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Introduction: Free tissue transfers have become a mainstay in lower limb salvage, allowing safe and reliable reconstruction after trauma, tumor extirpation, and complex wounds. The optimal perioperative (PO) management of these flaps remains controversial. This study aims to assess the current state of practice among Canadian microsurgeons. Methods: Sixty-four Canadian microsurgeons were approached to complete an online questionnaire regarding their PO management of fasciocutaneous free flaps used for lower limb reconstruction. Trends in dangling timing and duration, use of venous couplers, compressive garments, thromboprophylaxis, and surgeons’ satisfaction with their protocol were assessed. Results: Twenty-eight surgeons responded. Fifty-seven percent did not have a specific mobilization protocol. Dangling was mainly initiated on postoperative days 5 to 6 (44%). The most common protocol duration was 5 to 6 days (43%). The concern for prolonged venous pooling was the main reason for delay of dangling (71%). Compressive garments were placed routinely by 12 surgeons (43%) with 20% starting before dangling, 46% with dangling, and 33% after dangling. Venous couplers were routinely used by 24 surgeons (85.7%). Trends in management were influenced by previous training in 53.6% of cases (vs evidence-based medicine 7.1%). Although 89.3% were satisfied with their approach, 92.8% would consider changing practice if higher-level evidence was available. Conclusions: The majority of Canadian microsurgeons initiate dangling early and utilize venous couplers. However, the use of compressive garments is limited. Trends in management are largely based on personal experience. Nearly all surgeons would consider changing their practice if higher-level evidence was available.

In the history of Canada-Israel relations, the Harper decade (2006-2015) represents a moment of great intensity. Through the intransigence of the Canadian government's support for B. Netanyahu's government, media and experts saw a break with the traditional image of Canada as an "honest broker". The Harper government's speeches underscore a moral justification for exploring the roots of the Canadian Israeli rapprochement, particularly that of Christian Zionism. The conservative rupture of the 2000s, illustrating both a change in the political and religious landscape, allowed for the formation of a mainly evangelical and pro-Israeli religious right that weighed on the desire to conservatively redefine Canada's international image. Added to this is the political convergence of Zionist Christians, Conservative Jews, and members of the Conservative Party of Canada around pro-Israeli lobbying, which questions the weight of religious convictions on their formulation of Canadian national interests., Dans l’histoire des relations canado-israéliennes, la décennie Harper (2006-2015) représente un moment de grande intensité. À travers l’intransigeance du soutien du gouvernement canadien envers le gouvernement de B. Netanyahou, médias et experts ont pu voir une rupture vis-à-vis de l’image traditionnelle d’un Canada « médiateur impartial ». Les discours du gouvernement Harper soulignent une justification morale qui invite à explorer les racines du rapprochement canado-israélien, notamment celle du sionisme chrétien. De fait, la rupture conservatrice des années 2000, illustrant à la fois une mutation du paysage politique et religieux, a permis la formation d’une droite religieuse principalement évangélique et pro-israélienne qui a pesé sur la volonté de redéfinition conservatrice de l’image internationale du Canada. À cela s’ajoute une convergence politique des chrétiens sionistes, juifs conservateurs et membres du Parti Conservateur du Canada, autour du lobbying pro-israélien, qui interroge le poids des convictions religieuses sur leur formulation des intérêts nationaux canadiens.

