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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different potassium (K) fertilization levels and defoliation intensities on performance of "BRS Zuri" guineagrass Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B.K. Simon & S.W.L Jacobs (syn. Panicum maximum Jacq.). Treatments were the factorial arrangement of three K fertilization levels: 0 (control), 40, 80 kg K2O/ha/harvest) and two defoliation intensities (10‐ and 20‐cm stubble heights), distributed in a completely randomized design with five replications. The experiment was conducted in Araguaina, TO, Brazil, from October to January, 2020–2021 and 2021–2022. Plots were harvested four times per year with 21‐day regrowth interval. The 40 and 80 kg K2O/ha/harvest fertilization levels had greater HA than the control (5490 vs. 3,440 kg DM/ha, respectively). There was a K fertilization level × stubble height interaction on tiller population. There was greater tiller population at 20‐ than 10‐cm stubble height at 40 kg K2O/ha/harvest; however, no effect of stubble height was detected at 0 and 80 kg K2O/ha/harvest. Plots fertilized with 80 kg K2O/ha/harvest had greater tiller population than 40 kg K2O/ha/harvest, which was greater than control. Forage harvested at 10 cm had greater crude protein (CP) than 20‐cm stubble height (mean = 11.4% vs. 10.8%). Tissue K concentration increased from control to 40 kg K2O/ha/harvest, but there was no difference between 40 and 80 kg K2O/ha/harvest (mean = 1.1% vs. 3.5%). The combination of 40 kg K2O/ha/harvest and 20‐cm stubble height may be a desirable management strategy to promote Zuri guineagrass productivity in tropical regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Warm-season perennial grasses are the main forage sources preserved as silage or haylage by livestock producers in subtropical and tropical regions; however, the nutritive value and silage fermentation parameters are often less than desirable. Microbial inoculants have been used to improve grass silage nutritive value and fermentation characteristics with inconsistent results. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a microbial inoculant on nutritive value and fermentation parameters of ‘Gibtuck’ limpograss (Hemarthria altissima) silage. Treatments were silage treated with SiloSolve FC (68.1 billion CFU/g, Lactobacillus lactis and Lactobacillus buchneri) or control (no microbial inoculant) distributed in a complete randomized design with 10 replicates. The inoculant level used was 0.5 g/ Mg of forage. The experiment was conducted in Ona, FL in May 2023. Twenty 4 × 4 m plots of established limpograss were harvested at 15-cm stubble height with 58-d regrowth interval. The forage was chopped to a particle size ranging from 10 to 18 mm, placed into mini-silos (PVC pipes with rubber), and sealed immediately. The inoculant was applied with a hand sprayer before ensiling. The silos were opened after 60 d for analysis. There was no difference (P > 0.05) between the inoculant and control treatments on DM concentration (25%), DM recovery (96%), NDF (67%), and NFC concentrations (14%); however, silage treated with inoculant had greater CP (8.5 vs. 8.0%; P = 0.03), IVTD (56 vs. 54%; P = 0.01), and NDFD (53 vs. 51%, P = 0.02) and lesser ADF concentrations (38 vs. 40%; P = 0.02) than control. The inoculant did not affect (P > 0.05) silage pH (4.2) and lactic acid concentrations (1.5%) but resulted in greater acetic acid (2.5 vs. 2.0%; P = 0.01), propionic acid (1.6 vs. 1.0%, P < 0.01), and total acid concentrations (5.6 vs. 5.0%; P = 0.04), and decreased butyric acid (0 vs. 0.2%; P < 0.01), isobutyric acid (0.1 vs. 0.4%; P < 0.01), and NH3-N concentrations (4.4 vs. 5.3% N; P < 0.01). Aerobic stability (140 h), mold (1.1 log cfu/g) and yeast (2.2 log cfu/g) count were not affected (P > 0.05) by the inoculant treatment. At the genus level, there was no difference (P > 0.05) in relative abundance of Lactobacillus (85%), Enterobacter (4.0%), Enterococcus (1.8%), and Weissella (0.2%) between inoculant and control, but silage treated with inoculant had less Clostridium (1.0 vs. 2.3%, P = 0.04), Pediococcus (0.2 vs. 0.3%, P = 0.03) and greater relative abundance of Lactococcus (2.8 vs. 0.5%, P < 0.01) and Bacillus (0.2 vs. 0.1%, P = 0.01). At the species level, the inoculant was effective to increase the relative abundance of Lactococcus lactis (from 0.02 to 0.48, P = 0.002) and Lactobacillus buchneri (from 1.4 to 1.9, P = 0.03). SiloSolve FC is a promising microbial inoculant to be used in warm-season grass silage in subtropical and tropical regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Warm-season perennial grass species are the main forages preserved as silage or haylage by livestock producers in Florida; however, the nutritive value and silage fermentation parameters are often less than desirable. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of regrowth interval, propionic acid, and forage species on silage nutritive value and fermentation parameters. The study was conducted in Ona, FL in July and August 2021 and 2022. Treatments were the factorial combination of three forage species [Jiggs bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.), ‘Camello’ brachiariagrass (Urochloa spp.), or Spain guineagrass (Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B.K. Simon & S.W.L. Jacobs)], two regrowth intervals (3 or 6 wk), and propionic acid [0.5% or 0 (control)], distributed in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Forage was harvested and immediately packed into a mini-silo at a density of approximately 190 kg DM/m³. Camello and Spain had less DM (24 vs. 30%; P < 0.01), CP (8.0 vs. 10.7%; P < 0.01), but greater NDF (70 vs. 68%; P < 0.01), ADF (41 vs. 38%; P < 0.01), and in vitro digestible OM concentration (57 vs. 52%; P = 0.04) than Jiggs. There were no differences in fermentation characteristics among species. Forage harvested at 3-wk regrowth interval had less DM (24 vs. 29%; P < 0.01), NDF (68 vs. 71%; P < 0.01), ADF (38 vs. 40%; P < 0.01) but greater CP (10.8 vs. 8.3%; P < 0.01) and in vitro digestible OM (56 vs. 52%; P = 0.03) than 6 wk. