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In recent decades, a growing number of police services in Canada have stressed commitments to protecting vulnerable communities from violence and intimidation and by combating hate crime. In 2020, the number of hate crimes reported to police in Canada increased by 37% to the highest number ever recorded. While social science research in several national contexts has examined the policing of hate crime, few studies have examined how police investigate hate crimes in Canada. This paper examines the investigative process and police decision-making with respect to racially motivated and anti-Black hate crimes reported in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). This paper argues that while police claim that the circumstances of a given incident determines how police respond and whether a case is ultimately solved, in fact police decision making and particularly the way police conceive of racism and hate, profoundly shapes investigative processes and outcomes. Au cours des dernieres decennies, un nombre croissant de services de police au Canada ont souligne leur engagement a proteger les communautes vulnerables contre la violence et l'intimidation et en luttant contre les crimes haineux. En 2020, le nombre de crimes haineux signales a la police au Canada a augmente de 37 pour cent pour atteindre le nombre le plus eleve jamais enregistre. Bien que la recherche en sciences sociales dans plusieurs contextes nationaux ait examine le maintien de l'ordre en matiere de crimes haineux, peu d'etudes ont examine comment la police enquete sur les crimes haineux au Canada. Le present document examine le processus d'enquete et le processus decisionnel de la police en ce qui concerne les crimes haineux a caractere racial et anti-Noir signales dans la region du Grand Toronto. Nous soutenons que, bien que la police pretende que les circonstances d'un incident donne determinent la facon dont elle intervient et si une affaire est finalement resolue, en realite, la prise de decision de la police, et en particulier la facon dont elle concoit le racisme et la haine, faconne profondement les processus d'enquete et les resultats., INTRODUCTION In 2020, the number of police-reported hate crimes rose by 37%, increasing from 1951 reported incidents in 2019, to 2669 the following year. This marked the single highest number [...]

Indonesia, the world's largest archipelagic state, tends to punch below its weight in regional maritime affairs. Part of the explanation for this puzzle lies in Indonesia's under-developed and ineffective maritime governance system. This article seeks to develop ways to overhaul Indonesia's maritime governance by focusing on one specific but potentially strategic area: maritime law enforcement in the country's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The article analyses the institutional challenges surrounding Indonesia's EEZ maritime law enforcement and develops theoretical models and policy options drawn from the experiences of other Asian maritime states. It argues that Indonesia needs to move from its current 'division of labour' model, where there are multiple agencies with multiple tasks, to a 'unified command' model, where different maritime assets are unified under a single operational command. The article suggests that Indonesia should consider a 'dual agency' architecture where the Indonesian Navy and the Maritime Security Agency become the two primary EEZ maritime law enforcement authorities. The article aims to contribute to broader debates surrounding maritime security governance and Indonesia's future trajectory as a maritime power in the Indo-Pacific. Keywords: maritime security, maritime law enforcement, Indonesia, maritime governance, Exclusive Economic Zone., Why does Indonesia, the world's largest archipelagic state at the cross-roads between the Indian and Pacific Oceans, punch below its weight in regional maritime affairs? Part of the answer lies [...]

Numerous scholars have contributed to the police culture body of knowledge (Cockcroft 2013; O'Neill, Marks & Singh 2007; Sklansky 2005). They submit that the traditional understanding of police culture is no longer relevant due to the new developments that have transpired in policing, which have consequently changed the police culture. More specifically, they suggest that the South African Police Service (SAPS) too has witnessed changes in the traits of its police culture that accentuate the cynicism of and isolation from the public. This article is an attempt to challenge this narrative by comparing the police culture themes of solidarity, isolation, and cynicism attitudes of two different cohorts of new South African Police Service (SAPS) recruits separated by ten years. By making use of the 30-item police culture themes of solidarity, isolation, and cynicism questionnaire, designed by Steyn (2005), the article establishes that a representative sample (138 out of a population of 140) of new SAPS recruits from the SAPS Chatsworth Basic Training Institute (August 2015), have remarkably similar attitudes in support of police culture themes of solidarity, isolation, and cynicism, compared to a representative sample of all new SAPS recruits that started their basic training in January 2005 (Steyn, 2005). Although small in representation, the study refutes the claims that traditional understandings of police culture are no longer relevant and that the traits of the police culture in the South African Police Service (SAPS) has so changed that it accentuates the cynicism of and isolation from the public. Keywords: Policing, police culture, isolation, solidarity, South Africa, 1. Introduction The motivation of police agencies worldwide-both in the developed and developing world-to change coincides with disillusionment with the military and paramilitary model of traditional policing (O'Neil, Marks and [...]

While most law enforcement agencies recognize the importance of physical fitness for their officers and encourage them to maintain an adequate level of fitness, many find it difficult to implement a fitness program successfully. Prior studies and literature support the implementation of community-centered fitness initiatives. The purpose of this study was to (1) describe participant outcomes from the service-learning project Officer Charlie Get Fit Project and (2) delineate Kolb's experiential learning model implemented by undergraduate kinesiology majors when applied in an exercise setting. Students were charged with working directly with police officers over an 8-week program with the goal of lowering health-risk factors for the participants. Additionally, the project provided an opportunity for students to assess their own learning style and infuse it in a real-world professional application. Participants included 16police officers (M = 44.6, SD = 10.7 years of age) and one elected city administrative official. Paired sample t tests revealed nonsignificant differences between the pretest and posttest scores on the 10 fitness measures. Descriptive statistics revealed improvements in categories of body weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, resting heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, sum of skinfolds, and overall body fat percentage. Participant exit interviews indicated positive qualitative results. The student reflection piece indicated that the frequent writing helped with (1) the myriad of planning and preparation issues, (2) selecting a community partner and recruiting participants, and (3) data collection and analysis. This study was an important assessment of immersive learning opportunities provided through classroom lecture and development of community partnerships., Police officers can encounter strenuous physical and mental situations every day. Their ability to handle the rigors associated with the occupation including running, lifting, and forceful self-defense is directly related [...]

Economic intuition suggests that enforcement errors incentivize crimes, therefore officers must be penalized for committing such errors. Legal scholars argue that if penalties for errors are severe, officers may become timid while policing (thereby encouraging crime). We evaluate these arguments in a model where officers invest in competence. Competence increases the officer's ability to identify criminals. Low sanctions for errors encourages bold policing by officers but may still raise the equilibrium level of crime because it also discourages investments in competence. Granting immunity to only competent officers ('qualified immunity') reduces both errors and crimes when competence is observable. (JEL K4, K42, L5), I. INTRODUCTION Law enforcement agents are not incapable of making enforcement errors; that is, arresting or detaining innocent citizens ('wrongful arrests'). This issue has gained much attention recently, especially in [...]

Focus groups involve organising and conducting group discussions in order to gain knowledge of the attitudes, beliefs, practices and values of participants on a specific topic. (1) The talk generated [...]