En la post-Web 2.0, el papel del vídeo se ha vuelto cada vez más importante, tanto en el e-learning como en los sistemas de aprendizaje semipresencial. Este artículo pretende identificar cómo la anotación en vídeo puede ayudar a explorar la comunicación en la formación de profesores. Habida cuenta de la necesidad de tener en cuenta la gran diversidad de alumnos, el trabajo en colaboración y los intercambios en línea pueden contribuir a aumentar la comprensión de la comunicación intercultural. En primer lugar, comenzamos con una presentación de anotaciones en vídeo colaborativo para observar el lugar y el papel de la interacción en este sistema. A continuación, tratamos de descubrir elementos del proceso de diseño en un proyecto de investigación basado en el diseño sobre el celuloide, un dispositivo de anotación de vídeo a través de la descripción de dos experimentos: sus contextos, los vídeos utilizados, las modalidades de consulta y los procesos de anotación desarrollados para aumentar la interacción. In post-Web 2.0, the role of video has become increasingly important, both in e-learning and in blended learning systems. This article aims to identify how video annotation can help explore communication in teacher training. With the necessity to take into account the great diversity of pupils, collaborative work and online exchanges may help increase understanding of intercultural communication. Firstly, we begin with a presentation of collaborative video annotation to observe the place and the role of interaction in this system. Then, we seek to uncover elements of the design process in a design-based research project on Celluloid, a video annotation device through the description of two experiments: their contexts, the videos used, the consultation modalities and the annotation processes developed to increase interaction.

Cartographier et donner sens aux cultures visuelles numeriques constitue un enjeu majeur pour les chercheurs se situant dans le champ des humanites numeriques et pour les sociologues de la culture. Quelle que soit leur discipline, les chercheurs qui investissent ces nouveaux objets visuels sont d’abord confrontes a la question de la delimitation des frontieres de ces corpus. Afin de contribuer a cet effort epistemologique et methodologique, nous proposons ici d’experimenter un renversement de l’usage de l’image numerique, en la considerant en tant que “trace d’usage” rendant possible l’exploration d’espaces en ligne et la constitution de corpus originaux. A cette fin, nous proposons plus specifiquement d’utiliser des outils dits de “recherche inversee d’image”, dont nous discutons les apports et les limites dans la constitution d’un tel type de corpus.

Selon la theorie de la « lutte pour la reconnaissance » d’Axel Honneth, les societes contemporaines voient regulierement s’affronter differentes communautes, autour d’enjeux ayant trait a leur identite et a diverses questions « memorielles ». Or, certains entrepreneurs de memoire, menant ces luttes pour la reconnaissance, choisissent de faire avancer leur cause via le medium cinematographique. Aux cotes des intellectuels, des associations, des acteurs politiques, des journalistes engages dans ces luttes, on trouve donc des cineastes, dont la presence est parfois loin d’etre anecdotique. Nous evoquerons ici deux cas, emblematiques de la place que peuvent tenir les films de fiction dans un dispositif de lutte pour la reconnaissance : Platoon, dans le cadre de la lutte pour la reconnaissance des veterans du Vietnam aux Etats-Unis, et Indigenes, dans le cadre de la lutte pour la reconnaissance des anciens combattants de la Seconde Guerre mondiale issus des colonies en France.

International audience; The development of Listeria monocytogenes in cheeses made with raw-milk originating from six different farms and according to the Saint-Nectaire cheesemaking technology was studied. Milk was inoculated with two strains of L. monocytogenes at 5 to 10 CFU/25 ml. Microbial and chemical analyses were carried out at appropriate intervals during ripening. L. monocytogenes did not grow in the cores of cheeses prepared with milk originating from three farms. That inhibition could be partially attributed to the pH values and l-lactate content. There was no growth in cheeses with pH below 5.2 and lactate content around 14 mg/g. In all cheeses, L. monocytogenes stopped growing in the cores of cheeses after eight days and some other factors may be involved in the inhibition. No relation was found between L. monocytogenes count and other microbial counts. Growth occurred on cheese surfaces between eight and eighteen days, when the pH significantly increased. The lowest L. monocytogenes growth was found on the surface of cheeses with the lowest pH and without any core growth. Further studies will be performed to clarify the involvement of the microbial community in L. monocytogenes inhibition, in particular during the ripening period.

