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This study aimed to compare the quality and the penetration ability of frozen–thawed spermatozoa from three microminipigs and Large White boars and to evaluate the effects of caffeine and heparin as well as the sperm–oocyte co-incubation length on the fertilization and embryonic development in vitro. Results showed that the fertilization rates of spermatozoa from three microminipig boars were significantly lower than those of a Large White boar. In the post-thaw spermatozoa from one of three microminipig boars, the sperm quality, penetration ability, and the oocyte development after in vitro fertilization were significantly lower than those of the spermatozoa from other boars. The caffeine supplementation in the fertilization media increased the rates of fertilization and blastocyst formation for the microminipig spermatozoa with low sperm quality. In addition to caffeine supplementation, the rates of fertilization and blastocyst formation after using microminipig spermatozoa were significantly higher with a 10 h sperm–oocyte co-incubation than with 3 h of co-incubation length. Our results indicate that the differences between the males and the breed influence the quality and fertility of frozen–thawed boar spermatozoa. In conclusion, the presence of caffeine in the in vitro fertilization (IVF) medium and adequate length of sperm–oocyte co-incubation may have beneficial effects for improving IVF results when using microminipig spermatozoa with low quality.

The efficacy and safety of oral immunotherapy for food allergy is still an ongoing challenge. Plant-derived polyphenols have been shown to exhibit immunomodulatory action through their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This thesis explored a synthesis of dual-functional pH-responsive metal-phenolic networks (MPNs) encapsulated peanut allergens using plant phenolics as an immunomodulating “adjuvant”. The compatibility of ferric/ferrous (Fe3+/Fe2+) and zinc ion (Zn2+) with plant-derived phenolics, tannic acid (TA) and catechin hydrate (CTC), was investigated for the formation of stable MPN film and encapsulation of peanut crude protein. Using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a template biomolecule, it was demonstrated that the concentration/molar ratio between different metal ions and between metal ions and phenolics, order of reagent addition, synthesis methods and pH change during the synthesis influenced the final colour, size, and overall surface charge of the particles. The optimum condition for each tested MPN system with the protein template tested varied significantly. In the two bimetallic systems, Fe3+ showed the strongest interaction with the other coordinating ions, and with phenolics, followed by Fe2+ and then Zn2+. The morphological and elemental analysis of the BSA-Fe2+/Zn2+-CTC MPN confirmed the spherical particles presented in clusters and that a significantly higher Fe2+ than Zn2+ presented in the bimetallic MPN system. The selected bimetallic Fe2+/Zn2+-CTC MPN was implemented in the encapsulation of peanut crude protein with mixed molecular weight (MW) proteins and the major allergen, Ara h 1. More negatively charged nanoparticles were observed for the crude protein capsules compared to Ara h 1 capsules. The pH-responsive controlled release of the crude peanut-MPN capsules under the simulated gastric condition revealed that protein-MPN capsules with final pH of 6.3 were more stable than those with pH 3.9. The former had small amounts of residues remaining intact, whilst the latter dissociated completely after 2 hr digestion. The MPN capsules disassembled immediately after being exposed to the acidic condition and the dissociation rate was faster at pH 2 than pH 3. The released peanut protein was still immunoreactive. The pH-responsive peanut-MPN capsules using the bimetallic system with immunomodulating plant polyphenols could be a prospective allergen delivery system for oral immunotherapy.

