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The objective was to determine the glycemic index (GI) of Nutritional product for Diabetes Mellitus through measuring glycemic responses to reference food (Glucose) and test among nutritional product 13 participants. The study was a self-controlled clinical trial with 13 qualified participants (8 men and 5 women). They were required to go through the study protocol with reference food and test food. For each individual, seven blood samples were taken in the fasting state and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after ingestion. Our results show that at all measurement points, the blood glucose levels after consumption of test food were lower than after consumption of reference food. The incremental area under the curve (iAUC) and a GI value of Nutritional product (NP) were calculated for each meal. Mean ± SD of GI value was calculated for test food for the combined group of subjects. Mean iAUC and GI value of Nutritional product were 62,1 ± 12,5 mmol·min/L and 44,9 ± 7,2, significantly lower to those of reference food, which were 132,6 ± 14,8 mmol·min/L and 100, respectively. Finding from the study demonstrated that Nutritional product (GI = 44,9) would be classified as a low – GI food.

In the world as well as in Vietnam, diabetes have shown bad effects and there is increasing number of deaths over years because of diabetes as one of three leading causes of deaths. Penalver et al (2016) stated to achieve good metabolic control in diabetes and keep long term, a combination of changes in lifestyle and pharmacological treatment is necessary. The type of food tested was Nutritional product (Vietnam). Nutritional product solution with 83.3g diluted in 390 ml water. The food-to-water ratio followed the processing instruction from the manufacturer. In this study we discover a low GI of nutritional product, as of (48.2 ± 5.3). And also, we found out there is decrease (slow) of responses of mean blood glucose (Nutritional product) after 90 minutes (4.7 mmol/L) till 120 minutes (4.3 mmol/L). As we conduct this paper with younger subjects, comparing to older people, they can regulate blood sugar better. Finally, we also compare to other previous studies for literature review.

It is noticeable that India–Vietnam relations have remained stable and had signs of development despite the new challenges in the global and regional environment due to COVID-19 pandemic. The authors of this article are of the view that one of the factors that help maintain the stability and development of bilateral relations in the current context is public diplomacy. Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, India has invested a huge amount of resources in public diplomacy to leverage India’s soft power. A dedicated public diplomacy division within the Ministry of External Affairs was set up in May 2006, many new schemes were designed to engage domestic and foreign public opinion and a series of high-profile dialogues with foreign think tanks were organised. By utilising both traditional and new approaches of public diplomacy, India is actively seeking new audiences within and outside India. India’s foreign policymaking process has become more open and democratic with the contribution of communities outside the New Delhi political and diplomatic elite. New media has also been utilised to reach its various target audiences. Vietnam considers public diplomacy an important pillar of the comprehensive diplomacy of the country. Public diplomacy helps Vietnam succeed in implementing comprehensive and effective foreign policies. It contributes important part in building cooperative, peaceful and friendly relations between Vietnam and international partners. The importance that both India and Vietnam attach to public diplomacy has many implications for strengthening Vietnam–India relations in the current context. This article focuses on India and Vietnam’s public diplomacy as an instrument of strengthening bilateral relations, and thereby proposes suggestions for both sides to enhance cooperation in the future.

This article is an attempt to relook at the treaties of 1949 and 2007 between India and Bhutan and argues that the 2007 Treaty is the outcome of the evolution and maturity of Bhutan as an independent and sovereign state, that it is imperative for India to make constant adjustments in its foreign policy towards Bhutan to secure its influence in the tiny but important country and maintain the strength of India–Bhutan bilateral relations. From the side of Bhutan, it is also important to have an ‘alliance shelter’, and India is best suited to meeting Bhutan’s needs for political, economic, societal and strategic shelter. 1 By using a historical approach, this article shows why it was necessary for the two countries to renew the 1949 Treaty in the first decade of the twenty-first century. The article uses historical methodology, in combination with interdisciplinary methods such as comparative analysis, generalisation, and expert interviews. Major sources for the paper include the texts of the Treaties, speeches by political leaders and published articles and books by international writers, including writers from India, Bhutan and Vietnam.

Fifteen years after the official visit to Vietnam of the former Indian Prime Minister A. B. Vajpayee, Prime Minister Narendra Modi made an official visit to Vietnam on 2–3 September 2016. The visit to Vietnam of Prime Minister Modi has upgraded bilateral relations between Vietnam and India from ‘strategic partnership’ to ‘Comprehensive Strategic Partnership’, marking a new development in the relationship between the two countries. According to the Spokesman of the Ministry of External Affairs of India, Vikas Swarup, Prime Minister Modi’s visit has set a ‘new benchmark for India-Vietnam ties which will take the relationship to a whole new level’ (Sarma 2016). Development in political relations has resulted in similar developments in economic, defence and other fields of cooperation between the two sides. This article looks at the new developments in India–Vietnam relations after the visit of the Prime Minister Modi to Vietnam.

The present work aims to establish an efficient protocol for in vitro regeneration of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) cultivar L14. The study showed that de-embryonated cotyledon was a suitable explant for shoot multiplication on MS medium containing 4 mg/L BAP. The highest number of shoots per explant obtained after 4 weeks of culture was up to 6.8 shoots. Shoots in vitro were able to produce a large number of approximately 11 roots on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L NAA. These results will be very useful in establishing an in vitro regeneration protocol for peanut cultivar L14 during gene transfer in the next studies to improve their disease resistance.

