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Planetary Instrument for X-ray Lithochemistry (PIXL) is a micro-focus X-ray fluorescence spectrometer mounted on the robotic arm of NASA’s Perseverance rover. PIXL will acquire high spatial resolution observations of rock and soil chemistry, rapidly analyzing the elemental chemistry of a target surface. In 10 seconds, PIXL can use its powerful 120 μm-diameter X-ray beam to analyze a single, sand-sized grain with enough sensitivity to detect major and minor rock-forming elements, as well as many trace elements. Over a period of several hours, PIXL can autonomously raster-scan an area of the rock surface and acquire a hyperspectral map comprised of several thousand individual measured points. When correlated to a visual image acquired by PIXL’s camera, these maps reveal the distribution and abundance variations of chemical elements making up the rock, tied accurately to the physical texture and structure of the rock, at a scale comparable to a 10X magnifying geological hand lens. The many thousands of spectra in these postage stamp-sized elemental maps may be analyzed individually or summed together to create a bulk rock analysis, or subsets of spectra may be summed, quantified, analyzed, and compared using PIXLISE data analysis software. This hand lens-scale view of the petrology and geochemistry of materials at the Perseverance landing site will provide a valuable link between the larger, centimeter- to meter-scale observations by Mastcam-Z, RIMFAX and Supercam, and the much smaller (micron-scale) measurements that would be made on returned samples in terrestrial laboratories.

A new generation of planetary rover instruments, such as PIXL (Planetary Instrument for X-ray Lithochemistry) and SHERLOC (Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals) selected for the Mars 2020 mission rover payload, aim to map mineralogical and elemental composition in situ at microscopic scales. These instruments will produce large spectral cubes with thousands of channels acquired over thousands of spatial locations, a large potential science yield limited mainly by the time required to acquire a measurement after placement. A secondary bottleneck also faces mission planners after downlink; analysts must interpret the complex data products quickly to inform tactical planning for the next command cycle. This study demonstrates operational approaches to overcome these bottlenecks by specialized early-stage science data processing. Onboard, simple real-time systems can perform a basic compositional assessment, recognizing specific features of interest and optimizing sensor integration time to characterize anomalies. On the ground, statistically motivated visualization can make raw uncalibrated data products more interpretable for tactical decision making. Techniques such as manifold dimensionality reduction can help operators comprehend large databases at a glance, identifying trends and anomalies in data. These onboard and ground-side analyses can complement a quantitative interpretation. We evaluate system performance for the case study of PIXL, an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Experiments on three representative samples demonstrate improved methods for onboard and ground-side automation and illustrate new astrobiological science capabilities unavailable in previous planetary instruments.Dimensionality reduction-Planetary science-Visualization.

Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to image hundreds of single-wall carbon nanotube probes and to correlate probe morphology with AFM image resolution. Several methods for fabricating such probes were evaluated, resulting in a procedure that produces image-quality single-wall nanotube probes at a rate compatible with their routine use. Surprisingly, about one-third of the tips image with resolution better than the nanotube probe diameter and, in exceptional cases, with resolution better than 1 nm. This represents the highest lateral resolution reported to date for a SWNT probe.

Complete hydrogen isotherms have been measured using highly stoichiometric, activated LaNi5 over a wide temperature range, 373–228 K. Van't Hoff plots for hydride formation and decomposition have been constructed using the isotherms in the low temperature range from 228 to 298 K. The following thermodynamic results are obtained: |ΔHplat|=15.4 kJ/mol 1 2 H 2 and |ΔSplat|=54.4 J/K mol 1 2 H 2 . These should be regarded as reliable in view of the nearly stoichiometric LaNi5 employed and because utilizing data over a wide, low temperature range avoids problems introduced by degradation of the alloy which can be a factor at higher temperatures due to the inherent instability of the H-containing alloy. It has been observed previously in the LaNi5–H system that the absorption plateau measured with virgin alloys, i.e., before activation, is significantly higher than the subsequent values. This phenomenon was investigated in this research using the LaNi5−xSnx alloys, with x=0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.25, 0.32, 0.40 and 0.50. Isotherms for the virgin and activated alloys were measured at 373 K. The difference between the initial plateau pressures for hydride formation and values for activated material decrease with increase of x. An important result is that the initially high plateau pressure for hydride formation for alloys is related to hysteresis because the difference between the plateau pressures before and after activation almost vanishes at a Sn content of x=0.32, where hysteresis itself nearly vanishes.