Periodontal diseases, including periodontitis and gingivitis, involve the inflammation and destruction of tooth-supporting structures. Periodontal diseases affect 20-50% of global population and are profoundly associated with poor general health and quality of life. During pregnancy, pregnant women are susceptible to periodontal diseases. Periodontal diseases result in systemic effects by disseminating bacteria and inflammatory mediators into the bloodstream. The systemic inflammation can cause a breakdown of immune tolerance between the mother and fetus, adversely influence the pregnancy and lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Research on the association between periodontal diseases and adverse pregnancy outcomes has received much attention over the last two decades. However, the effect size of periodontal diseases on adverse pregnancy outcomes remains elusive. The aims of this reseach included 1) to examine the association between treating gingivitis in pregnant women and preterm birth and low birth weight 2) to evaluate the effects of different treatment strategies of periodontitis on adverse pregnancy outcomes 3) to investigate the relationship between periodontitis and preeclampsia in pregnant women 4) to compare periodontal conditions between miscarriage and healthy pregnant groups of women. This thesis by publications contains 7 chapters. Chapter 2 is a publication about the association between gingivitis treatment in pregnant women and reduced risk of preterm birth and improved infants’ birthweight. Chapter 3 is a publication about the impact of different periodontal treatment tactics for pregnant women with periodontitis on adverse perinatal outcomes. Using antibacterial mouthwash in addition to subgingival instrumentation was significantly associated with decreased risk of prematurity and low birth weight, compared to subgingival instrumentation alone. Chapter 4 is a publication about the positive link between periodontitis and preeclampsia during pregnancy with more prominent signficance in lower-middle-income country groups. Chapter 5 presents a comparison in periodontal conditions between healthy pregnant women in their first trimester and women with miscarriage with statistically insignificant results. Chapter 6 discusses the potential mechanisms including the circulation of periodontal pathogens in the bloodstream and the release of systemic spill over of inflammatory mediators from the oral cavity. The impact of these factors on the feto-maternal immune tolerance and subsequently adverse outcomes are discussed. Chapter 7 presents the conclusion of the thesis.

BACKGROUND: Fluoride therapy has long been used extensively to prevent dental caries. Fluoride appears in a variety of dental care products such as mouth rinses, dentifrices, gels, etc. HMU Fluorinze is the first mouthwash containing fluoride in Vietnam. AIM: This research was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of HMU Fluorinze mouthwash on remineralizing enamel in laboratory conditions. METHODS: 20 third molar teeth were cleaned and covered with nail polish, except for a 3 x 3 mm square on their buccal surfaces. These teeth underwent two steps: demineralization using Coca-cola and remineralization for 20 daysusing standard calcifying solution (control group) and standard calcifying solution + HMU Fluorinze mouthwash 2 times/day (experimental group). The index measured of enamel structure after demineralization and remineralization was assessed by a DIAGNOdent pen 2190. RESULTS The indices measured of the control group and experimental group at baseline were 3.65 ± 0.76 and 3.35 ± 0.64 respectively. After demineralization the control group measured 21.78 ± 4.48 and the experimental group, 20.25 ± 2.26. Following remineralization, the control group scores were 6.30 ± 1.03 and the experimental group, 3.90 ± 1.24, demonstrating statistical significance (p < 0.01) between the two groups. After 20 days, the results for the experimental group did not differ from the original results (p = 0.272), in contrast with the control group (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Results show that HMU Fluorinze mouthwash is better at remineralizing than standard calcifying solution.

BACKGROUND: Nowadays, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) are commonly used in dentistry with an advantage about significantly lower dose comparing with CT-Scanner. Utilizing CBCT images which are indicated in dentistry like orthodontics can help diagnose diseases beyond dentistry field. One rare phenomenon can be seen in maxillary sinus, which is often overlooked by dentists, is ectopic teeth. CASE REPORT: This article describes one orthodontic case found accidentally an ectopic tooth in maxillary sinus by inspecting CBCT images. CONCLUSION: Dentists and oral radiologists should carefully inspect non-dental structures, like maxillary sinus, even its distance from the dentoalveolar region, especially in asymptomatic patients.

The introduction of exogenous molecules into embryos is required for analyses of molecular dynamics and specific gene functions during early embryonic development. Electroporation is an effective method to transport exogenous molecules into cells, but is rarely used in bovine embryos. First, we evaluated the viability of in vivo-derived bovine blastocysts after electroporation with fluorescein (FAM) labeled-oligonucleotides with varying pulse numbers (3, 5, 7, and 10), while keeping the pulse duration at 1 msec and the electric field of 20 V/mm. Next, we examined the effects of zona pellucida status on blastocyst quality after electroporation, by comparing the average diameter of blastocysts before and after electroporation using blastocysts with intact zona pellucida and hatching/hatched blastocysts. Electroporation successfully introduced exogenous molecules into in vivo-derived bovine blastocysts without loss of viability. Moreover, the status of the zona pellucida may be associated with the quality of blastocysts after electroporation.

Humans have two sets of teeth, deciduous teeth and permanent teeth. When primary teeth fall out, permanent teeth erupt to maintain the chewing function and jaw development. Shedding occurs with increasing level of mobility in primary teeth as a result of root resorption. This report describes an uncommon clinical case that occurred in primary molars with internal resorption and pinkish discoloration. Pink tooth is worrisome for children and parents. Children should have their teeth examined on a regular basis to detect any problems in the process of tooth shedding and eruption.

