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A 2021 article in HTS Teologiese Studies advances the thesis that in the book of Esther 'lawlessness by the Jewish diaspora community triggered genocide in the Persian Empire' and that 'Jews provoked the Persian authorities by disobeying the laws of the land'. Much of that article is devoted to a defense of Haman in responding to what the author portrays as the 'lawlessness' of the Jewish diaspora community. This article offers a three-fold response: (1) a critical analysis of both Haman and his accusation of 'lawlessness' against the Jewish diaspora minority, along with that article's affirmation of that lawlessness; (2) a critique of that article's accusation of 'genocide' against the Jewish diaspora community along with a discussion of the alleged violent vengeance of that same community vis-à-vis Esther 8–9; (3) a warning that the attempted vindication of Haman is nothing new, but possesses a disturbing Wirkungsgeschichte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to various conditions, countries such as Venezuela, Nigeria, and South Africa suffer from lawlessness (disregard of norms and rules of society) today, threatening their social fabric. It is contended on the basis of the situation in South Africa that citizenship education is arguably a suitable vehicle (in combination with, for instance, religion education, moral education, and forgiveness education) for offering tolerance, forgiveness, hospitality, and reconciliation education in schools, all of these as means for counteracting lawless (deviant, errant) behaviour. Thus far, reflection on citizenship education has, however, been characterised by conceptual uncertainty, controversy, and a wide range of applications in practice. The paper reports on theoretical interpretive-constructivist research. This research is aimed at the question of how citizenship education could be employed to form (equip, educate) young people so that they can be able to display morally justifiable behaviour and recognise and counteract lawlessness wherever they encounter it in their lifeworld. https://doi.org/10.19108/KOERS.89.1.2458 Opsomming Te wyte aan verskeie omstandighede is die burgers van ‘n hele aantal lande regoor die wêreld - insluitend Venezuela, Nigerië en Suid-Afrika – aan die een of ander vorm van wetteloosheid blootgestel (die verontagsaming van die gangbare wette of norme van die land en die samelewing), en dit kan uiters nadelig wees vir die welsyn van die samelewing. Op grond van ‘n ontleding van die situasie in Suid-Afrika word aangevoer dat burgerskapsonderwys - in kombinasie met byvoorbeeld godsdiensonderwys, morele onderwys en vergifnisonderwys - ‘n bruikbare instrument in skole kan wees om wetteloosheid (afwykende en normverontagsamende gedrag) teen te werk. Tot dusver was die besinning oor burgerskapsonderwys egter gekenmerk deur konseptuele onsekerheid, meningsverskille en ‘n wye verskeidenheid toepassings in die praktyk. Dié artikel doen verslag oor teoretiese interpretivisties-konstruktivistiese navorsing. Hierdie navorsing is gerig op die vraag hoe burgerskapsonderwys ingespan sou kon word om jongmense te vorm (toe te rus, op te voed) om hulle in staat te stel tot moreel-regverdigbare gedrag, die herkenning van wetteloosheid en die bestryding daarvan waar hulle dit ook al in hul leefwêreld teëkom.