We have developed an approximate technique, based on the principles of multi-mode Gaussian optics, for studying the behaviour of shaped off-axis mirrors. We describe a mirror as an inclined phase-transforming plane, where the phase transformation across the plane is determined by the depth of the mirror as a function of position. The scattering matrix is calculated in the usual way by evaluating the overlap integrals over some surface for which the amplitudes and phases of the incoming and outgoing fields are known; because, however, the modes are not orthogonal over the surface of interest, a system of linear equations has to be solved. We demonstrate the “thin-mirror” technique by studying the behaviour of paraboloidal and ellipsoidal mirros, and we show how the performance of measured and approximate surfaces can be assessed.

Hydrogen isotherms have been measured for the ternary intermetallic system LaNi 5− x Sn x -H with x = 0, 0.10, 0.20, 0.25, 0.32, 0.40 and 0.50 at a series of temperatures from 300 to 423 K. The plateau pressures decrease with increase in x . The magnitudes of the enthalpy for the plateau reaction, as determined from the van't Hoff plots, increase steadily with x while the corresponding entropies are nearly constant. Thus the observed decrease in the plateau pressures can be attributed to the changes in Δ H plat with x . The extent of the two-phase plateau regions decrease with x and hysteresis also decreases, nearly vanishing at x = 0.5.

The hydrogen absorption and desorption behavior of ZrNi was measured over the temperature range from 525 K to 700 K. The isotherms demonstrate that the (β + γ) two-phase region extends to these temperatures, in contrast to a recently published phase diagram. The hysteresis ratio of the absorption to desorption plateau pressures decreases with temperature and approaches unity just above 700 K. The pressure-composition data were reproducible, even at temperatures greater than 680 K, provided the isotherm measurements were completed within a few hours. If the hydrided ZrNiHx sample was held above 680 K for more extended periods, significant changes in the pressure and isotherms were observed. The extent of these changes is dependent on both the temperature and hydrogen content. Only minor changes were seen after 24 h at 700 K for x 1.5. X-ray diffraction studies of several ZrNiHx samples revealed that the degradation in the isotherms can be attributed to the formation of ZrHx and Ni via disproportionation.

We demonstrate apertureless near-field microscopy of single molecules at sub-10 nm resolution. With a novel phase filter, near-field images of single organic fluorophores were obtained with approximately sixfold improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio. The improvement allowed pairs of molecules separated by approximately 15 nm to be reliably and repeatedly resolved, thus demonstrating the first true Rayleigh resolution test for near-field images of single molecules. The potential of this technique for biological applications was demonstrated with an experiment that measured the helical rise of A-form DNA.

We present the first sky maps from the BEAST (Background Emission Anisotropy Scanning Telescope) experiment. BEAST consists of a 2.2 m off-axis Gregorian telescope fed by a cryogenic millimeter wavelength focal plane currently consisting of six Q band (40 GHz) and two Ka band (30 GHz) scalar feed horns feeding cryogenic HEMT amplifiers. Data were collected from two balloon-borne flights in 2000, followed by a lengthy ground observing campaign from the 3.8 km altitude University of California White Mountain Research Station. This paper reports the initial results from the ground-based observations. The instrument produced an annular map covering the sky over 33? < ? < 42?. The maps cover an area of 2470 deg2 with an effective resolution of 23' FWHM at 40 GHz and 30' at 30 GHz. The map rms (smoothed to 30' and excluding Galactic foregrounds) is 57 ? 5 ?K (Rayleigh-Jeans) at 40 GHz. Comparison with the instrument noise and correcting for 5% atmospheric attenuation gives a cosmic signal rms contribution of 29 ? 3 ?K (R-J) or 30 ? 3 ?K relative to a Planck blackbody of 2.7 K. An estimate of the actual cosmic microwave background (CMB) sky signal requires taking into account the l space filter function of our experiment and analysis techniques, carried out in a companion paper. In addition to the robust detection of CMB anisotropies, we find a strong correlation between small portions of our maps and features in recent H? maps. In this work we describe the data set and analysis techniques leading to the maps, including data selection, filtering, pointing reconstruction, mapmaking algorithms, and systematic effects.

