Search

Sialoadenitisi predstavljaju zapaljenja pljuvačnih žlezda. Zapaljenskim procesom su uglavnom zahvaćene velike pljuvačne žlezde, dominantno parotidna pljuvačna žlezda (parotitis). Mogu biti infektivne i neinfektivne prirode. U sklopu infektivnih su najčešći nespecifični bakterijski sialoadenitisi uz specifične bakterijske sialoadenitise u vidu tuberkuloznog i aktinomikoznog koji predstavljaju retkost. Osim bakterija, zapaljenje može biti izazvano i virusima kao što su Mumps virus i Citomegalovirus, koji pokazuju tropizam prema tkivu pljuvačnih žlezda, kao i virusima drugih rodova. Iako retka, gljivična oboljenja se mogu javiti kod imunodeficijentnih osoba koje boluju od AIDS-a ili dijabetesa. Sialoadenitisi mogu biti i neinfektivne prirode koji se razvijaju u sklopu različitih autoimunih oboljenja. Raznolika etiologija oboljenja pljuvačnih žlezdi uslovljava potrebu poznavanja anatomije i fiziologije, kao i patološke slike svakog oboljenja, a sve u cilju adekvatne dijagnostike i specifično usmerene terapije inflamatornih oboljenja pljuvačnih žlezdi.

Analiza arhitektonskih objekata u pogledu ispitivanja performansi aktuelna je oblast istraživanja u domenu arhitekture i urbanizma. U kontekstu BIM tehnologije i tehnologije virtuelne realnlosti formiran je model koji predviđa njihovu upotrebu u cilju poboljšanja procesa donošenja odluka u arhitektonskom projektovanju. Modelom je predviđena automatizacija analiza koje se mogu sprovesti na idejnom arhitektonskom projektu uz pomoć podataka koji se mogu dobiti korišćenjem BIM tehnologije. U okviru konceptualnog modela zasnovanog na metodu centralnog modela predviđene su višesturke analize od koje se mogu klasifikovati u jednu od tri grupe: Analiza objekta sa ispitivanjem svih ili većeg broja .ifc klasa, analiza pojedinih .ifc klasa i analiza spoljašnjih gabarita objekta. Prema pod-modelima predstavljena je analiza cene koštanja objekta, analiza energetske efikasnosti i analiza godišnje osvetljenosti objekta., Performance based analysis of architectural structures has become an important area of research in the field of architecture and urban planning. The conceptual model is presented in context of BIM and virtual reality technology usage for decision making processes in architecture. The model defines automation of several analysis that can be performed in early design stage of architectural project using data collected from BIM technology software. Multiple analysis are defined in central model framework and classified into three groups: Analysis of the object with the examination of all or a large number of .ifc class, analysis of individual .ifc class and analysis of the external properties of structures. According to these sub-models, analysis of the cost estimate, analysis of energy efficiency and analysis of daylight illumination are presented in dissertation.

To evaluate the state of the environment in Kopaonik, a mountain in Serbia, the activity concentrations of (4) K, Ra-226, Th-232 and Cs-137 in five different types of environmental samples are determined by gamma ray spectrometry, and radiological hazard due to terrestrial radionuclides is calculated. The mean activity concentrations of natural radionuclides in the soil are higher than the global average. However, with an exception of two sampling locations, the external radiation hazard index is below one, implying an insignificant radiation hazard. Apart from K-40, content of the natural radionuclides is predominantly below minimum detectable activities in grass and cow milk, but not in mosses. Although Cs-137 is present in the soil, grass, mosses and herbal plants, its specific activity in cow milk is below minimum detectable activity. Amongst the investigated herbal plants, Vaccinium myrtillus L. shows accumulating properties, as a high content of Cs-137 is detected therein. Therefore, moderation is advised in consuming Vaccinium myrtillus L. tea.