ResumeDe maniere generique, nous avons appele « entrepreneurs de memoire » les individus qui se fixent pour objectif de modifier la « memoire collective » d’une entite sociale telle qu’une nation. A partir du cas de la memorialisation de la guerre du Vietnam au Etats-Unis, nous avons tente de montrer que cette entreprise de construction ou de modification de la memoire collective pouvait s’effectuer, non seulement a travers le discours et l’action politiques classiques, mais aussi par le biais d’œuvres artistiques. On a donc tente de reconstruire les motivations de ces entrepreneurs ainsi que la signification des œuvres creees afin de « modifier la memoire collective ». En particulier on a detaille le processus de construction du Vietnam Veterans Memorial, monument national dedie aux veterans americains de la guerre du Vietnam, ainsi que les interactions entre ce monument et certains films de fiction portant sur le conflit americano-vietnamien. En ce sens, nous avons utilise l’expression « films-monuments », afin de designer ces fictions dont la signification est autant commemorative que ludique ou « esthetique ».

Durant les annees quatre-vingt-dix, de nouvelles fetes techno, les raves ou free parties, font leur apparition sur le territoire francais et y rencontrent un immense succes. Dans les autres pays europeens, ou la musique techno est pourtant tout aussi repandue, le developpement des free parties reste limite et n’atteint a aucun moment le gigantesque « phenomene de societe » que seules ont connu la Grande-Bretagne puis la France. Or, cette exception franco-britannique dans la maniere d’organiser et de participer a des fetes techno n’a pour l’instant recu aucune explication. Il est possible de developper une serie d’hypotheses permettant d’expliquer l’apparition et le developpement de ces mouvements, en se referant aux raisons et aux interactions d’individus places au sein de contextes nationaux precis : en mettant notamment en lumiere la maniere dont les politiques des gouvernements britanniques puis francais, confrontes a l’emergence de differents groupes sociaux specifiques, ont pu contribuer a la creation et a la diffusion du phenomene des free parties.

Internet en tant que lieu de circulation des connaissances offre au grand public des opportunites de prise de parole et d’interaction entre experts et non-experts. On y observe de nombreuses controverses sur le rechauffement climatique, prenant des formes differentes en fonction des dispositifs sociotechniques dans lesquelles elles s’inscrivent. Cet article se focalise sur trois dispositifs d’interaction en ligne (forums, espace de commentaire d’articles, discussions entre contributeurs sur Wikipedia). Les forums et les espaces de commentaires se distinguent par leurs modalites d’identification de l’expertise des participants, mais l’absence d’objectif commun et de procedure de regulation ne permet pas de produire un savoir partage. Sur Wikipedia, les modalites de regulation humaines et automatisees permettent aux contributeurs experts et non-experts d’interagir en vue de la production de connaissance.

The horizontal and vertical variability of “total” soil microbial biomass measured by the fumigation-extraction method (FEM), and the extraction efficiency coefficient K EC , were investigated at the plot scale in an unfertilized soil and in a dairy manure-treated (100 t ha −1 ) soil. Soil cores (0–60 cm) were taken according to a balanced nested sampling design and were sectioned into 20-cm increments. Microbial biomass was measured by the fumigation-extraction method (FEM), and the K EC was determined by in situ 14 C-labelling; total and soluble C were also measured on all samples. Manure application increased the variability of all measured properties at the 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm depths. The range was generally inferior to 0.1 m in the unfertilized plot and between 0.1 and 1 m in the manure-treated plot. Microbial biomass spatial variability was similar to that of total C, and was highly correlated with total C throughout the soil profile. At the plot scale, sampling distances of greater than 1 m were required to adequately measure biomass. K EC values did not correlate with organic carbon, soluble carbon, clay or silt content. K EC values for soils sampled from all depths fell within the range of 0.30 to 0.43, close to the commonly used consensus value of about 0.4. However, the K EC for subsurface soil samples was significantly lower and more variable than that for surface soils. The results of this study suggest that using K EC values for surface soils to calculate subsurface soil biomass using the FEM would result in a significant underestimate of the true subsurface soil biomass value.