This article investigates the stories of Syrian Kurdish women who settled in Scandinavia during the Syrian war, which caused millions of people to leave their houses, families, and country. Although a considerable body of research exists on migration and gender in general, there is much less research available about the motivation for migration out of war and conflict and its gendered aspects. What reasons do Kurdish women give for their escape or migration from Syria? How do they talk about the options they had and the final decision to leave? Based on biographic interviews, it appears that the decision to leave Syria permanently was often a longer process of weighing options, that these decisions were often gendered in that they are different for women and for men, and that they were related to earlier histories of mobility. For women, the social consequences of leaving the home, staying and travelling need to be morally thought through within the context of a heteronormative society. By combining a narrative methodology with the gender regime theory and social meanings of migration, this article provides tools for analysing migration decisions and their gendered motivations, connecting individual motivations to macro level social forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In Africa, 40% of traffic fatalities are pedestrians – the highest proportion globally. Yet little is known about driver characteristics that are associated with unsafe driving in African countries. We aimed to explore associations between driving practices that endanger pedestrian safety and motorists’ attitudes to the law (i.e. lawlessness and normlessness), controlling for sociodemographic and personality factors. We used the Response Time Method, based on Russell Fazio’s attitude paradigm, to collect information about driver behaviours, attitudes, and personality traits among a sample of 440 motorists. Male gender was associated with unsafe driving, even when controlling for the effects of personality and attitudes to the law. Unsafe driving was also associated with four dimensions of motorists’ personality, namely aggression, impulsivity, risk tolerance, and altruism, even when controlling for sociodemographic factors. Lawlessness (defined as a general disregard for the law) is also an important determinant of unsafe driving, even when controlling for sociodemographic and personality factors. These findings suggest that efforts to improve pedestrian safety in South Africa should focus on changing motorists’ attitudes to the law. Significance: This study addresses pedestrian safety in the context of South Africa. The fact that 40% of traffic fatalities are pedestrians highlights the urgent need to understand the factors contributing to unsafe driving practices. The study delves into uncharted territory by examining driver characteristics associated with unsafe driving. Through exploring associations between driving practices that endanger pedestrian safety and motorists’ attitudes to the law, this article provides valuable insights that can inform targeted interventions.

The subject of this article is the economic system that has developed in the Netherlands Guiana, based on forced slave labor. The degree of cruelty of this system over the past centuries has been mythologized by both contemporaries of the events and later researchers. Today in Netherlands, at the highest official level, the era of colonial slavery has been condemned but at the same time it was recognized as a part of national history, which is largely due to the influential Caribbean community. However, the attitude towards this topic in society remains extremely polarized, becoming the subject of manipulation by populist and nationalist forces. The work is based on a wide range of foreign sources and research; the methodological basis includes the historical, genetic and comparative methods. The scientific novelty of the article is connected with the poor study of the topic in domestic science. A comparative study of the situation of slaves in the Western Hemisphere has shown that toughness was not unique to the Dutch colonial ethos. The high mortality and hardships of slaves in the Netherlands Guiana and the Caribbean are due to the specifics of sugar plantations, and not to a greater degree of racism compared to Iberoamerica. The author draws attention to the gradual progressive evolution of all slavery regimes on the American continent.

