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We investigate the approval mechanism (AM) for a common pool resource (CPR) game with three players, underlining the role of unanimity and majority rules. The game involves two stages. In stage 1, players simultaneously and privately choose a proposed level of extraction from the CPR. In the second stage, they simultaneously decide whether to approve or disapprove others' choices. If the group approves, players' first stage proposed extractions are implemented. Otherwise, a uniform extraction level, called disapproval benchmark (DB), is implemented onto each group member. We combine two approval rules, majority and unanimity, with two DBs, the minimum extraction level (MIN DB) and the Nash extraction level (NASH DB). These combinations offer four different treatments for testing the approval mechanism (AM). Our experimental findings show that the AM reduces signicantly over-extraction in each treatment, and that the unanimity rule is more effective than the majority rule to lower extractions. The MIN DB reduces more group extractions than the NASH DB. Finally, only the MIN DB with unanimity implements the Pareto-effcient extraction level.

International audience; Masuda et al. (2014) showed that the minimum approval mechanism (AM) implements the effcient level of public good theoretically and experimentally in a linear public good game. We extent this result to a two-players common pool resource (CPR) game. The AM adds a second stage into the extraction game. In the first stage, each group member proposes his level of extraction. In the second stage, the proposed extractions and associated payoffs are displayed and each player is asked to approve or to disapprove both proposed extractions. If both players approve, the proposals are implemented. Otherwise, a uniform level of extraction, the disapproval benchmark (DB), is imposed onto each player. We consider three different DBs: the minimum proposal (MIN), the maximum proposal (MAX) and the Nash extraction level (NASH). We derive theoretical predictions for each DB following backward elimination of weakly dominated strategies (BEWDS). We first underline the strength of the AM, by showing that the MIN implements the optimum theoretically and experimentally. The sub-games predicted under the NASH are Pareto improving with respect to the Nash equilibrium. The MAX leads, either to Pareto improving outcomes with respect to the free access extractions, or to a Pareto degradation. Our experimental results show that the MAX and the NASH reduce the level of over-extraction of the CPR. The MAX leads above all to larger reductions of (proposed and realized) extractions than the NASH.

In this paper, we discuss the health impact of animal agriculture through air pollution. While this impact is potentially considerable, we argue that it has been largely overlooked by regulators as well as by researchers, and in particular by economists. We discuss the methods, results, limitations, and uncertainties of existing scientific studies on this impact, and conclude with a tentative discussion of the regulation of air pollution in agriculture.

This paper examines the effect of properties being located in vulnerable zones interm of nitrates on the property prices using a change in the classification of vulnerablezones in France in 2012. Using an identification strategy based on a spatial difference-in-differences specification, we show that the revision of the classification significantlydecreased not only property prices in zones that became classified as vulnerable afterthe revision, but also those of properties already classified as vulnerable. However,the effect was stronger for the former, 10% vs. 5%, and this differences may reflect adifference in how zones are classified. The risks covered in the 2012 classification covera broader range of risks, and hence the larger price effect may reflect this additionalperceived risk exposure.

International audience; We examine the effect of flood risk regulation on property prices in the inner suburbs of Paris, France. Increased flood risk is one of the major consequences of climate change, and it is already a current risk for populations in some areas of Southern and Western France. The Ile-de-France region is highly exposed to the risk of a major flood of the Seine River. About 830 000 people and 620 000 jobs would be directly affected if a flood similar to the historic event of 1910 would occur (IAU, 2011; OECD,2013). A large literature has examined the impact of actual floods with a surprisingly large variation in results. Only a few studies have investigated the effect of information about flood risk (Harrison et al., 2001; Troy and Romm, 2004; Hallstrom and Smith, 2005; Pope, 2008; Rajapaksa et al., 2016), as opposed to the direct economic impact of flood damage. It is not easy to separate the effect of information on flood risk, as such, as flood prone areas by definition also are likely to suffer recurrent flooding. Since a major role of flood risk regulation is to inform actors in the real estate markets about the actual risk, it is important for policy purposes to evaluate the reaction to information on flood risk separately from any damage from actual floods. The inner suburbs around Paris offer a unique opportunity to do so, since there is high flood risk, but no major flood occurred during the period analysed in the paper. In this article, we study the impact of information on flood risk released through the implementation of the French regulation on flood risk prevention plans (PPRi). The objective of the paper is to test whether information on flood risk has an impact on the price of the real estate transactions in the inner suburbs of Paris over the period 2003 to 2012. During the period, it can be assumed that past flood events were not salient to buyers and sellers in the region, since the last major flood of the Seine river at the time was the 50-year flood of 1955. The more recent ten-year floods of 2016 and 2018 occurred after the period of the study. This avoids a confounding direct effect on prices of flood itself and permits us to argue that we identify only an effect of flood risk information on price.