Although commensals in digestive tract of a large number of fish species, diplomonads represent very significant opportunistic pathogens. For so far unknown reasons, they can proliferate uncontrollably and thus cause changes in the skin and internal organs in aquarium fish. The problem is confusion over nomenclature of the two most important genera: Spironucleus i Hexamita. Aquarium fish species in which there were diagnosed changes in the skin caused by diplomonads were: Microgeophagus ramirezi, Apistogramma cacatuoides, Apistogramma nijsseni, Symphysodon aequifasciatus, Pterophyllum altum, Archocentrus nigrofasciatus, Pelvicachromis pulcher i Labidochromis caruleus. The fish were treated with 250 mg tablets of metronizadole dissolved in water, or metronizadole in a concentration of 6.6 mg per liter of water. The treatment was successful in only 9 out of 45 treated fish. In the others the symptoms reappeared after certain time. It is necessary to determine the prevalence of the infection in aquarium fish in Serbia, and also examine the success of the treatment with metronizadole applied in food or even other possibilities of the treatment., Iako komensali u digestivnom sistemu velikog broja vrsta riba, diplomonade predstavljaju veoma značajne oportune uzročnike bolesti. Iz do sada nedovoljno poznatih razloga, mogu da se nekontrolisano razmnožavaju i izazovu promene na koži i unutrašnjim organima kod akvarijumskih riba. Problem predstavlja konfuzija oko nomenklature dvaju najznačajnijih rodova: Spironucleus i Hexamita. Vrste akvarijumskih riba kod kojih su ustanovljene promene na koži prouzrokovane diplomonadama jesu: Microgeophagus ramirezi, Apistogramma cacatuoides, Apistogramma nijsseni, Symphysodon aequifasciatus, Pterophyllum altum, Archocentrus nigrofasciatus, Pelvicachromis pulcher i Labidochromis caruleus. Ribe su tretirane tabletama od 250 mg metronidazola rastvorenim u vodi, odnosno metronidazolom u koncentraciji 6,6 mg na litar vode. Terapija je bila uspešna samo kod 9 od 45 tretiranih riba. Kod ostalih simptomi su se posle izvesnog vremena ponovo pojavljivali. Neophodno je ustanoviti raširenost infekcije kod akvarijumskih riba u Srbiji, a takođe ispitati uspeh lečenja metronidazolom primenjenim u hrani, ili pak druge mogućnosti tretmana.

Tokom 1987–2013. godine vršena su ispitivanja na planinama Kopaonik, Tara, Maljen iZlatibor, sa ciljem da se utvrdi sadržaj 137Cs u ovim područjima i njegova migracija krozlanac ishrane. Specifična aktivnost 137Cs u zemlji, travi, senu, mleku, mlečnimproizvodima, mesu i biljnim čajevima određena je standardnom metodom spektrometrijegama zračenja na poluprovodničkim detektorima. Rezultati pokazuju da je černobiljskiradiocezijum i dalje prisutan u životnoj sredini. U svim karikama lanca ishrane: zemljište– biljke – proizvodi životinjskog porekla, tokom 2000–2007. godine na Tari i Maljenu,detektovan je radiocezijum, a najviši stepen kontaminacije nađen je u uzorcima sapodručja Maljena. Međutim, u uzorcima sa Kopaonika koji su prikupljeni 2013. godine,radiocezijum nije detektovan u mleku, siru niti u mesu. Razlike u nivou kontaminacijezemljišta na ispitivanim lokacijama posledica su razlika u količini padavina poslečernobiljskog akcidenta, nadmorske visine, karakteristika reljefa, sastava zemljišta i vrstebiljaka. Najviša specifična aktivnost 137Cs u lekovitom bilju sakupljenom tokom2011–2012. godine u planinskim područjima, izmerena je u vrsti V. myrtillus, To investigate content of 137Cs and its migration through the food chain in mountainousregions in Serbia, environmental samples were collected over 1987–2013. Specificactivity of 137Cs in samples of the soil, grass, hay, milk, dairy products, meat and herbaltea plants was determined by standard gamma spectroscopy on semiconductor detectors.Samples from the mountains of Kopaonik, Tara, Maljen and Zlatibor were analysed. Theresults imply that the Chernobyl radioceasium is still present in the environment.Radioceasium was detected in all parts of the food chain, from the soil, through plants toanimal products, in Tara and Maljen over 2000–2007. A higher level of contaminationwas found in the samples from Maljen. However, 137Cs was not detected in the milk,cheese and meat samples that were collected from Kopaonik during 2013. Differences inthe soil contamination noted across the investigated locations are a result of a number offactors, including the amount of precipitation after the Chernobyl nuclear accident,altitude, type of relief, soil and plants. The highest 137Cs specific activity in herbal teaplants that were collected over 2011–2012, is measured in V. mirtillus.

