDs were mostly spherical with diameter of 2.1 ±0.6 nm with high colloidal stability. Good antioxidant activity versus DPPH was observed using the prepared CDs. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity effect of carbon CDs was investigated using MTT strategy. Moreover, the prepared CDs were applied as scavengers of reactive oxygen species in osteoarthritis (OA). For clinical applications, the green source CDs demonstrated positive effects in terms of antioxidant, anti-osteoarthritis, and cytotoxicity properties. The obtained results have the potential to offer fresh perspectives on the treatment of different inflammatory diseases caused by reactive oxygen species. Additionally, the CDs were used to determine Fe(III) by fluorescence (FL) procedure. The decrease of FL intensity allowed to measure Fe(III) in a wide linear range (10 nM-0.5 mM) with a low detection limit of 4.0 nM. These findings show that the prepared CDs have great potential for various applications. [Display omitted] • CDs were prepared using the hydrothermal treatment of Allium sativum L. leaf extract. • Remarkable antioxidant activity versus DPPH was obtained using the fabricated CDs. • The prepared CDs can be employed as effective carrier for osteoarthritis treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study was carried out to document the medicinal values and therapeutic applications of different parts of A. cordifolia in Ekebedi Oboro ancient Kingdom of Abia State, Nigeria, and profile its bioactive constituents. Material-Method: The ethno-botanical survey involved questionnaires and oral interviews of 81 randomly selected traditional medicine doctors and natives on medicinal values of A. cordifolia. GC-MS fingerprinting was adopted to elucidate the bioactive constituents of the methanol leaf extract of the plant. Results: The survey showed that A. cordifolia is prescribed in different treatment regimens for coughs, bronchitis, postpartum bleeding, lacerations, wounds, vaginitis, diarrhea, sickle cell anemia, and venereal diseases, including gonorrhea, syphilis, and prostatitis. Phytochemical fingerprinting revealed the presence of several bioactive compounds as the major active ingredients of the plant. A total of 27 fatty acids and volatile hydrocarbons were detected in the leaf extract of the plant with 9, 12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)- methyl ester (18.42%), 9-Octadecenoic acid methyl ester (19.93%), Dodecanoic acid 1,2,3-propanetrieyl (15.87%) as most abundant ingredients. Conclusion: A. cordifolia is used to treat various diseases such as sickle cell anemia, diabetes, post-partum bleeding, and HIV infections amongst others. The fatty acids identified in A. cordifolia possibly underscored these antimicrobial and therapeutic actions of the plant in traditional medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic waste generation and accumulation keeps on increasing and possess a serious threat to the environment. To find a legitimate or suitable eco-friendly method for metal recovery from e-waste this includes the noble metals, rare earth metals and also the heavy metals. Methods like magnetic separation, Eddy current separation and Electrostatic separation results in separation of metallic parts from the crushed e-waste and its PCBs (Printed Circuit Boards). For synthesising nanoparticles out of the recovered metallic parts, pyrometallurgy using Tubular furnace, hydrometallurgical methods, cryo-milling techniques and bio-approaches using plant leaf are utilised. Heavy metal in Electronic waste plays a vital role in polluting the ecology/environment. Researchers are trying to enhance the metal recovery from e-waste process by improving the environmentally friendly approaches. In this review, harmless to the ecosystem draws near and the techniques that depicts about the Nanoparticle synthesis from electronic waste printed circuit boards are critically reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address environmental pollution caused by dyes and heavy metals, it is crucial to fabricate effective adsorbent material to remove contaminants from the environment. In this research, a biogenic-assisted treatment was applied to kaolin clay to eliminate arsenic ions (As(V)) and malachite green (MG) using an adsorption technique. An environmentally friendly ultrasonic method was used to incorporate Pterocarpus mildraedii into the mesoporous structure of kaolin clay (PMKC) material with a unique flake-like morphology characterized by hexagonal structures formed by quartz and kaolin. Various analytical techniques were employed to analyze the functional groups, crystallographic structures, and surface properties of PMKC. The findings reveal that PMKC, an eco-friendly adsorbent, effectively removed As(V) and MG from wastewater under specific conditions: a solution pH of 6, a PMKC dosage of 40 mg/L, a contact time of 60 min, an initial concentration of As(V)/MG of 100 mg/L, and an adsorption temperature of 40 °C. Furthermore, PMKC exhibited high adsorption capacities of 337.22 mg/g towards As(V) and 274.73 mg/g towards MG. Dubinin-Radushkevich and the pseudo-first-order models were found to best describe the experimental data obtained from the isotherm and kinetic studies. Because PMKC can be reused effectively and remains stable for up to ten cycles, it holds promise as a valuable material for removing dye and heavy metal pollutants.