The paper opens the debate on the need to find a stable methodological framework in the construction of composite indicators (CIs) in order to address the methodological challenges including those of sensitivity and uncertainties related to methods used. As CIs are well-known to be essential in public debate, their methodological construction must be known by a large public. Illustrating CIs’ construction steps by a simple indicator, the paper aims to “democratize” this disciplinary field which is still a black box for some researchers but also to show how composite scores are sensitive to methods used and then, its impacts on policies. For example, in the Sustainable Development Indicator case, the geometric aggregation system is favorable to emerging countries which lead the ranking table whereas high income countries (which are leaders in the linear and equal weight system) except Australia, are misclassified. Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis confirm these results showing that the indexes’ scores seem to be influenced by the orientation (implied theoretical framework) given by its sponsors including policy makers. Regarding the validity of the index, correlation tests with some lights and well known indicators, reveal very consistent results.

Sugarcane white leaf (SCWL) disease is one of the most important diseases of sugarcane in Vietnam. The presence of phytoplasmas in phloem tubes of infected plants was confirmed by DAPI staining. A nested PCR assay using R16mF2/R16mR1 and R16F2n/R16R2 primer pairs amplified products with approximate length of 1,250 bp from the symptomatic sugarcane samples. The sequence analysis indicated that the phytoplasma strains from Khanh Hoa province shared 100% sequence identity with previously sequenced SCWL phytoplasma strains that were related to ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma oryzae’ (16SrXI). The virtual RFLP patterns of a 1,127 bp sequence obtained with the restriction enzymes BfaI, BstUI, EcoRI, HaeIII, HinfI, HpaI, RsaI and TaqI indicate that this SCWL-associated phytoplasma from Vietnam is a different strain from those in the 16SrXI described ribosomal subgroups. The two insect species, Matsumuratettix hiroglyphicus and Yamatotettix flavovittatus, identified as the vectors of SCWL in Thailand, were identified and found to be infected also in the SCWL symptomatic fields in Vietnam. The transmission experiments from SCWL-infected leafhoppers to healthy sugarcane and to insect feeding medium failed, suggesting that the infected planting material is the major transmission manner of SCWL disease in Vietnam.

The Composite Indices (CI) are essential for policy-makers. They can be used to guide public policy. The same tools are used to evaluate the performance of public equities. However, they are subject to debate, as there are no standard rules for their construction. This paper discusses the methodological issues in the development of CI. It illustrates them by building a simple sustainable development index for 15 countries. Following the basic steps, the results obtained by the arithmetic mean show that in general, high-income countries, except the USA, have a higher 0.7 index. Emerging countries are the least sustainable of the sample, the developing countries are in an intermediate position. The geometric method provides mixed results. With this method, it is the emerging economies that become leaders in the standings and rich countries, except Australia, saw their index to deteriorate sharply. The sensitivity analysis indicates that the scores and rankings of countries are sensitive to the methods used. It confirms the uniqueness of the BOD method. The uncertainty weighting methodologies ranges from 1.27% to 95.16% in developing countries and emerging countries against 23% on average for the developed countries., Les Indices Composites (IC) sont indispensables pour les décideurs publics. Ils peuvent servir à orienter les politiques publiques. Les mêmes outils sont utilisés pour évaluer les performances des actions publiques. Cependant, ils sont sujets à débats tant il n'existe pas de règles standard pour leur construction. Cet article discute des aspects méthodologiques dans l'élaboration des IC. IL les illustre en construisant un indicateur simple de Développement Durable pour 15 pays. En suivant les étapes essentielles, les résultats obtenus par la moyenne arithmétique montrent que dans l'ensemble, les pays à revenus élevés, exception faite des USA, ont un IDD supérieur 0,7. Les pays émergents sont les moins soutenables de l'échantillon, les PED étant dans une position intermédiaire. La méthode géométrique fournit des résultats plus nuancés. Avec cette méthode, ce sont les pays émergents qui deviennent leaders au classement et les pays riches, excepté l'Australie, ont vu leur indice se détériorer très fortement. L'analyse de sensibilité indique que les scores et les classements des pays sont sensibles aux méthodes utilisées. Elle confirme la particularité de la méthode BOD. L'incertitude associée aux méthodes de pondération varie entre 1,27% à 95,16% pour l'indice des PED et les pays émergents contre 23% en moyenne pour celui des pays développés.

For fabricating the crystal of Rb(x)WO3, the solvothermal process was performed using a mixed medium of water and ethanol as solvent. It has been found that the morphological evolutions of samples were greatly changed as disordered nanoparticles, bundle of nanorods and microfibers with increasing content of water in the starting solution. Among them, sample synthesized with assistance of 3 ml water consisted of the nanorods with a diameter in the range of 80-150 nm, showing suitable size and morphology as near-infrared shielding material. On the merits of this nanostructure, the thin film of the Rb(x)WO3 nanorods realized excellent shielding of near-infrared light, meanwhile, it selectively transmitted the major part of visible light.

Modern wireless networks, such as WiMAX or LTE are using OFDM/OFDMA as the enabling technologies for broadband transmission in cellular environments with QoS capabilities. In these networks, such schema as radio resource management, admission control, scheduling are essential. In this article we firstly introduce a Time-Frequency Burst Mapping algorithm for radio resource management that improves the spectral efficiency of OFDMA/TDD channel. A Frame-based Weighted Fair Queueing (F-WFQ) Algorithm, which is a modified version of the conventional WFQ and suitable for operations in OFDMA/TDD environments is also proposed. When combining the two algorithms, we point out that the spectral efficiency can be maintained, while fairness, delay and proportional throughput of backlog sessions are greatly improved in comparison to the conventional Proportional Fair scheduling algorithm.