We have previously reported that 4−6 nm diameter single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) probes used for tapping-mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) can exhibit lateral resolution that is significantly better than the probe diameter when prone nanotubes are imaged on a flat SiO_2 surface. To further investigate this phenomenon, accurate models for use in atomistic molecular dynamics simulations were constructed on the basis of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and AFM data. Probe−sample interaction potentials were generated by utilization of force fields derived from ab initio quantum mechanics calculations and material bulk and surface properties, and the resulting force curves were integrated numerically with the AFM cantilever equation of motion. The simulations demonstrate that, under the AFM imaging conditions employed, elastic deformations of both the probe and sample nanotubes result in a decrease of the apparent width of the sample. This behavior provides an explanation for the unexpected resolution improvement and illustrates some of the subtleties involved when imaging is performed with SWNT probes in place of conventional silicon probes. However, the generality of this phenomenon for other AFM imaging applications employing SWNT probes remains to be explored.

The historical importance of optical microscopy to biological study is difficult to overstate. Optical techniques are relatively non-invasive and minimally perturbative both during sample preparation and measurement, enabling temporally resolved imaging of dynamically evolving samples in vivo or at near physiological conditions. Spectroscopic contrast provided by fluorescence and Raman imaging, in particular, provides superior molecular addressability and chemical differentiability. Although spectroscopic techniques are widely utilized in molecular and cellular biology, typically the spatial resolution is limited by light diffraction to 200 – 500 nm, well above the length scale where individual molecules or complexes interact (

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is developing a continuous hydrogen sorption cryocooler for the ESA Planck mission, which will measure the anisotropy in the cosmic microwave background. The sorption cooler is the only active cooling for one of the instruments and it is the first of a chain of three coolers for the other instrument on Planck. The cooler has been designed to provide a cooling capacity of 1.1 W at a temperature below 20 K with a temperature stability requirement of 100 mK over a compressor cycle (667 s). The performance of these coolers depends on many operating parameters (such as the temperatures of pre-cooling thermals shield and the warm radiator and their fluctuations) and compliance can only be assessed through a detailed testing of the whole cooler and its interfaces. A breadboard sorption cooler (EBB) is undergoing testing to verify the flight cooler design performance in terms of input power, cooling power, cold end temperature and cold end temperature fluctuations, heat load on the pre-cooling stages, and heat flow to the warm radiator. We present initial test data compared to predictions based on previously performed component tests.

We measured the optical response of fluorescent beads to sharp metallic and semiconducting probes, revealing several underlying near-field interactions. Our results suggest that /spl sim/10 nanometer optical resolution with spectroscopic chemical sensitivity is possible, and bear strongly on molecular-scale biological imaging.

PLANCK is an ESA-led mission to map the cosmic microwave background using bolometric and heterodyne instruments; both instruments require cooling, one to ∼20K, the other to 0.1K. JPL is developing a sorption-based hydrogen cooler to provide 18–20 K cooling to the two instruments. The system mass and power limitations require tradeoffs in thermal design.

Two continuous operation 18 K/20 K sorption coolers are being developed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) as a NASA contribution to the European Space Agency (ESA) Planck mission that is currently planned for a 2007 launch. The individual sorption coolers will each be capable of providing a total of about 200 mW of cooling at 18 K and 1.4 Wat 20 K given passive radiative pre-cooling at 50 K. The hydrogen sorption coolers will directly cool the Low Frequency Instrument HEMT amplifiers to approximately 20 K and will also serve to intercept parasitics and pre-cool a RAL 4.5 K closed-cycle helium J-T cooler to 18 K for the separate High Frequency Instrument. To design the Planck sorption coolers a general sizing model and a detailed performance prediction model have been developed.

We present the design of a Hydrogen Sorption Cooler, part of the cryogenic chain in the Planck Mission (ESA). This cryocooler will provide continuous cooling at a nominal temperature about 18 K for a period of about 2 years. Two independent astrophysical instruments will be supplied with a minimum cooling power of 0.135 W for the High Frequency Instrument (HFI) and 0.967 W for the Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) given a 60 K precooling temperature. Both instruments need highly stable temperatures (stability goal on the ground of 4 mK peak-to-peak). We show several designs for reaching this stability and also present laboratory test results. Gravitational effects on the thermal performance of the liquid reservoirs were determined by measuring behavior in all three orientations. No significant changes in reservoir temperatures were found. A local heater simulated the heat load on each reservoir.