The antioxidant properties of the leaves of the Mediterranean strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) are mainly attributed to the main bioactive compound, the phenolic glycoside arbutin. In this study, the safety profile of strawberry tree aqueous leaf extract (STE) and arbutin at the DNA level was assessed in vitro using porcine PK-15 kidney cells and HepG2 cells derived from human hepatomas. To examine the effects on cell viability and DNA damage, cells were treated for 24 h with STE or arbutin at three concentrations presumed to be non-toxic (400, 200, and 11.4 µg/mL). Assessments were performed using the MTS viability assay, dual acridine orange/ethidium bromide fluorescent staining, and alkaline comet assay. Results showed that the highest concentration (400 µg/mL) of both tested compounds had no significant cytotoxic effects on either PK-15 or HepG2 cells. Apoptosis was the predominant type of cell death and the total amount of DNA damage in treated cells was within acceptable limits. These results on the in vitro cytocompatibility of arbutin and STE with PK-15 and HepG2 cells could serve to make more reliable judgements about safe levels of arbutin in cosmetic products and functional foods, given the increased popularity of the compound in recent years.

There is growing evidence that arbutin and plant extracts rich in arbutin, such as extracts of the strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.), exert a range of beneficial effects, including cyto- and genoprotective properties. This study evaluated the effects of strawberry tree water leaf extract (STE) and arbutin in the brain tissue of Lewis rats. STE or arbutin were administered per os to male and female rats at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight/day for 14 or 28 days. Treatment outcomes were evaluated using biochemical markers (lipid peroxidation and the activities of the antioxidative enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase). The effects of the tested substances on DNA integrity in brain cells were evaluated using the alkaline comet assay. The results suggest a high biocompatibility of both tested substances with rat brain tissue. No significant harmful disturbances were observed in the oxidative/antioxidative status or impairments of DNA integrity in the rat brain cells. Nearly all post-treatment values were within tolerable limits as compared to the matched control rats. Such encouraging findings support further research using other subtle biomarkers to clarify the safety aspects of arbutin and STE prior to the development of specific nutraceutical products.

Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles were synthesized by using piper betle leaf extract. The UV absorption spectrophotometer analysis of piper betle leaf extract and metal compounds showed absorbance spectra in the range of 300-350 nm. The UV-Vis spectroscopy shows surface Plasmon resonance of CeO2 nanoparticles at 310 nm indicating the particles are poly dispersed. The FT-IR measurements were carried out to identify the formation of Cerium oxide nanoparticles and possible molecules such as OH, C=C, C=O, and aromatic compounds. The FT-IR analysis played a vital role in displaying the nanoparticles which showed strong absorbance in the range 671.05cm-1 for Cerium oxide nanoparticles. The diffraction peaks and planes of ions are indexed. From the 'X' ray diffraction studies, the size of the Cerium oxide nanoparticles is 27 nm as calculated by using Debye Scherrer's equation. The size, shape, and structure of nanoparticles were also analyzed by scanning electron microscope which shows an almost spherical shape of nanoparticles aggregation. This Eco-Friendly synthesis method has many advantages over chemical methods because it reduces the use of toxic metals in the synthetic process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese yam (Dioscorea polystachya, DP) is known for the nutritional value of its tuber. Nevertheless, DP also has promising pharmacological properties. Compared with the tuber, the leaves of DP are still very little studied. However, it may be possible to draw conclusions about the plant quality based on the coloration of the leaves. Magnesium, as a component of chlorophyll, seems to play a role. Therefore, the aim of this research work was to develop an atomic absorption spectrometry-based method for the analysis of magnesium (285.2125 nm) in leaf extracts of DP following the graphite furnace sub-technique. The optimization of the pyrolysis and atomization temperatures resulted in 1500 °C and 1800 °C, respectively. The general presence of flavonoids in the extracts was detected and could explain the high pyrolysis temperature due to the potential complexation of magnesium. The elaborated method had linearity in a range of 1–10 µg L−1 (R2 = 0.9975). The limits of detection and quantification amounted to 0.23 µg L−1 and 2.00 µg L−1, respectively. The characteristic mass was 0.027 pg, and the recovery was 96.7–102.0%. Finally, the method was applied to extracts prepared