International audience; Cet article mesure la perception du risque des populations affectées par un changement environnemental, au Mexique, avec pour unité spatiale la municipalité. À travers une analyse économétrique de données de panel pour la période 2000-2011, les évolutions des dépenses de santé et d’eau en bouteille sont étudiées à l’issue de l’implantation de plusieurs incinérateurs au Mexique. Par le biais d’un modèle de doubles différences, nous étudions les relations entre l’implantation d’un incinérateur et les dépenses de protection des ménages afin d’analyser leur perception du risque. Malgré l’absence de risque de contamination de l’eau, les résultats empiriques révèlent une augmentation de la consommation d’eau en bouteille. Par ailleurs, les niveaux de revenu et d’éducation des ménages jouent un rôle prépondérant dans l’évolution des dépenses de prévention.

This paper examines the effect of living in vulnerable zone in term of nitrateson property prices using a change in the geographical delimitation of the zone inFrance. Using an identification strategy based on a spatial difference-in-differencesspecification, we show that the 2012 revision policy decreases significantly propertyprices not only in areas that becomes vulnerable at the time of the policy but also inareas that were already considered as vulnerable before the policy change

International audience; This paper examines the effect of properties being located in vulnerable zones interm of nitrates on the property prices using a change in the classification of vulnerablezones in France in 2012. Using an identification strategy based on a spatial difference-in-differences specification, we show that the revision of the classification significantlydecreased not only property prices in zones that became classified as vulnerable afterthe revision, but also those of properties already classified as vulnerable. However,the effect was stronger for the former, 10% vs. 5%, and this differences may reflect adifference in how zones are classified. The risks covered in the 2012 classification covera broader range of risks, and hence the larger price effect may reflect this additionalperceived risk exposure.

International audience; This paper examines the effect of living in vulnerable zone in term of nitrateson property prices using a change in the geographical delimitation of the zone inFrance. Using an identification strategy based on a spatial difference-in-differencesspecification, we show that the 2012 revision policy decreases significantly propertyprices not only in areas that becomes vulnerable at the time of the policy but also inareas that were already considered as vulnerable before the policy change.

International audience; The paper examines the effect of location in a flooding zone on property prices inthe Ile de France region in France over the period 2002 to 2012. We use unique dataon property transactions from a major European city exploiting the different datesof implementation of special risk zoning regulation as well as the date of implemen-tation of compulsory information disclosure. Using an identification strategy basedon a spatial difference-in-difference specification, the preliminary results indicate thatonce the regulatory zone (PPRi) has been prescribed, the transaction prices for flatsdecrease by approximately 6% in areas that are part of a PPRi at the time of theprescription. No statistically significant effect is found on house prices.

International audience; This paper examines the effect of energy production on health using a re-cent strike that affected oil refineries in France as a natural experiment. First, weshow that the temporary reduction in refining led to a significant reduction in sulfurdioxide (SO2) concentrations. Second, this shock significantly increased birth weightand gestational age of newborns, particularly for those exposed to the strike duringthefirst and third trimesters of pregnancy, and decreased asthma and bronchitis ad-missions. Back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that a 1-unit (or 26%) decline inmonthly SO2leads to an€89 million increase in lifetime earnings per birth-year co-hort. This externality from oil refineries should be an important part of policy dis-cussions surrounding the production of energy.

International audience; This paper estimates the change in averting behavior following the openings of residual waste plants in Mexico in the period 2000 to 2011. Following an environmental change, it first shows theoretically that the difference in willingness to pay between two different perception of a risk can be attributed to preventive behavior. Empirical results from the difference in difference model show households undertake bottled water expenses even if the environmental health risk is close to zero. Household level of revenue plays an important role in the demand for bottle water consumption. .

This paper examines the impact of a reduction in sulfur dioxide concentration (SO2)in France on both health outcomes and property prices, at a municipality level, from2008 to 2011. The paper aims to compare people’s willingness to pay for perceiveddifferences in environmental attributes and the real cost in terms of health they are ex-posed to. To do so, I conduct a hedonic price method analysis using the recent closureaffecting one oil refinery in the north of France, in September 2009, as a natural experi-ment. This contribution shows, first, that a long term shut down in the refining processleads to a reduction in sulfur dioxide concentration. I then use this exogenous shockto assess the impact of a change in air pollution concentration on hospital respiratoryadmission and property prices. The estimates suggest that the hedonic approach maynot always reflect the true environmental health risks.