Uticaj sredinskog stresa na stabilnost razvića merističkih karakteristika (femoralne pore, subdigitalne lamele, supracilijarne granule) i oblika dorzalne strane glave ispitivan je poređenjem nivoa fluktuirajuće asimetrije (FA) navedenih karakteristika između populacija zidnog guštera (Podarcis muralis) koje naseljavaju urbana i ruralna staništa. Takođe, ispitano je i da li postoje razlike u nivou varijanse simetrične komponente oblika glave, alometriji simetrične komponente oblika i u nivou odstupanja od grupne alometrije između populacija koje naseljavaju ova dva tipa sredina. Pored toga, analizirano je i da li sredinski stres ima uticaja na performansu, kondicioni indeks i prevalencu i intenzitet krvnih parazita kao i da li jedinke koje su zaražene krvnim parazitima i jedinke sa niskim kondicionim indeksom pokazuju viši nivo asimetrije oblika glave. Osnovna hipoteza je bila da će populacije koje naseljavaju suboptimalne uslove životne sredine pokazivati viši nivo FA merističkih karakteristika, viši nivo FA oblika glave, viši nivo varijanse simetrične komponente oblika. Pored toga hipoteza je bila i da će postojati razlike u alometriji simetrične komponente oblika glave, nivou morfološke integracije između dva modula dorzalne strane glave između dva tipa populacija kao i veće odstupanje od grupne alometrije u urbanim populacijama. Takođe, pretpostavka je bila i da će urbane populacije pokazati veću prevalencu i intenzitet krvnih parazita, niži kondicioni indeks ali i da će inficirane jedinke i jedinke sa nižim kondicionim indeksom imati viši nivo FA oblika glave. U poređenju sa ruralnim populacijama, urbane su pokazale statistički značajno viši nivo FA za sve analizirane merističke karakteristike što ukazuje na to da je stabilnost razvića ovih karakteristika u ovoj sredini narušena. Takođe, uočeno je postojanje razlika u razvojnoj stabilnosti između analiziranih karakteristika što ukazuje na to da razvojna stabilnost može biti specifična za morfološke karakteristik, Effects of environmental disturbance on developmental stability of meristic traits (femoral pores, subdigital lamelae, supraciliar granules) and dorsal head shape were evaluated by comparing fluctuating asymmetry (FA) levels between populations of the common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) inhabiting urban and rural areas. Moreover, possible differences in degree of head shape variation, head shape allometry and in deviation from within-group allometric lines were tested between these two population types. Also, it was analysed whether environmental disturbance affects locomotor performance, condition index, and prevalence and intensity of blood parasites but also if infected animals and animals with low body condition show higher degree of head shape asymmetry. The main hypothesis were that individuals inhabiting suboptimal environments will show higher FA degree of meristic traits and head shape as well as higher degree of head shape variance. Also, it was hypothesised that, due to stressfull conditions, there will be differences in symmetric head shape allometry, differences in the degree of morphological integration between two head modules and differences in the degree of deviation from within-group allometric lines between the two types. Moreover, higher prevalence and intensity of blood parasites and lower body condition were expected in urban populations, as well as higher head shape asymmetry in infected individuals and in individuals with low body condition. Compared to rural populations, the urban ones showed significantly higher degree of FA for all analysed meristic traits, which suggests that developmental stability of these traits is affected in urban environments. Differences in developmental stability were found between the three traits meaning that developmental stability may be trait specific. Degree of fluctuating asymmetry was lower in functionaly significant traits, suggesting that it may be under stricter developmental control. Significant corr

Skin lesions frequently present in adult lizards may be due to a variety of causes, both physical and infectious, including excessively high humidity and environmental temperature, malnutrition, concurrent disease etc. On the other hand, skin lesions in lizards could be simple evidence of various behavioural patterns and biotic interactions. However, studies on frequencies of dermal lesions and their anatomical and environmental correlates in lacertid lizards are rare. Here, we use Podarcis muralis to analyse the relations between occurrence of ectodermal lesions and three possible indicators of environmental stress (body condition index - BCI, infestation by ticks and tail condition) by evaluating differences among local populations at uni- and multivariate level. Our results showed that BCI, together with body size and sexual size dimorphism, varied between populations but had no direct influence on the presence of lesions. Males had higher frequencies of lesions and ticks but lower frequencies of broken tails than females. All three parameters varied between sites likely due to differences in predation/parasite exposures and agonistic interactions with conspecifics between sexes and populations. Results of multivariate analyses suggested that the occurrence of lesions is decoupled from the other morphological stress indicators. Detected associations indicated that relations between presence of lesions and other analysed variables are rather complex. Directions for further research on ectodermal lesions in lacertid lizards are provided.