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Earlier research by Yanakieva et al. (2019, Psychopharmacology) found that microdoses of LSD led to a tendency for participants to over-reproduce intervals in a visual temporal reproduction task. We previously pre-registered a re-analysis of this data involving the application of bifactor analysis to reproduction times in this study in order to elucidate whether this effect was driven by the general tendency to over-reproduce intervals or a modulation of a central tendency bias led by global priors (10.17605/OSF.IO/AJK2D). This re-analysis yielded evidence that LSD microdosing increased over-reproduction, as observed in the original study, but ambiguous evidence regarding the impact of microdosing on the impact of priors on reproduction. To gain further insights into the source of these effects, this pre-registration presents a further set of analyses aiming to investigate the effects of both global and local priors on timing under the influence of LSD. Global priors refer to the regression to the mean of the overall interval distribution (Acerbi et al., 2012, PLoS Computational Biology; Gu et al., 2015, p. 281) which is typically reflected in a tendency to under-reproduce long intervals and over-reproduce short intervals. By contrast, local priors pertain to the impact of the preceding trial(s) on reproduction (de Jong et al., 2021, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review; van Rijn, 2016, Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences). Our objective thus is to expand on our original hypotheses by disentangling the contribution of these distinct Bayesian priors in the observed effects. Please see our previous pre-registration for in depth details on our previous analysis plan, hypotheses, and indices. Pertinent details of the study and analyses presented in this pre-registration remain unaltered relative to our previous pre-registration.

Background: The safety of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) insertion in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients with significant respiratory compromise has been questioned. Objectives: To review the characteristics of an ALS clinic patient cohort undergoing PEG, and the introduction of a risk stratification tool with procedural adaptations for higher-risk individuals. Methods: Patients undergoing PEG insertion were analysed (n=107). Cases stratified as higher-risk underwent insertion in a semi-recumbent position, minimising sedation, with the option of nasal non-invasive ventilation. Results: All underwent successful PEG. One third had pre-procedure FVC≤50% (mean 64±22%). Of those who underwent PEG insertion after introduction of risk stratification (n=58), 39 (67%) met criteria for being higher-risk, 16 (41%) of whom had FVC≤50% (p=0.005). High-risk patients received lower sedative doses versus the low-risk group (midazolam 2.1±1.1 versus 2.8±0.95mg, p = 0.021; fentanyl 42±16 versus 60±21μg, p = 0.015). Four deaths occurred within one month of insertion (attributable to the natural disease course). Conclusions: Risk stratification identified a greater number of patients with evidence of respiratory compromise than using the sole criterion of FVC ≤50%. A modified PEG procedure enabled safe insertion despite respiratory compromise, in those who might not have tolerated attempted insertion by alternative means such as radiologically-inserted gastrostomy.

Appropriate management is essential for the maintenance of species-rich floodplain meadows. This chapter describes ideal management practices, identifies common problems and perceived conflicts of interest, discusses how to identify issues with hydrology and nutrients, and suggestions solutions. Case studies provide examples of historic management, current good practice and impacts from changing management.

This chapter summarises the importance of restoration and creation. It outlines the steps involved in deciding what action needs to be taken based on a site assessment. It considers the different practical methods for restoration and creation, also considering the needs of the landowner. Examples are provided through real-life case studies.

1. Species-rich lowland hay meadows are of conservation importance for both plants and invertebrates; however, they have declined in area across Europe as a result of conversion to other land uses and management intensification. The re-creation of these grasslands on ex-arable land provides a valuable approach to increasing the extent and conservation value of this threatened habitat. 2. Over a 3-year period a replicated block design was used to test whether introducing seeds promoted the re-creation of both plant and phytophagous beetle assemblages typical of a target hay meadow. Seeds were harvested from local hay meadows, and applied to experimental plots in the form of either green hay or brush harvesting seeds. 3. Green hay spreading achieved the greatest success in re-creating plant and phytophagous beetle assemblages. While re-creation success increased over time for both taxa, for the phytophagous beetles the greatest increase in re-creation success relative to the establishment year also occurred where green hay was applied. We also considered the phytophagous beetles in terms of functional traits that describe host plant specificity, larval feeding location and dispersal. Phytophagous beetle functional trait composition was most similar to the target hay meadow assemblage where some form of seed addition was used, i.e. hay spreading or brush harvested seeds. 4. This study identified the importance of introducing target plant species as a mechanism to promote the re-creation of phytophagous beetle communities. Seed addition methods (e.g. green hay spreading) are crucial to successful hay meadow re-creation