from differently colored leaves of DP. Similar magnesium contents were obtained for extracts made of dried and fresh leaves. It is often assumed that the yellowing of the leaves is associated with reduced magnesium content. However, the results indicated that yellow leaves are not due to lower magnesium levels. This stimulates the future analysis of DP leaves considering other essential minerals such as molybdenum or manganese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work focused on the synthesis of Vinca rosea leaf extract derived ZnO and vanadium-doped ZnO nanoparticles (V-ZnO NPs). The chemical composition, structural, and morphology of ZnO and vanadium-doped ZnO NPs were examined by FTIR, XRD, and SEM–EDX. The FTIR confirmed the presence of functional groups corresponding to ZnO and vanadium-doped ZnO NPs. SEM–EDX clearly indicated the morphology of synthesised NPs; the hexagonal crystal of NPs was confirmed from XRD. In addition, the cytotoxic effect of ZnO and V-ZnO NPs was estimated against the breast cancer (MCF-7) cell line. From the assay, Vinca rosea (V. rosea) capped ZnO NPs have shown improved cytotoxic activity than that of Vinca rosea capped V-ZnO NPs. ZnO and vanadium-doped ZnO NPs showed the strongest antibacterial activity against Enterococcus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger. The α-amylase inhibition assays demonstrated antidiabetic activity of synthesised NPs. From the assay test, results obtained Vinca rosea capped ZnO nanoparticles prepared using the green approach showed high effective antioxidant, antidiabetic activity, and anticancer activity than vanadium-doped ZnO NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By using Centella asiatica leaf extract, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) decorated PbS/CdO nanocomposite (rPC) was synthesized by reducing graphene oxide. To investigate the photocatalytic, electrochemical, and antibacterial properties of the synthesized rPC NC, different analytical techniques were employed and compared with those of the PbS/CdO NC synthesized by chemical precipitation. The XRD analysis of both samples revealed cubic structured peaks of PbS and CdO. Pb, S, Cd, O, and C can be detected from rPC's EDS spectrum. PC and rPC exhibited band gap energies of 2.28 and 2.21 eV, respectively. Both samples show FTIR peaks related to lead sulfide and Cd–O stretching vibrations. Interstitial sulfur and singly occupied oxygen vacancy peaks are evinced in the PL spectra. The PL intensity for rPC is reduced, which is indicative of low recombination rates for photogenerated e−/h+ pairs. Photodegradation efficiencies against methyl violet were 81.2 and 93.4% for PC and rPC catalysts. Electrochemical and antibacterial properties of PC improved with rGO inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine whether leaf extracts from seven Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa cultivars and their biochemically active compounds (glucosinolates and downstream-derived products) inhibit mycelia growth of three well-known pathogenic oomycetes, Phytopythium chamaehyphon, Phytopythium vexans and Phytophthora citrophthora; being the most significant in the development of Kiwifruit Vine Decline Syndrome (KVDS). Leaf extract quantity of 10, 20 and 30 mgwereinoculated in Petridish (90mmØ, each 22mLof liquidmedium-Potato Dextrose Agar), for in vitro bioassays. A pathogen plug was placed in the centre of each plate and the Oomycota colony perimeter was marked 5 days after inoculation. Radial colony growth was measured from 4 marks per plate 5, 10, and 15 days after inoculation, further elaborated with Image J software image analysis. Growthrates forall strainswereinhibitedbyaround67%after15days. This wasmostpronouncedwhenapplying thehighest concentrationof leaf extract. By using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), fifteen glucosinolate compounds, of which glucosativin was found in the highest quantity, were identified. Concentrations of hydrolysis products produced by leaves (erucin and sativin) were also investigated, and were significantly associated with colony radial growth, especially towards Pp. chamaehyphon and Pp. vexans. Three downstream products of glucosinolates (two pure isothiocyanates, AITC and PEITC; and one indole I3C; all commonly present in Brassicaceae) were also tested, and a statistically significant inhibition of growth was observed at the highest concentration (0.6 µL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In horticultural crops, including chili, the wide use of synthetic fungicides has manifested to control anthracnose disease; however, these chemicals have some side effects to deal with. In reducing the dependency on synthetic fungicides, other alternatives and means need searching to prevent pathogenic fungi. Therefore, the presented study sought to examine plant extracts with the potential to inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi Colletotrichum acutatum, the causal organism of anthracnose disease in chili. This study collected 20 