We investigated whether the chloroform fumigation extraction (CFE) method could be used to determine the microbial biomass in subsurface soils. The structure of microbial communities may vary over depth and the distribution of their cellular components may result in variations in the value of the calibration coefficient Kec. To verify whether this is so, we adopted a procedure based on in situ labelling of the microbial biomass using 14C-labelled carbon substrates. This procedure was evaluated under different operating conditions, by changing the chemical type (glucose or acetate), and the amount and duration of contact with the tracer substrates. Experimental data support two main conclusions. First, realistic values of the Kec coefficient can be obtained for subsoil microflora as long as they are determined under nutrient conditions similar to those prevailing in the natural environment. Second, a relationship exists between the value of the Kec coefficient and the depth in the soil profile.

International audience; Raw milk cheeses show a wide diversity of sensorial characteristics, largely determined by the microflora of raw milk. Microbial dynamics in Registered Designation of Origin (R.D.O.) Salers cheese was assessed by DNA and RNA SSCP analysis on nine cheeses. These cheeses showed considerable diversity both in microbial dynamics and sensorial characteristics. Relationships between the sensorial characteristics and the microbial dynamics were studied. A global consideration of bacterial dynamics demonstrated that other bacteria than lactic acid bacteria can play a role in the elaboration of sensorial characteristics. Indeed, high CG% Gram-positive bacteria can be involved. DNA data, as well as RNA data, appeared relevant to attempts to explain sensorial variance. Correlations between sensorial and microbial data were rather complex. Several microbial variables for DNA and RNA analyses, noted at different times of analysis, were correlated to each sensory variable. A global view of cheese microbial community proved to be insufficient in explaining the diversity of the sensorial qualities of R.D.O. Salers cheese.

An attempt at classifying the influence of different characteristics of milk and cheesemaking on the rheological properties of Abondance cheese is presented. Abondance is a traditional farmhouse French hard cheese with protected denomination of origin (PDO). Thirty-nine cheeses made from unpasteurized cows' milk were sampled. Spline partial least squares regression was used to relate milk properties and cheesemaking practices to rheological properties of the six-month-old cheeses. These properties were the deformability modulus and the strain and stress at fracture measured by compression. Milk properties and technological practices had overall the same degree of relationship with the rheological properties investigated: plasminogen-derived activity in milk and mineral-protein equilibrium, on the one hand, and brining and resting, on the other hand. However, acidification kinetics and 1-d pH, which result from both milk properties and technological practices, showed the strongest relationships with rheological characteristics. Factors that were most appropriate for modelling Abondance rheological properties are discussed.

International audience; The relationships between the texture and composition of Abondance cheese (Haute-Savoie, France) and the milk used for its production, were investigated under real conditions of cheese production. Ten different types of pasture, exploited by three producers, were involved. Milk characteristics, linked to the type of pasture, affected cheese texture, as did the cheesemaking process. Cheeses from milk produced on mountain pastures (M, n = 5, 1 500-1 850 m) exhibited different rheological properties from those produced with milk from valley pastures (V, n = 5, 850-1 100 m): they were less elastic and less deformable. Rheological characteristics were mainly linked to the proportion of 18 atoms of carbon unsaturated fatty acids, which was higher in M milks, and to the proteolysis of cheese. Plasmin activity, which was higher in M milks, could enhance primary proteolysis in the corresponding cheeses. Differences in sensory texture, which were greater between M cheeses than between V cheeses, were attributed to variations in moisture and salt content. These differences could be linked to the cheesemaking process and also to the characteristics of milks, such as their pH-value and acidifying ability.; Relations entre la texture de fromages d'Abondance, leur composition, et celle des laits produits par des vaches pâturant différents types de pelouse. Les relations entre la texture du fromage d'Abondance (Haute-Savoie, France), sa composition et celle du lait utilisé pour sa fabrication ont été étudiées dans des conditions réelles de production du fromage. Dix pâturages différents, exploités par 3 producteurs, ont été étudiés. Les caractéristiques du lait, liées aux types de pâturage ont joué un rôle dans l'élaboration de la texture, de même que les paramètres de fabrication. Les fromages fabriqués à partir de laits produits sur des pâturages de montagne (M, n = 5, 1 500-1 850 m) étaient moins élastiques et moins déformables que les fromages issus de laits produits sur des pâturages de vallée (V, n = 5, 850-1 100 m). Ces caractéristiques rhéologiques étaient liées principalement à la teneur en acides gras insaturés à 18 atomes de carbone des laits, plus élevée dans les laits M, et à la protéolyse des fromages. La plasmine, plus active dans les laits M, contribuerait à une protéolyse primaire plus importante dans ces fromages. Les fromages M présentaient une plus grande diversité de texture que les fromages V, en partie associée à des différences de teneurs en eau et en sel. Ces différences seraient liées à la technologie mise en oeuvre et à certaines caractéristiques du lait comme son pH et son aptitude à s'acidifier.