Two continuous operation 18 K/20 K sorption coolers are being developed by JPL for the ESA Planck mission to provide about 200 mW of cooling at 18 K and 1.4 W at 20 K. A detailed performance prediction model has been developed to support the design process and to evaluate the results of a prototype testing.

A program has been completed to measure the flow rate of hydrogen at pressures up to 10 MPa through commercially manufactured porous metal flow restrictors. Such flow restrictors offer substantially greater resistance to contamination induced plugging or changes in flow when compared with conventional orifices and capillary tubing.

Two continuous operation 18 K/20 K sorption cryocoolers are being developed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) as a NASA contribution to the European Space Agency (ESA) Planck mission, currently planned for a 2007 launch. Each individual sorption cooler will be capable of providing a total of about 200 mW of cooling power at 18 K and 1.2 W at 20 K, given a passive radiative precooling at 50 K. These coolers work by thermally cycling a metal-hydride to absorb and desorb hydrogen gas, used as the working fluid in a Joule-Thomson (J-T) refrigerator. The major advantage of the sorption coolers is their truly vibration-free operation capability together with the fact that they can be readily scaled to perform over a wide range of cooling powers. The hydrogen sorption coolers will directly cool the Planck Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) HEMT amplifiers to approximately 20 K and will provide precooling at 18 K to the RAL 4 K closed-cycle Helium J-T cooler for the High Frequency Instrument (HFI). The concept design, the cooler operations and the predicted performances of the flight models are here presented.

We propose a concept for a space mission designed to make a survey of potential zodiacal dust disks around nearby stars in the mid-IR. We show that a 10-meter baseline nulling interferometer with two 0.6-meter apertures located in a 1 X 1 AU heliocentric orbit would allow for the survey of about 400 stars in the solar neighborhood and permit a first order determination of the disk inclination and of the dust density and temperature radius dependence. The high dynamic range of the instrument may also be used to study an additional astrophysical phenomena. Beyond its own scientific merit, such a mission would also serve as a technological precursor to a larger interferometer of the type being considered for the detection of earth-like planets.

A continuous operation, vibration-free, long-life 25 K sorption cryocooler has been built and is now in final integration and performance testing. This cooler will be flown on the University of California at Santa Barbara Long Duration Balloon Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation experiment in Antarctica in December 1997. The cooler will refrigerate a focal plane composed of eight microwave feed horns, two working at 30 GHz and six at 42 GHz, with InP High Electron Mobility Transistor amplifiers. This will be the first hydride sorption cooler used to support an astrophysics experiment. As such, it is an important milestone in the development of vibration-free coolers for astrophysics applications.

This paper presents the current status of both continuous and periodic operation sorption cryocooler development for astrophysics missions requiring refrigeration to 10 K and below. These coolers are uniquely suited for cooling detectors in planned astrophysics missions such as the Exploration of Neighboring Planetary Systems, the Next Generation Space Telescope, and Darwin. The cooler requirements imposed by these missions include ten year life and the ability to scale designs to provide only a few milliwatts of refrigeration while consuming only a few watts of input power. In addition, the ExNPS and Darwin missions add stringent requirements for zero-vibration and zero EMI/EMC operation.

The Brilliant Eyes Ten-Kelvin Sorption Cryocooler Experiment (BETSCE), flown on STS-77 in May 1996, was the first-ever space flight of chemisorption cryocooler technology. BETSCE measured and validated critical microgravity performance characteristics of a hydride sorption cryocooler designed to cool long-wavelength infrared and submillimeter-wavelength detectors to 10 K and below. The technology flight validation data provided by BETSCE will enable early insertion of periodic and continuous-operation long-life, low-vibration, low-power consumption, sorption refrigeration technology into future earth-observation, surveillance, and astrophysics space missions.

A concept study was performed in 1994 to develop a mission design for a telescope to achieve the highest possible spatial resolution in the 10 - 30 micron range within a $DOL200 million mission cost cap. The selected approach for the resulting Mid-InfraRed Optimized Resolution Spacecraft (MIRORS) concept design utilizes a partially filled five meter aperture. A simple deployment scheme permits this spacecraft to be fit within the volume envelope and mass capabilities of a Med-Lite launch vehicle. Low bandwidth cryogenic actuators, which dissipate no heat once set, will align the optics after on-orbit thermal stability is achieved. Image stabilization, fine point and stray-light control are achieved through use of a novel actuated Offner relay. Image reconstruction techniques developed for IRAS will be used to deconvolve nearly diffraction-limited images at 10 microns (FWHM approximately 0.5 arcsec). A Lissajous orbit about the L2 sun-earth libration point (sun-earth- L2 on a straight line) is adopted because its extremely stable thermal environment results in correspondingly high telescope mechanical stability and optical performance. This orbit, combined with a spacecraft configuration which incorporates an inflatable sunshield and a deployable four- stage v-groove thermal shield, enables the optics to radiatively cool