potential plant species for the investigation. The leaf extraction used the maceration method in methanol and n-hexane. The contents of chemical compounds sustained the GC-MS analysis. All the leaf extracts tested for their bioactivity underwent the colony method and diffusion well. The results revealed that out of 20 types of plants, six plant species were capable of inhibiting the growth of C. acutatum fungi, including Piper nigrum, Piper ornatum, Piper retrofractum, Ficus septica, Samanea saman, and Tithonia diversifolia. The leaf extract of F. septica has the highest inhibition rate (81.11%) for the growth of C. acutatum compared with other plant leaf extracts. The GC-MS analysis of the F. septica leaf extract showed the presence of 15 types of metabolite constituents, with nine having antimicrobial activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biological synthesis has a lot to offer in the field of eco-friendly and sustainable nanomaterial synthesis techniques which can be employed in numerous applications. The present study reports the green synthesis of polydisperse Bismuth Oxide nanorods, using Ficus benghalensis leaf extract. This is the first report for the synthesis of rod-like nanostructured Bi2O3. The synthesized nanorods were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-vis spectroscopy (UV), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), to study in detail their structural, morphological, compositional properties. The confirmation of the synthesis of single-phase (α − Bi2O3), crystalline bismuth oxide was obtained by X-ray diffraction, with characteristic peaks at (1,1,0) and (1,2,0). UV-Vis results showed the wide bandgap, 3.13 eV, of the synthesized BONRs. The rod-like morphology of the product was confirmed by the SEM images, along with the average diameter of the nanorods which was found to be 388 nm. The detailed analysis of FTIR spectra concluded the role of leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the key pathogenetic links in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the formation of insulin resistance (IR). Besides a wide selection of synthetic antidiabetic drugs, various plant-origin extracts are also available to support the treatment of T2DM. This study aimed to investigate and gain knowledge of the chemical composition and potential IR correction effect of American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) leaf extracts and formulate novel 3D-printed oral dosage forms for such extracts. The bioactivity and IR of L-arginine-loaded cranberry leaf extracts were studied in vivo in rats. The cranberry leaf extracts consisted of quinic, 3-caffeoylquinic (chlorogenic), p-coumaroylquinic acids, quercetin 3-O-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-xyloside, quercetin-3-O-arabino pyranoside, quercetin-3-O-arabinofuranoside, quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside, and quercetin-O-p-coumaroyl hexoside-2 identified by HPLC. In vivo studies with rats showed that the oral administration of the cranberry leaf extracts had a positive effect on insulin sensitivity coefficients under the insulin tolerance test and affected homeostasis model assessment IR levels and liver lipid content with experimental IR. A novel 3D-printed immediate-release dosage form was developed for the oral administration of cranberry leaf extracts using polyethylene oxide as a carrier gel in semi-solid extrusion 3D printing. In conclusion, American cranberry leaf extracts loaded with L-arginine could find uses in preventing health issues associated with IR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Rational selection of active biomolecules in the synthesis of nanoparticles for reducing the precursor and functionalizing the nanoparticles (NPs) can offer remarkable comeback of biocompatibility and biological applicability. This work aimed at the synthesis of a cost-effective, ecofriendly, and a facile approach of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using methanolic leaf extract of Artemisia vulgaris. The phytochemical constituents present in the methanolic extract were characterized by qualitative chemical tests and spectroscopic measurements and employed for the reduction of silver nitrate into silver nanoparticles. Formation of AgNPs was monitored by UV-visible spectroscopic measurement. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy reflected the presence of characteristic functional groups associated with the phytochemical constituents involved in the formation of nanoparticles. The crystalline phase and morphology of the NPs were assessed form X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), respectively. XRD pattern revealed the crystalline nature of nanoparticles with grain size of ∼ 28 nm based on the Debye Scherer formula. Study of antimicrobial activity of AgNPs against Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtili, Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, and fungus Candida albicans exhibited good potential to control the bacterial and fungal growth.

