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Background: European and North-American guidelines on management of H. pylori infection in children provide the option not to treat even if the infection is endoscopically confirmed. We used data from the EuroPedHp Registry to identify factors associated with therapy decisions., Methods: We included treatment-naïve patients reported between 2017 and 2020 from 30 centers in 17 European countries. Multivariable logistic regression identified factors including comorbidities within and outside the gastrointestinal (GI) tract influencing the decision for or against therapy., Results: Of 1165 patients (52% females, median age 12.8), 28% (321/1165) reported any alarm symptom, 26% (307/1165) comorbidities, and 16% (192/1165) did not receive eradication treatment. Therapy was initiated less often in children having any GI comorbidity (57%, n = 181), particularly in those with eosinophilic esophagitis (60%, n = 35), inflammatory bowel disease (54%, n = 28), and celiac disease (43%, n = 58), compared to those with non-GI (86%, n = 126) or no comorbidity (89%, n = 858), despite similar frequencies of alarm and non-alarm symptoms, ulcers, erosions, and nodular gastritis. Patients with GI and without comorbidities remained more likely untreated in high versus low H. pylori prevalence countries (p < 0.0001). In children without comorbidities, factors favoring therapy included older age, being overweight, having symptoms, erosions, antral nodularity, and available antibiotic susceptibility results., Conclusion: In this cohort, H. pylori-infected children with GI comorbidities compared to no comorbidity showed 75% reduced chance of receiving eradication therapy. We found no evidence supporting different management strategies in infected patients with GI comorbidities compared to all pediatric patients with endoscopically proven H. pylori infection., (© 2024 The Author(s). Helicobacter published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Purpose: To explore occupational and non-occupational risk and protective factors for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in healthcare workers (HCWs)., Methods: Serum specimens and questionnaire data were obtained between October 7 and December 16, 2021 from COVID-19-vaccinated HCWs at a quaternary care hospital in Munich, Germany, and were analyzed in the RisCoin Study., Results: Of 3,696 participants evaluated, 6.6% have had COVID-19 at least once. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified working in patient care occupations (7.3% had COVID-19, 95% CI 6.4-8.3, P r  = 0.0002), especially as nurses, to be a potential occupation-related COVID-19 risk factor. Non-occupational factors significantly associated with high rates of the disease were contacts to COVID-19 cases in the community (12.8% had COVID-19, 95% CI 10.3-15.8, P r  < 0.0001), being obese (9.9% had COVID-19, 95% CI 7.1-13.5, P r  = 0.0014), and frequent traveling abroad (9.4% had COVID-19, 95% CI 7.1-12.3, P r  = 0.0088). On the contrary, receiving the basic COVID-19 immunization early during the pandemic (5.9% had COVID-19, 95% CI 5.1-6.8, P r  < 0.0001), regular smoking (3.6% had COVID-19, 95% CI 2.1-6.0, P r  = 0.0088), living with the elderly (3.0% had COVID-19, 95% CI 1.0-8.0, P r  = 0.0475), and frequent consumption of ready-to-eat meals (2.6% had COVID-19, 95% CI 1.1-5.4, P r  = 0.0045) were non-occupational factors potentially protecting study participants against COVID-19., Conclusion: The newly discovered associations between the living situation, traveling as well as dietary habits and altered COVID-19 risk can potentially help refine containment measures and, furthermore, contribute to new mechanistic insights that may aid the protection of risk groups and vulnerable individuals., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objectives: To identify infants with biliary atresia (BA), European Society of Paediatric Gastroenteroloy and Nutrition (ESPGHAN)/North American Society of Pediatric Gastroenteroloy and Nutrition (NASPGHAN) guidelines recommend measurement of conjugated/direct bilirubin in infants with prolonged jaundice and using a stool colour card (SCC). The 'Quality of Care' Task Force of ESPGHAN performed two surveys to assess current case finding for BA and age at Kasai portoenterostomy (KPE)., Methods: The first survey approached 26 European hepatology centres to report age at referral and age at KPE of all infants diagnosed with BA from 2015 to 2019. The second survey targeted paediatricians in France to assess awareness and compliance with the recently introduced SCC., Results: Data from 785 patients with BA from 18 centres in 15 countries revealed a mean age at referral to tertiary centre of 55 days (median 53, IQR 48-60) (n = 636). The mean age at KPE was 61 days (median 60; IQR 54-67) (n = 772). For 6% of patients, cirrhosis was too advanced for surgery. Of 392 paediatricians answering the second survey, 53% felt familiar with the target diseases, 80% correctly identified cholestasis and 59% always inquired about the infant's stool colour. If abnormal, 93% would order blood tests and 85% call for advice. The SCC screening was considered helpful for case finding and improving knowledge of cholestatic diseases by 62% and 45% paediatricians, respectively., Conclusions: Referral of infants for KPE remains late, indicating low adherence to search for cholestasis in icteric infants by age 2-3 weeks. Knowledge and structures need improvement to allow earlier guideline conform case finding, diagnosis and therapy., (© 2024 The Authors. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition.)