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of regrowth interval on fermentation characteristics. Forage treated with propionic acid had greater DM (27 vs. 25%; P < 0.01), CP (9.6 vs. 9.0%; P < 0.01), lactic acid (4.3 vs. 3.1%; P < 0.01), and propionic acid concentrations (1.8 vs 0.1%; P < 0.01) but decreased pH (4.2 vs. 4.6; P < 0.01), ammonia (12 vs. 18% CP; P < 0.01), acetic acid (1.5 vs. 2.0%; P < 0.01), and butyric acid concentrations (0.2 vs. 1.5%; P < 0.01). Propionic acid affected bacterial population abundance by decreasing Clostridium (0.6 vs. 5.3%; P < 0.01) and Enterobacteria (3.0 vs. 11.1%; P< 0.01) and increasing Lactobacillus (45.0 vs. 32.7%; P = 0.04) and Bacillus (0.35 vs. 0.15%; P < 0.01). Forage species and regrowth interval were influential on silage nutritive value while propionic acid improved fermentation characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the impacts of heat abatement during pre- and postpartum periods on physiology and performance of beef heifers and their calves. On day 0, 64 Brangus beef heifers (21 mo of age) were stratified by their initial body weight (BW; 454 ± 37 kg) and body condition score (BCS; 6.3 ± 0.28) and then were allocated into of 1 of 16 bahiagrass pastures (1 ha and 4 heifers/pasture). Treatments were randomly assigned to pastures (8 pastures/treatment) and consisted of heifers provided (SH) or not (NSH) access to artificial shade from day 0 to 33 (83 ± 4 d prepartum until 50 ± 4 d postpartum). Shade structures were removed on day 33. Calves were weaned on day 203 (119 ± 9 d of age), and then transferred to 1 of 16 drylot pens (3 to 4 calves/pen) and limit-fed a soybean hulls-based diet (3.25% of BW) until day 268. Data were analyzed as a complete randomized design using MIXED and GLIMMIX procedures for nonbinary and binary variables, respectively. Heifer BCS on days 55, 133 and 203 were greater (P = 0.01) for SH vs. NSH heifers. Plasma glucose did not differ (P = 0.29), whereas plasma IGF-1 were greater (P = 0.05) on days 55 and 133 for SH vs. NSH heifers. Calf BW was less (P = 0.05) for NSH vs. SH calves at birth, did not differ (P = 0.44) at weaning, and was less (P = 0.05) for SH vs. NSH calves on day 268. Plasma haptoglobin concentrations were greater (P = 0.05) and serum titers against bovine respiratory syncytial virus tended (P = 0.10) to be less for SH vs. NSH calves after vaccination. Serum titers against all remaining viruses did not differ (P = 0.24) between treatments. Therefore, heat abatement during pre- and postpartum increased heifer BCS and plasma IGF-1 during late-gestation, increased calf birth BW, reduced calf post-weaning growth, and had minor changes to calf humoral immune function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of concentrate supplementation levels on performance and DM intake of early-weaned beef calves consuming annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorium). The experiments were conducted at the UF/IFAS Range Cattle Research and Education Center, Ona, FL from January to May 2022. In experiment 1, treatments were two levels of concentrate supplementation (0.75% or 1.0% of BW) distributed in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Concentrate was fed daily and had 18% CP and 78% TDN. Thirty-two Angus crossbred calves were weaned with 90 ± 14 kg BW at 76 ± 10 d of age and allocated to 1 of 8 annual ryegrass pastures (experimental units; 0.3 ha/pasture; 4 calves/pasture) with a continuous and fixed stocking rate. Herbage mass and nutritive value were estimated every 14 d and calves were weighed every 28 d. There was no difference in herbage mass (mean = 1.300 kg DM/ha; P = 0.44; SE = 0.46), herbage allowance (mean = 0.86 kg DM/kg LW; P = 0.66; SE = 0.03), CP (mean = 24.4%; P = 0.46; SE = 0.78), and in vitro digestible organic matter (mean = 77%; P = 0.49; SE = 1) concentration between treatments. There was a treatment × month interaction on ADG and the interaction occurred because calves receiving 1% BW had greater ADG than 0.75% BW in April (1.0 vs. 0.8 kg/d; P = 0.04; 0.03) but there were no differences between treatments in February, March, and May. In experiment 2, treatments were supplementation with 0.75% or 1.0% BW concentrate distributed in a complete randomized design with seven replicates. Fourteen steers calves (166 ± 17 kg BW) from experiment 1 were maintained in the same treatment, transferred to a drylot (1 steer/pen), and evaluated for forage and total DM intake, and in vivo DM digestibility. Ground annual ryegrass hay (11% CP, 58% IVDOM) was offered and adjusted to allow 10% refusals. There was no difference in forage DM intake (mean = 1.8 kg DM/d; P = 0.3; SE = 0.06) between treatments but calves receiving 1.0% BW had greater total DM intake (2.7 vs. 2.5 kg DM/d; P = 0.05; SE = 0.06) and in vivo DM digestibility (77 vs. 75%; P < 0.01; SE = 0.53) than 0.75% BW. Decreasing concentrate supplementation level from 1.0 to 0.75% BW may be a viable management practice to reduce cost of developing early weaned beef calves grazing annual ryegrass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]