It is common practice to use herbs to supplement for fish feed and as a way to trap fish during fishing expeditions. The use of these plant materials causes more harm than good in aquaculture species because of lack of knowledge of the side effects. The study was to find acute toxicity of the lethal dose (LD50) of Carica papaya leaf extract on Clarias gariepinus juveniles, hematological parameters, weight changes, liver enzymes. A total number of 200 C. gariepinus juveniles were used for the study. Juveniles were grouped into 5 groups for acute toxicity with different extract concentrations; 290.95 mg/l, 529.00 mg/l, 767.05 mg/l, 1005.10 mg/l, and 1243.15 mg/l. Based on the result of acute toxicity tests, assessment of sub-acute toxicity test was made, using different extract concentration; 290.00 mg/l, 502.50 mg/l, 714.15 mg/l and 925.75 mg/l. Administration of extract lasted for 28 days behavioural changes were observed in the experimental animals at the 96 h static bioassay. Weight were observed, specific growth rate was the lowest in 925.75 mg/l and the control. Hematological assay showed changes in the packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell count (RBC), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) as they were significantly increased in comparison to the control. Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) showed no response except on day 7 when it declined significantly in fish exposed to 290.0 mg/l of extract. The white blood cell differentials and liver enzymes-alanine aminotransferase activity (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase activity (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were unaffected. The increase in red blood cell may be indicative that leaf extract of Carica papaya may have anti-anaemic properties. The absence of changes in the white blood cell and liver function enzymes, may be indicative that C. papaya leaf extract has no toxic effect on the juveniles.

The potential applications of plant extract and nanoparticles in antibacterial and antioxidant studies have garnered significant interest in recent times. Despite being utilized in Ethiopian traditional medicine, Verbascum sinaiticum (qetetina) constituents and its usage in nanoparticle synthesis remain relatively unexplored. This study explores the potential of the plant extract and its nanoparticles for antibacterial and antioxidant applications, with a focus on the leaf extracts and its silver nanoparticles. The leaf extract was analyzed using LC-MS and GC-MS and found to contain over 70 compounds, including glycosides, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and fatty acids. The synthesized nanoparticles had a maximum absorbance of 408 nm, with a size range of 2–40 nm and showed a spherical shape. Using the agar well diffusion method, the extract and nanoparticles were evaluated against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 2592, Streptococcus agalactia ATCC12386) and Gram-negative bacteria (Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC19606, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853) bacterial strains. In terms of antibacterial effects, both the silver nanoparticles and leaf extract displayed a greater impact on gram-positive bacterial strains over gram-negative bacterial strains. Additionally, the tests for lowest inhibitory and bactericidal concentration indicated similar outcomes. Notably, the silver nanoparticles exhibited greater antibacterial activity compared to the leaf extract alone. The DPPH (2, 2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl) assay was conducted to investigate antioxidant activity. The results showed that the plant extract had an IC50 value of 143 μg/ml, while the synthesized nanoparticle had an IC50 value of 216 μg/ml, indicating that the plant extract had greater antioxidant activity than the synthesized silver nanoparticles.