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Purpose: The causes of residual excessive sleepiness (RES) in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are multifactorial and modulated by comorbid conditions. The aim of the present study was to elucidate clinical and polysomnographic determinants of RES in continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)-adherent OSA veterans with PTSD. Methods: The study protocol consisted of a retrospective analysis of consecutive cases of patients with PTSD who presented to the Veterans Affairs sleep clinics with adequately treated OSA between June 1, 2017 and October 15, 2021. Based on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), patients were categorized into RES (ESS ≥ 11) and no RES (ESS < 11) groups. Demographic and PSG data were subjected to univariate and multivariate analyses to ascertain predictive factors of RES. Results: Out of 171 veterans with PTSD who were adherent to CPAP, 59 (35%) continued to experience RES. The RES group had a decrease in mean ESS score of 1.2 ± 4.5 after CPAP treatment compared with 4.6 ± 4.9 for the no RES group (< 0.001). A dose–response was observed between CPAP use and RES (p = 0.003). Multivariate regression analysis identified higher baseline ESS (OR 1.30; 95% CI 1.16–1.44), greater percentage of time spent in REM sleep (OR 0.91; 95% CI 0.85–0.96), CPAP use less than 6 h (OR 2.82; 95% CI 1.13–7.01), and a positive screen for depression (OR 1.69; 95% CI 1.03–4.72) as independent predictors of RES in patients with PTSD and OSA. Conclusion: RES is highly prevalent in patients with PTSD and OSA despite adherence to CPAP and is independently associated with percentage time spent in REM, duration of CPAP utilization, and symptoms of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patient-centered outcomes are increasingly sought to evaluate social interactions and healthcare interventions in patients with sleep disorders. Yet, measures to assess quality of life (QoL) are lacking for those who experience nightmares. The aim of the study is to describe the development and validation of a new health-related quality of life (HRQoL) instrument for patients with nightmares. Attributes obtained from a focus group of patients (n = 113) with established nightmares were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis to elicit salient QoL themes for the new instrument. A validation cohort (n = 34) was used to determine the psychometric performance of the 16-item questionnaire including item-scaling, concurrent validity, and test-retest reliability tested four weeks apart. Four factors (sleep health, emotional and psychological well-being, social interaction, and motivation) explained 53.9% of the total variance. The Nightmare Quality of Life (NQoL) showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.85) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.89). Concurrent validity was evidenced by a strong correlation with the Nightmare Distress Questionnaire (r = 0.87; p <.001) and more modest associations with the Nightmare Frequency Questionnaire (r = , 0.69; p <.001), SF-36 (r = −0.68; p <.001), and PSQI (r = 0.45; p =.007). The NQoL has demonstrable construct validity and reliability and represents a promising multi-dimensional instrument to assess outcome measures for quality of life in patients with nightmares. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]