Copyright of Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences (2522-3380) is the property of Arab Journal of Sciences & Research Publishing (AJSRP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction:As a source of government revenue for the provision of various social, welfare, and cultural services, taxes have a long history. With regard to their role in the economic and social developments of societies despite the lack of desirable and a voluntary tax payment behavior, it is necessary to identify the social contexts of tax payment so as to encourage trust and public participation in this process. Thus, this study aimed to explore the social contexts for tax payment behavior and identify the conditions and factors that play a role in increasing or decreasing public trust and participation in it. Materials & Methods:To meet the purpose of the research and achieve a deep understanding of the social context concerning this issue, an interpretive paradigm and qualitative approach was employed based on the grounded theory. The theoretical purposive sampling was used to select the participants. The financial managers of production companies in Yazd Province in Iran, who had lived experiences of the context and consented to participate in this research, were selected as the target community. 13 managers with different ages and work and management experiences participated in the study. The data obtained from the interviews were transcribed and analyzed as soon as they were collected so as to reveal the relevant ambiguous and sensitive points and obtain the final theory; thus, the researcher could pay more attention to them in the subsequent interviews. Sampling continued until the theoretical saturation was reached. At the open coding stage, the text was analyzed line by line (sometimes word by word) and the annotations and additional explanations were written as comments in the Microsoft Word file in the margins of the interview text and the attached concepts. In the next stage, the obtained concepts and subcategories were reduced to the main categories and the core category was constructed in relation to the main categories and subcategories obtained from the previous two stages based on a fixed comparison technique. Finally, to show the structure and process of the discovery and construction of the core category, a paradigm model was drawn up, which consisted of 5 sections: causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, axial phenomenon, strategies, and consequences. Throughout the process, we adhered to the ethics and scientific principles by maintaining confidentiality of the information and using nicknames for the participants, besides observing other ethical considerations, such as participant’s consent and non-manipulation of data. Discussion of Results & Conclusions:The research findings indicated 29 main categories and one core category entitled "tax value inversion". Based on this paradigm model, the evidence from the participants' narratives and theoretical design of the research was presented. The research results demonstrated the formation of axial phenomenon called "tax evasion/compulsory taxation". In this way, the actors were faced by a situation that involved coercion and mutual distrust, especially institutional distrust. Accordingly, they were reluctant to pay taxes and even avoided paying them. They made various justifications and excuses to legitimize their tax evasion, resulting in the reduced amount of the paid taxes. However, once they failed in their tax evasion, they were forced by the tax officers to pay them. In general, it could be said that a number of micro and especially macro factors played a role in directing either a voluntary or evasive tax behavior. Both cultural factors, such as a weak tax culture, taxpayers' misconceptions of the tax system functions, and their intentions, and structural and macro factors, including political, economic, and social conditions, played roles in the voluntary or odd taxpayers' performance. For example, the results indicated that economic anomalies, self-interpretation of laws, lack of transparency of tax laws, and structural corruption played significant roles in the taxpayers' increased dissatisfaction and tendencies to evade taxes. Also, it could be said that one of the excuses and justifications made by the actors and taxpayers for tax evasion was a kind of covert protest against the structural conditions of the society, such as political distrust, social despair in improving the situation, expanded injustice, and lack of transparency in taxation and economy. In fact, taxation has lost its value and meaning and become as an anti-value in tandem with the improper structural conditions of the society, economy, and culture. All these have led to collective/national disorder, reproduction of anomic distrust, and very little development in tax systems.