Objectives: Assessment of anthropometric data is essential for paediatric healthcare. We surveyed the implementation of European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) evidence-based guidelines and practical recommendations on nutritional care, particularly regarding anthropometric measurements., Methods: Paediatric hospitals from 28 European countries provided pseudonymized data through online questionnaires on hospital characteristics and their standards of nutritional care. Practical tasks assessed an unbiased collection and reporting of anthropometric measurements in random patients' files and discharge letters., Results: Of 114 hospitals (67% academic), 9% have no nutritionist/dietitian available, 18% do not provide standard policy to assess weight and height and 15% lack training for nursing staff for accurate performance. A wall-mounted stadiometer to measure standing height and equipment for sitting weight is unavailable in 9% and 32%, respectively. Infant length is measured by one instead of two healthcare professionals and with a tape instead of a rigid length measuring board in 58% and 15% of hospitals, respectively. The practical tasks reviewed 1414 random patients, thereof 446 younger than 2 years of age. Missing documentation occurred significantly more often for height versus weight and their percentiles in infants ≤2 years versus older children, and in general paediatric versus gastrointestinal patients, with no difference between academic and nonacademic hospitals. Review of documented anthropometric data in discharge letters disclosed that consultants significantly underestimated the deficits in their units compared to documented data., Conclusions: The survey revealed significant gaps in performance and documentation of anthropometry in the participating hospitals. A resurvey will assess changes in quality of care over time., (© 2024 The Authors. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition.)

The primary objective of the RisCoin study was to investigate the interplay of genetic, metabolic, and lifestyle factors as well as stress levels on influencing the humoral immune response after at least two COVID-19 vaccinations, primarily with mRNAs, and the risk of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections during follow-up. Here, we describe the study design, procedures, and study population. RisCoin is a prospective, monocentric, longitudinal, observational cohort study. Between October and December 2021, 4515 participants with at least two COVID-19 vaccinations, primarily BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273, were enrolled at the LMU University Hospital of Munich, thereof > 4000 healthcare workers (HCW), 180 patients with inflammatory bowel disease under immunosuppression, and 119 patients with mental disorders. At enrollment, blood and saliva samples were collected to measure anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, their neutralizing capacity against Omicron-BA.1, stress markers, metabolomics, and genetics. To ensure the confidential handling of sensitive data of study participants, we developed a data protection concept and a mobile application for two-way communication. The application allowed continuous data reporting, including breakthrough infections by the participants, despite irreversible anonymization. Up to 1500 participants attended follow-up visits every two to six months after enrollment. The study gathered comprehensive data and bio-samples of a large representative HCW cohort and two patient groups allowing analyses of complex interactions. Our data protection concept combined with the mobile application proves the feasibility of longitudinal assessment of anonymized participants. Our concept may serve as a blueprint for other studies handling sensitive data on HCW., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: Limited approval of second-line treatments in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (pIBD) necessitates optimized use of infliximab (IFX) with proactive therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). We investigated whether early combo-therapy with an immunomodulator (IMM) provides additional benefit., Methods: In the retrospectively reviewed medical records of all children treated with IFX and proactive TDM between 2013 and 2022, IMMearly (IMM ≤3 months since IFX start) was evaluated against IMMother/no (late/short or no IMM) over follow-up of 3 to 60 months. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to analyze time to loss of response (LOR) with IFX discontinuation or time to antibodies-to-IFX (ATI) development., Results: Three hundred fifteen patients with pIBD were reviewed; of those, 127 with 2855 visits were included (77 CD, 50 UC/IBD-unclassified). Sixty patients received IMMearly, 20 patients IMMother, and 47 had IFX monotherapy. Median follow-up time was 30 and 26 months for IMMearly and IMMother/no, respectively, with comparable proactive TDM. Infliximab treatment persistence was 68% after 60 months. Loss of response was observed in 7 IMMearly and 15 IMMother/no patients (P = .16). Early combo-therapy significantly delayed LOR with IFX discontinuation (median LOR free interval IMMearly 30 months vs IMMother/no 9 months, P = .01). Patients with IMMother/no were 10-, 3- and 2-times more likely to experience LOR with IFX discontinuation after 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. There were no significant group differences regarding the presence of any positive (>10 arbitrary units per milliliter [AU/mL]) or high (>100 AU/mL) ATI, median ATI concentrations, and ATI-free interval., Conclusions: Early IMM combo-therapy in proactively monitored patients with pIBD significantly prolonged the median LOR free interval compared with late/short or no IMM treatment., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Purpose: The EuroPedHp-registry aims to monitor guideline-conform management, antibiotic resistance, and eradication success of 2-week triple therapy tailored to antibiotic susceptibility (TTT) in Helicobacter pylori-infected children., Methods: From 2017 to 2020, 30 centres from 17 European countries reported anonymized demographic, clinical, antibiotic susceptibility, treatment, and follow-up data. Multivariable logistic regression identified factors associated with treatment failure., Results: Of 1605 patients, 873 had follow-up data (53.2% female, median age 13.0 years, 7.5% with ulcer), thereof 741 (85%) treatment naïve (group A) and 132 (15%) after failed therapy (group B). Resistance to metronidazole was present in 21% (A: 17.7%, B: 40.2%), clarithromycin in 28.8% (A: 25%, B: 51.4%), and both in 7.1% (A: 3.8%, B: 26.5%). The majority received 2-week tailored triple therapy combining proton pump inhibitor (PPI), amoxicillin with clarithromycin (PAC) or metronidazole (PAM). Dosing was lower than recommended for PPI (A: 49%, B: 41%) and amoxicillin (A: 6%, B: 56%). In treatment naïve patients, eradication reached 90% (n = 503, 95% CI 87-93%) and 93% in compliant children (n = 447, 95% CI 90-95%). Tailored triple therapy cured 59% patients after failed therapy (n = 69, 95% CI 48-71%). Treatment failure was associated with PAM in single clarithromycin resistance (OR = 2.47, 95% CI 1.10-5.53), with PAC in single metronidazole resistance (OR = 3.44, 95% CI 1.47-8.08), and with low compliance (OR = 5.89, 95% CI 2.49-13.95)., Conclusions: Guideline-conform 2-weeks therapy with PPI, amoxicillin, clarithromycin or metronidazole tailored to antibiotic susceptibility achieves primary eradication of ≥ 90%. Higher failure rates in single-resistant strains despite tailored treatment indicate missed resistance by sampling error., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Antibody studies analyze immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and infection, which is crucial for selecting vaccination strategies. In the KoCo-Impf study, conducted between 16 June and 16 December 2021, 6088 participants aged 18 and above from Munich were recruited to monitor antibodies, particularly in healthcare workers (HCWs) at higher risk of infection. Roche Elecsys ® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 assays on dried blood spots were used to detect prior infections (anti-Nucleocapsid antibodies) and to indicate combinations of vaccinations/infections (anti-Spike antibodies). The anti-Spike seroprevalence was 94.7%, whereas, for anti-Nucleocapsid, it was only 6.9%. HCW status and contact with SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals were identified as infection risk factors, while vaccination and current smoking were associated with reduced risk. Older age correlated with higher anti-Nucleocapsid antibody levels, while vaccination and current smoking decreased the response. Vaccination alone or combined with infection led to higher anti-Spike antibody levels. Increasing time since the second vaccination, advancing age, and current smoking reduced the anti-Spike response. The cumulative number of cases in Munich affected the anti-Spike response over time but had no impact on anti-Nucleocapsid antibody development/seropositivity. Due to the significantly higher infection risk faced by HCWs and the limited number of significant risk factors, it is suggested that all HCWs require protection regardless of individual traits.