Southeast Asia is considered one of worldwide hotspots consisting many distinct zoonotic infections. With optimal condition for the development of various pathogens, Vietnam is facing serious risks of zoonotic diseases. Besides, more than 50% Vietnamese people settle in rustic areas and earn their livings through small-scale animal breeding. It is possible that zoonotic diseases can be easily spread to the population by close contact with the infected animals, their infected residues, contaminated water, soil, or other possible means of transmission. In fact, zoonotic infections-transmissible infections between vertebrate animals and humans-cover a wide range of diseases with distinctive clinical and epidemiological highlights. With insufficient understanding and swift alteration in toxicity of the pathogens, these infections have gained more concerns due to sophisticated routes of transmission and harmful threats to humans. Recently emerging viral diseases exerted potential dangers to human beings, which required many countries to impose immediate actions to prevent any complications. Vietnam has recorded several cases of zoonotic diseases, especially pig-related illnesses; however, the studies on these diseases in this country remain limited. This work aims to highlight the zoonotic diseases transferring from pigs to humans and discuss risk factors of these diseases in Vietnam.

Cytoplasmic microinjection (CI) of the CRISPR/Cas9 system enabled the induction of site-specific mutations in porcine zygotes and resulting pigs. However, mosaicism is a serious problem for genetically modified pigs. In the present study, we investigated suitable timing and concentration of CRISPR/Cas9 components for introduction into oocytes/zygotes by CI, to reduce mosaicism in the resulting blastocysts. First, we introduced 20 ng/μl of Cas9 protein and guide RNA (gRNA), targeting the α-1,3-galactosyltransferase (GalT) gene in oocytes before in vitro fertilization (IVF), in zygotes after IVF, or in oocytes/zygotes before and after IVF, twice. CI treatment had no detrimental effects on blastocyst formation rates. The highest value of the rate of mutant blastocysts was observed in zygotes injected after IVF. Next, we injected Cas9 protein and gRNA into zygotes after IVF at a concentration of 20 ng/μl each (20 ng/μl group) or 100 ng/μl each (100 ng/μl group). The ratio of the number of blastocysts that carried mutations to the total number of blastocysts examined in the 100 ng/μl group was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that in the 20 ng/μl group. Although no blastocysts from the 20 ng/μl group carried a biallelic mutation, 16.7% of blastocysts from the 100 ng/μl group carried a biallelic mutation. In conclusion, increasing the concentration of Cas9 protein and gRNA is effective in generating biallelic mutant blastocysts. To reduce mosaicism, however, further optimization of the timing of CI, and the concentration of CRISPR/Cas9 components, is needed.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the efficacy of fluorescence-based methods, visual inspections, and photographic visual examinations in initial caries detection. A literature search was undertaken in the PubMed and Cochrane databases. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed, and eligible articles published from 1 January 2009 to 30 October 2019 were included if they met the following criteria: they (1) assessed the accuracy of methods of detecting initial tooth caries lesions on occlusal, proximal, or smooth surfaces in both primary and permanent teeth (in clinical); (2) used a reference standard; (3) reported data regarding the sample size, prevalence of initial tooth caries, and accuracy of the methods. Data collection and extraction, quality assessment, and data analysis were conducted according to Cochrane standards Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2. Statistical analyses were performed using Review Manager 5.3 and STATA 14.0. A total of 12 eligible articles were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed that the sensitivity and specificity of fluorescence-based methods were 80% and 80%, respectively; visual inspection was measured at 80% and 75%, respectively; photographic visual examination was measured at 67% and 79%, respectively. We found that the visual method and the fluorescence method were reliable for laboratory use to detect early-stage caries with equivalent accuracy.

Additional file 2: Table S2. Sequences of gRNA targeting B4GALNT gene.

Additional file 3: Figure S1. Representative images of genotyping. (a) Representative image of electrophoresis. (b) Representative genomic sequences of porcine blastocysts derived from zygotes electroporated with Cas9 and different gRNAs targeting the B4GALNT gene. WT: Wild-type control, M: 100-bp DNA Ladder.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Primer sequenences used for sequencing analysis.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Development of zona pellucida (ZP)-free zygotes subjected to lipofection-mediated gene editing with gRNA targeting GGTA1 at different time points from the start of IVF.