Multiple existential threats – climate breakdown, disease, police violence, lawlessness, trauma, and systemic harms – characterise the pandemic years on western frontiers. This essay considers these and argues that disaster capitalism and authoritarian politics overpower scientific consensus and public opinion in ways that literally and figuratively cause a struggle to breathe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: As a source of government revenue for the provision of various social, welfare, and cultural services, taxes have a long history. With regard to their role in the economic and social developments of societies despite the lack of desirable and a voluntary tax payment behavior, it is necessary to identify the social contexts of tax payment so as to encourage trust and public participation in this process. Thus, this study aimed to explore the social contexts for tax payment behavior and identify the conditions and factors that play a role in increasing or decreasing public trust and participation in it. Materials & Methods: To meet the purpose of the research and achieve a deep understanding of the social context concerning this issue, an interpretive paradigm and qualitative approach was employed based on the grounded theory. The theoretical purposive sampling was used to select the participants. The financial managers of production companies in Yazd Province in Iran, who had lived experiences of the context and consented to participate in this research, were selected as the target community. 13 managers with different ages and work and management experiences participated in the study. The data obtained from the interviews were transcribed and analyzed as soon as they were collected so as to reveal the relevant ambiguous and sensitive points and obtain the final theory; thus, the researcher could pay more attention to them in the subsequent interviews. Sampling continued until the theoretical saturation was reached. At the open coding stage, the text was analyzed line by line (sometimes word by word) and the annotations and additional explanations were written as comments in the Microsoft Word file in the margins of the interview text and the attached concepts. In the next stage, the obtained concepts and subcategories were reduced to the main categories and the core category was constructed in relation to the main categories and subcategories obtained from the previous two stages based on a fixed comparison technique. Finally, to show the structure and process of the discovery and construction of the core category, a paradigm model was drawn up, which consisted of 5 sections: causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, axial phenomenon, strategies, and consequences. Throughout the process, we adhered to the ethics and scientific principles by maintaining confidentiality of the information and using nicknames for the participants, besides observing other ethical considerations, such as participant's consent and non- manipulation of data. Discussion of Results & Conclusions: The research findings indicated 29 main categories and one core category entitled "tax value inversion". Based on this paradigm model, the evidence from the participants' narratives and theoretical design of the research was presented. The research results demonstrated the formation of axial phenomenon called "tax evasion/compulsory taxation". In this way, the actors were faced by a situation that involved coercion and mutual distrust, especially institutional distrust. Accordingly, they were reluctant to pay taxes and even avoided paying them. They made various justifications and excuses to legitimize their tax evasion, resulting in the reduced amount of the paid taxes. However, once they failed in their tax evasion, they were forced by the tax officers to pay them. In general, it could be said that a number of micro and especially macro factors played a role in directing either a voluntary or evasive tax behavior. Both cultural factors, such as a weak tax culture, taxpayers' misconceptions of the tax system functions, and their intentions, and structural and macro factors, including political, economic, and social conditions, played roles in the voluntary or odd taxpayers' performance. For example, the results indicated that economic anomalies, self-interpretation of laws, lack of transparency of tax laws, and structural corruption played significant roles in the taxpayers' increased dissatisfaction and tendencies to evade taxes. Also, it could be said that one of the excuses and justifications made by the actors and taxpayers for tax evasion was a kind of covert protest against the structural conditions of the society, such as political distrust, social despair in improving the situation, expanded injustice, and lack of transparency in taxation and economy. In fact, taxation has lost its value and meaning and become as an anti-value in tandem with the improper structural conditions of the society, economy, and culture. All these have led to collective/national disorder, reproduction of anomic distrust, and very little development in tax systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of human security has become a dominant theme in international political discussions. This is partly explained by the fact that the production of arms and ammunition does guarantee security. Economic, food, health, environmental, and personal safety are all components of human security. In Nigeria, the country is grappling with security hitches cutting across the six geo-political regions. Kidnapping, banditry, robbery, murder, and wanton killings are common items in the daily news. More worrying is that, despite huge resources being injected into the defense sector, the Nigerian government seems unable to curb this menace that has been troubling the nation's well-being. The government, security agencies, and intelligence organizations, on the other hand, appear to be caught off guard by the atrocities committed by terrorists, herders, and instances of interethnic violence pointing to the fact that Nigeria is prone to anarchy. Against this background, this paper contextualized the lawlessness in Nigeria with specific reference to human security. The paper employs the qualitative method of data collection that utilizes secondary sources such as newspapers, the internet, and extant scholarly works. Based on findings, the rate at which schools are closing, frequent jailbreaks, rising food prices, citizen apathy toward the government, the obvious inability of the government to uphold its own end of the social contract it made with its subjects, and failure of all security containment strategies are all overt signs of a failing state. It is submitted that there is a need for government to be conscious of its primary goals, which include welfare and the protection of people's lives and property. The article suggests that Nigeria should employ artificial intelligence to combat the threat to the nation's status as a sovereign republic, which is being posed by groups that have taken over the numerous ungoverned spaces that dot the country's territory. Nigeria should also invest in digital learning methods and coordinate its numerous security agencies. The political order, authority, law, and structures must all be rebuilt because they have all fallen apart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: One of the most important issues facing the younger generation today is mobile phones, the Internet and addiction. With the spread of Corona virus as a destructive factor, this problem has increased and caused disorders in various dimensions of society that need to be properly identified. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of focal identification of the relationship between the components of mobile addiction and the level of psychosocial health and lawlessness of young people. Materials and Methods: This research is a descriptive correlation in terms of applied purpose and in terms of nature and method. The target population is the students of Tabriz Azad University, which according to the obtained statistics are about 27,000 people, of which 395 people participated in the present study according to Krejcie Morgan table through internet call available online due to corona traffic restrictions. Then, mobile data addiction questionnaire, psychosocial health questionnaire and lawlessness questionnaire were used to collect the required data. Focal correlation test and multiple regression in SPSS23 software were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed; Negative relationship between the components of mobile addiction (inability to control desire, feeling anxious and lacking and improving mood) with the components of psychosocial health (emotional well-being, mental health and social health) at the level of (P≤0.01) and There is meaning. Also, the relationship between the components of inability to control desire, feeling anxious and lacking, and improving mood in breaking the law has been positive. That is, as mobile addiction increases, so does student lawlessness, and vice versa. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between the high dimensions of mobile addiction with the level of mental and social health and lawlessness of young people. Because with the increase of each of the dimensions of the mentioned variable, the level of mental health decreases and lawlessness increases and will cause various problems in the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article analyzes the problems related to the relations established between the population of Bessarabia and the units of the Russian army in the first years of occupation (1812 - 1828). From the outset these relations became quite tense, the Russian military appearing arrogant and contemptuous of the locals. There were no rare cases when they committed wrongdoing and acts incompatible with the status of the military, facts disguised by the authorities. Based on the new documents, the author demonstrates the concrete cases of abuses and wrongdoings committed by the Russian military, as well as the forms of protest of the native population regarding such cases.