Background: COVID-19-associated restrictions impact societies. We investigated the impact in a large cohort of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients., Methods: Pediatric (pIBD) and adult patients and pIBD parents completed validated questionnaires for self-perceived stress (Perceived Stress Questionnaire, PSQ) and quality of life from July to October 2020 (1st survey) and March to April 2021 (2nd survey). Analyses were stratified by age groups (6-20, >20-40, >40-60, >60 years). Perceived risk of infection and harm from COVID-19 were rated on a 1-7 scale. An index for severe outcome (SIRSCO) was calculated. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed., Results: Of 820 invited patients, 504 (62%, 6-85 years) patients and 86 pIBD parents completed the 1st, thereof 403 (80.4%) the 2nd survey. COVID-19 restrictions resulted in cancelled doctoral appointments (26.7%), decreased physical activity, increased food intake, unintended weight gain and sleep disturbance. PSQ increased with disease activity. Elderly males rated lower compared to females or younger adults. PSQ in pIBD mothers were comparable to moderate/severe IBD adults. Infection risk and harm were perceived high in 36% and 75.4%. Multivariable logistic models revealed associations of higher perceived risk with >3 household members, job conditions and female gender, and of perceived harm with higher SIRSCO, unintended weight change, but not with gender or age. Cancelled clinic-visits were associated with both. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies prior 2nd infection wave were positive in 2/472 (0.4%)., Conclusions: IBD patients report a high degree of stress and self-perceived risk of complications from COVID-19 with major differences related to gender and age. Low seroprevalence may indicate altered immune response.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess clinical presentation, endoscopic findings, antibiotic susceptibility and treatment success of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infected pediatric patients., Methods: Between 2013 and 2016, 23 pediatric hospitals from 17 countries prospectively submitted data on consecutive H. pylori-infected (culture positive) patients to the EuroPedHP-Registry., Results: Of 1333 patients recruited (55.1% girls, median age 12.6 years), 1168 (87.6%) were therapy naïve (group A) and 165 (12.4%) had failed treatment (group B). Patients resided in North/Western (29.6%), Southern (34.1%) and Eastern Europe (23.0%), or Israel/Turkey (13.4%). Main indications for endoscopy were abdominal pain or dyspepsia (81.2%, 1078/1328). Antral nodularity was reported in 77.8% (1031/1326) of patients, gastric or duodenal ulcers and erosions in 5.1% and 12.8%, respectively. Primary resistance to clarithromycin (CLA) and metronidazole (MET) occurred in 25% and 21%, respectively, and increased after failed therapy. Bacterial strains were fully susceptible in 60.5% of group A, but in only 27.4% of group B. Primary CLA resistance was higher in Southern and Eastern Europe (adjusted odds ratio [ORadj] = 3.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.22-5.32, P < 0.001 and 2.62, 95% CI: 1.63-4.22, P < 0.001, respectively) compared with Northern/Western Europe. Children born outside Europe showed higher primary MET resistance (ORadj = 3.81, 95% CI: 2.25-6.45, P < 0.001). Treatment success in group A reached only 79.8% (568/712) with 7 to 14 days triple therapy tailored to antibiotic susceptibility., Conclusions: Peptic ulcers are rare in dyspeptic H. pylori-infected children. Primary resistance to CLA and MET is markedly dependent on geographical regions of birth and residence. The ongoing survey will show whether implementation of the updated ESPGHAN/NASPGHAN guidelines will improve the eradication success.