A transient thermal simulation model has been developed to simulate the dynamic performance of a multiple-stage 10 K sorption cryocooler for spacecraft sensor cooling applications that require periodic quick-cooldown (under 2 minutes), negligible vibration, low power consumption, and long-life (5 to 10 years). The model was specifically designed to represent the Brilliant Eyes Ten-Kelvin Sorption Cryocooler Experiment (BETSCE), but it can be adapted to represent other sorption cryocooler systems as well.

The use of cryogen dewars limits mission lifetime, increases sensor mass, and increases program engineering and launch costs on spacebased low-background, precision-pointing instruments, telescopes and interferometers. The recent development of long-life mechanical and sorption coolers capable of refrigeration to temperatures below 2.5 Kelvin, combined with the innovative use of cryogenic radiators and thermally advantageous orbits, is enabling long duration (>5 years) missions that can perform high resolution infrared and sub-mm wave astronomical observations. Several of the available long-life cooling techniques are summarized. This discussion includes: the use of radiators to temperatures as low as 30 K; and the combination of cryogenic radiators with mechanical coolers through a heat interceptor to substantially improve the cooler’s efficiency and reduce the required refrigeration. The design of a brassboard 10 K cooler, which will be completed in 1995, for cooling an IR camera is also outlined. A cooler based on this design can be constructed for flight missions which provides 10 mW of continuous refrigeration with an input power of less than 10 watts and a mass of six kg.

The Petite Amateur Navy Satellite (PANSAT) is a communications satellite designed to be used by civilian amateur radio operators. A master ground station is being built at the Naval Postgraduate School. This computer system performs satellite commands, displays telemetry, trouble-shoots problems, and passes messages. The system also controls an open loop tracking antenna. This paper concentrates on the telemetry display, decoding, and interpretation through Artificial Intelligence (A.I.). The telemetry is displayed in an easily interpretable format, so that any user can understand the current health of the satellite and be cued as to any problems and possible solutions. Only the master ground station has the ability to receive all telemetry and send commands to the spacecraft; civilian ham users do not have access to this information. The telemetry data is decommutated and analyzed before it is displayed to the user, so that the raw data will not have to be interpreted by ground users. The analysis will use CLIPS imbedded in the code, and derive its inputs from telemetry decommutation. The program is an expert system using a forward chaining set of rules based on the expected operation and parameters of the satellite. By building the rules during the construction and design of the satellite, the telemetry can be well understood and interpreted after the satellite is launched and the designers may no longer be available to provide input to the problem http://archive.org/details/preliminarypansa1094528461 Lieutenant, United States Navy Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Compressor reliability physics investigations are an important element of an ongoing research effort to understand and confirm the performance and reliability of hydride sorption cryocoolers for low-vibration, long-life 10 to 30 K spacecraft applications. The detailed understanding of important failure mechanisms governing hydride refrigerator life is enabling identification of operating constraints, design enhancements, and other means of eliminating failure mechanisms, as well as aiding detailed definition of effective techniques for fabrication, assembly, and handling. Investigations underway with candidate hydride materials (e.g. LaNi5-ySny and ZrNi) include: (1) characterization of hydride chemical and metallurgical composition, isotherms, kinetics, phase purity, lattice parameters, disproportionation mechanisms, and thermal conductivity; (2) study and definition of hydride manufacturing, annealing and handling procedures; (3) characterization of long-term hydride stability, degradation, compaction and containment using specially fabricated compressors used to precisely measure the transient pressure response to programmed temperature cycling; (4) demonstration of the fast sorption capability needed for quick-cooldown using a engineering model compressor with an integral phase-change material heat sink and (5) demonstration of 2 stage compression between 1 torr and 11 MPa and; (6) validation of current transient analysis models. In addition, characterization of enhanced performance refrigerator components is currently underway. The test results described are entirely consistent with achieving > 10 year cryocooler life.