A specific problem in the work of a psychologist is caring for the voluntary participation of patients and clients in research. The first part of the article presents and scientifically analyzed the term "voluntary". The concept in opposition to voluntariness is arbitrariness. An arbitrary person is characterized by an optional attitude. Voluntariness, in turn, is an attitude of active participation in ones own life and the surrounding reality. The second part of the article deals with the issue of voluntariness in psychological research. The psychologist must obtain an informed and voluntary decision by the patient regarding his or her participation in the research. The examined person has the right to withdraw from the research at any time. People addicted to alcohol and drugs constitute a specific research group. In the third part of the article, attention was paid to voluntary research of students and children. A special place and significance is played by voluntary activity in research conducted by an academic psychologist on their own students. Voluntariness in children involves not only the cognitive but also the emotional sphere. Therefore, the psychologist must first obtain the child's parents' written consent to participate in the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Prawne Problemy Górnictwa i Ochrony Środowiska is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Rereading of Esther 3:8–15 depicts that lawlessness and revolt on the part of the Jewish diaspora community ignited the genocide in the Persian Empire. The narrative is explicit that Haman was not comfortable with two main issues concerning the Jews: (1) their laws were different from those of every other people and (2) they did not keep the king’s laws. In addition, some Jewish individuals were disrespectful to Persian superiors: Mordecai refused to bow down to Haman. Following Haman’s report, Emperor Xerxes endorsed the proposition of exterminating the Jews as a possible solution. The present study argues against a populist view that puts Haman in a bad light. Existing studies on the genocide narrative in Esther 3:8–15 appear to sympathise with the Jewish diaspora community in Persia in spite of their attitude that portrayed some rebellious tendencies. Examined from a security and defence perspective, Haman’s position should be given its merit because the Jews disobeyed the Persian laws and did not show respect to the Persian authorities. The study employs a narrative approach to argue that the Jewish diaspora community orchestrated the genocide by disobeying the Persian laws. It is further argued that Haman had correctly foreseen it coming and confided with Emperor Xerxes. The study will also discuss Haman as a strategist who speculated a possible Jewish revolt, which was confirmed by the massacre of 75 000 people including Haman’s children (9:1–10). This study will present to the academic readership a new dimension of reading Esther 3:8–15. Contribution: Previous studies variously provided some magnanimity on the book of Esther. The contribution of the present study to the readership and the academic community seeks to suggest a new reading of the book by arguing that the Jews provoked the Persian authorities by disobeying the laws of the land.