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International audience; Cet article examine l’impact du dioxyde de soufre (SO2) dans le département du Nord de la France sur les pathologies respiratoires à l’échelle de la commune pour la période de 2007 à 2011. L’arrêt des activités de la raffinerie des Flandres dans le nord de la France, en septembre 2009, est utilisé comme expérience naturelle. Cette étude montre, tout d’abord, que l’arrêt de l’activité de raffinage, suivi en 2010 par la fermeture définitive de la raffinerie, diminue la concentration en SO2. Ce choc exogène sert ensuite à étudier l’impact sanitaire d’une importante concentration en SO2 qui résulte de la production d’énergie. Les estimations suggèrent que la diminution de la concentration en SO2 a réduit significativement la sévérité des pathologies respiratoires. L’arrêt des activités de la raffinerie entraîne par ailleurs des effets significatifs sur le revenu des communes.

International audience; This paper examines the impact of a reduction in sulfur dioxide concentration (SO2)in France on both health outcomes and property prices, at a municipality level, from2008 to 2011. The paper aims to compare people’s willingness to pay for perceiveddifferences in environmental attributes and the real cost in terms of health they are ex-posed to. To do so, I conduct a hedonic price method analysis using the recent closureaffecting one oil refinery in the north of France, in September 2009, as a natural experi-ment. This contribution shows, first, that a long term shut down in the refining processleads to a reduction in sulfur dioxide concentration. I then use this exogenous shockto assess the impact of a change in air pollution concentration on hospital respiratoryadmission and property prices. The estimates suggest that the hedonic approach maynot always reflect the true environmental health risks.

Many pollutants are declining throughout the industrialized world. However, exposure to air pollution, even at the levels commonly achieved nowadays in European countries, still leads to adverse health effects. In this context, there has been increasing global concern over the public health impacts attributed to environmental pollution. The thesis aims to examine health impacts linked to environmental pollution by sheding light on their macroeconomic consequences. The first objective of the thesis is to explore empirically the relations between socio-economic status, environmental exposures and health outcomes. Through econometric analysis, we study the total mortality rate in relation to socioeconomic status and air pollution for the French department, and the effect of energy production on new born health using a recent strike that affected oil refineries in France as a natural experiment. Finally, the last part of the thesis tries to draw inferences about individuals' valuations of risk by combining estimates of the effect of air pollution on bath property values and hospital respiratory admissions for respiratory causes., Les émissions de polluants atmosphériques ont tendance à diminuer dans l'ensemble des industrialisés. Néanmoins, l'exposition actuelle à la pollution atmosphérique engendre encore des effets néfastes sur la santé. Dans ce contexte, l'impact de la pollution environnementale sur la santé est priorité croissante de santé publique. Mon projet de thèse consiste donc à étudier les impacts sanitaires liés à la dégradation de l’environnement et d'analyser leurs conséquences macroéconomiques. Le premier objectif de cette thèse est de rassembler deux pans de la littérature en se focalisant sur les liens existant entre pollution et risques sanitaires et SI inégalités sociales d'exposition aux risques environnementaux. Par le biais d'études économétriques, étudions d'une part les taux de mortalité associés à la pollution atmosphérique selon le statut socioéconomique de la population des départements français et, d'autre part, les liens entre poil atmosphérique et santé des enfants à la naissance au sein des communes françaises en utilisant l’expérience naturelle. Par ailleurs, la dernière partie de cette thèse s'attache à mettre en regard la méthode des prix hédoniques, évaluation des références reposant sur une perception subjective des effets 1 pollution, avec la fonction de dommage, méthode de valorisation objective des coûts de la santé.

This paper examines the effect of energy production on newborn health using a recent strike that affectedoil refineries in France as a natural experiment. First, we show that the temporary reduction in refininglead to a significant reduction in sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentrations. Second, this shock significantlyincreased birth weight and gestational age of newborns, particularly for those exposed to the strikeduring the third trimester of pregnancy. Back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that a 1 unit declinein SO2 leads to a 196 million euro increase in lifetime earnings per birth cohort. This externality fromoil refineries should be an important part of policy discussions surrounding the production of energy.