Cryogenic cooling improves sensor performance in any spectral band. The high cost of achieving improved performance has led to a ten-year lifetime requirement, along with already stringent requirements for vibration, size, weight, power and temperature. The development of cryogenic refrigerators capable of meeting these requirements is a challenge that has not yet been met.

CSIC, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; ERC, European Research Council; MINECO, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad; MPG, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; NASA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration; etc., Ade, P.A.R., Aghanim, N., Ashdown, M., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Ballardini, M., Banday, A.J., Barreiro, R.B., Bartolo, N., Basak, S., Battaglia, P., Battaner, E., Benabed, K., Benoît, A., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bernard, J.-P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bock, J.J., Bonaldi, A., Bonavera, L., Bond, J.R., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F.R., Bucher, M., Burigana, C., Butler, R.C., Calabrese, E., Cardoso, J.-F., Castex, G., Catalano, A., Chamballu, A., Christensen, P.R., Colombi, S., Colombo, L.P.L., Crill, B.P., Curto, A., Cuttaia, F., Danese, L., Davies, R.D., Davis, R.J., De Bernardis, P., De Rosa, A., De Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Dickinson, C., Diego, J.M., Dole, H., Donzelli, S., Doré, O., Douspis, M., Ducout, A., Dupac, X., Efstathiou, G., Elsner, F., Enßlin, T.A., Eriksen, H.K., Fergusson, J., Finelli, F., Forni, O., Frailis, M., Franceschet, C., Franceschi, E., Frejsel, A., Galeotta, S., Galli, S., Ganga, K., Giard, M., Giraud-Héraud, Y., Gjerløw, E., González-Nuevo, J., Górski, K.M., Gratton, S., Gregorio, A., Gruppuso, A., Hansen, F.K., Hanson, D., Harrison, D.L., Henrot-Versillé, S., Herranz, D., Hildebrandt, S.R., Hivon, E., Hobson, M., Holmes, W.A., Hornstrup, A., Hovest, W., Huffenberger, K.M., Hurier, G., Jaffe, A.H., Jaffe, T.R., Juvela, M., Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., Kiiveri, K., Kisner, T.S., Knoche, J., Krachmalnicoff, N., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lagache, G., Lähteenmäki, A., Lamarre, J.-M., Lasenby, A., Lattanzi, M., Lawrence, C.R., Leahy, J.P., Leonardi, R., Lesgourgues, J., Levrier, F., Liguori, M., Lilje, P.B., Linden-Vørnle, M., Lindholm, V., López-Caniego, M., Lubin, P.M., Macías-Pérez, J.F., Maggio, G., Maino, D., Mandolesi, N., Mangilli, A., Maris, M., Martin, P.G., Martínez-González, E., Masi, S., Matarrese, S., Mazzotta, P., McGehee, P., Meinhold, P.R., Melchiorri, A., Mendes, L., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Mitra, S., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Morisset, N., Mortlock, D., Moss, A., Munshi, D., Murphy, J.A., Naselsky, P., Nati, F., Natoli, P., Netterfield, C.B., Nørgaard-Nielsen, H.U., Novikov, D., Novikov, I., Oppermann, N., Paci, F., Pagano, L., Paoletti, D., Partridge, B., Pasian, F., Patanchon, G., Pearson, T.J., Peel, M., Perdereau, O., Perotto, L., Perrotta, F., Pettorino, V., Piacentini, F., Pierpaoli, E., Pietrobon, D., Pointecouteau, E., Polenta, G., Pratt, G.W., Prézeau, G., Prunet, S., Puget, J.-L., Rachen, J.P., Rebolo, R., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Renzi, A., Rocha, G., Romelli, E., Rosset, C., Rossetti, M., Roudier, G., Rubiño-Martín, J.A., Rusholme, B., Sandri, M., Santos, D., Savelainen, M., Scott, D., Seiffert, M.D., Shellard, E.P.S., Spencer, L.D., Stolyarov, V., Sutton, D., Suur-Uski, A.-S., Sygnet, J.-F., Tauber, J.A., Tavagnacco, D., Terenzi, L., Toffolatti, L., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Tucci, M., Tuovinen, J., Türler, M., Umana, G., Valenziano, L., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, B., Vassallo, T., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Wade, L.A., Wandelt, B.D., Watson, R., Wehus, I.K., Wilkinson, A., Yvon, D., Zacchei, A., Zonca, A.