In the Republic , philosophy is associated with lawfulness, while tyranny and other corrupted regimes and individuals are associated with various degrees of lawlessness. So why does Socrates explain that the curriculum addressed to the philosophers of the ideal city brings about a risk of lawlessness among the potential philosopher-rulers? This is due to a specific step of this curriculum, the practice of refutation, which causes an intellectual as well as moral distress that can lead to skepticism and in fine to lawlessness. Although this risk needs to be reduced to a minimum, it has to be taken because the philosophical natures should be able to survive all challenges in order to become genuine dialecticians. Therefore, philosophy can lead to lawlessness but even when it does not, it is nonetheless true that the requirements of philosophy take priority over lawfulness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studies in Politics & Society / Polityka & Społeczeństwo is the property of University of Rzeszow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vox Patrum is the property of Wydzial Teologii KUL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Far from conveniently representing youth as "in crisis," the present contribution begins instead with the hypothesis that the eternal changes in youth intersect today with the speed of the globalized world and with the challenges that this brings about for the social sciences. While it was once possible to identify more or less precise "generational unities" for youth in prior decades, in the present day we lack certain coordinates. This is why a reflection on the youth of the Third Millennium cannot be disengaged from an analysis of the regression of liberal democracies, to which young people respond by accentuating their usual transformative attitude: closed as a chrysalis, but ready to become something else. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The British writer J G Ballard is known for his distinctive treatments of the familiar and the everyday in organized society as vulnerable to rupture and descent into violence and chaos. Never straightforwardly dystopian, Ballard was capable of insightful analysis that revealed the strangeness of particular qualities of lived experience, challenging his audience to question their place in the order of things. Raised in Shanghai, Ballard's wartime experiences exposed him to the extremes of human behaviour and to the stripping away of the veneers of conventional civilized norms. More than mere biographical markers, this article argues that through a range of works, Ballard offers us a phenomenological account of the worst of the conditions under which he lived, particularly at the close of the Japanese war in Shanghai, one that captures the lived experience of the absence of law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author shows special significance of a change of heart and mind of Prince Vladimir, the "miracle of miracles" (Metropolitan Hilarion), which despite all the internal and external hardships of Russia, still reflects its main essence — faithfulness to the Law of Christ.

The Theodotian Susanna has been studied by various scholars in various ways. Each attempt to give some meaning to this narrative has a different emphasis from a text, context or receiver based angle. This paper presents a mixture of text and context based angles. It focuses on the different spaces in Theodotian Susanna, that is, the house, garden, court and finally heaven. Each of these spaces is contested, but there can only be one victor.

This paper presents an analysis of the influence of judgments of the Constitutional Tribunal on ongoing administrative proceedings. The article discusses the issue that raises the most controversy in both the jurisprudence and the scholars, which is the delay in time by the CT of the loss of binding force by an unconstitutional provision in court-administrative proceedings.

Eighteenth-century chroniclers of Mexico City often marveled at the sheer scale and variety of its commerce, most notable in the bustling plaza mayor. Yet these activities testified to what elites saw as the troubling intersection of the city’s formal and informal economies. Petty vendors, in particular, occupied a liminal position that blurred social and racial boundaries and challenged the state’s policing powers. They could not readily be monitored or fixed in place. Illicit behaviors regularly challenged, undermined, and invaded the formal economy, but also provided its indispensable counterpart, frustrating government attempts at regulation.

An important requirement for admission as an attorney or advocate is to be a "fit and proper" person. Lawyers are also struck from the respective rolls of advocates or attorneys if they cease to be "fit and proper". This requirement of being a "fit and proper" person is not defined or described in legislation. It is left to the subjective interpretation of and application by seniors in the profession and ultimately the court. In the apartheid years this requirement was applied arbitrarily but today the question may be asked why some lawyers who have been found to be "fit and proper" do not act as such. The pre-admission character screening of lawyers seems not to be effective any more. Post- admission moral development is imperative.

Copyright of Hileya: Scientific Bulletin / Gileya is the property of GILEYA Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)