The herbicide atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-tnazine) is widely used in the production of corn and several other crops. It is moderately mobile in soil and is frequently detected in surface water and groundwater. The objective of this study was to determine if incorporating manure into a soil cropped to corn influenced the rate or pathway of atrazine dissipation. Soil cores (0–60 cm) were taken from two field plots in continuous corn one unfertilized the other receiving an annual application of 100 t manure ha−1 for each of the last 4 yr. The cores were sectioned into 20-cm increments, and subsamples used to prepare soil slurries amended with 2.5 to 25 μg atrazine mL−1 slurry. These were incubated with shaking at room temperature for up to 2 mo. Chemical analysis of extractable atrazine revealed that the herbicide was completely and rapidly degraded after a variable lag period of as short as about 18 d. Samples from each of the three depths degraded atrazine. [U-Ring-14C]atrazine was quickly and completely converted to carbon dioxide through the intermediate of hydroxyzine by activated soil slurries. The lag period prior to atrazine removal was significantly shorter in soil from the manure-treated plot. Stable enrichment cultures transferred at weekly intervals continued to mineralize atrazine confirming that atrazine-metabolizing microorganisms were responsible for atrazine degradation in this soil. Key words: Soil atrazine dissipation, herbicide biodegradation, manure incorporation

Des hommes et des dieux, sorti sur les ecrans en septembre 2010, evoque l’histoire vraie des moines de Tibhirine, de 1993 jusqu’a leur enlevement en 1996. Mais quel est exactement le « message » qu’ont voulu nous transmettre ses createurs ? La foi chretienne est-elle simplement le sujet du film, ou peut-on voir ici la volonte de transmettre quelque chose comme un « temoignage » chretien ? De maniere connexe, on peut egalement se demander comment interpreter le grand succes que le film a rencontre. S’agit-il simplement d’un interet culturel, politique ou historique, vis-a-vis des evenements decrits ? Est-ce une question d’esthetique ? Ou l’attrait du film reside-t-il plutot dans le questionnement proprement religieux qu’il propose, et qui rencontrerait un echo dans une partie de la population ?

International audience; In this paper we explain how macro-cells (real PDP cells scaled-up a hundred times) with external and removable electrodes have been validated by comparison with real panels and modeling and used to optimize the luminous efficacy of real PDPs. We illustrate the application of the macroscopic PDP tool to optimize the electrode configuration of short-gap discharges towards higher luminous efficacy, as well as its use in conjunction with 2D and 3D modeling to lower the operating voltages of high-efficacy long-gap discharges triggered by auxiliary electrodes.

We have developed highly resolved spatio-temporal optical emission spectroscopy to investigate the discharge characteristics of coplanar type ac plasma-display panels (AC-PDPs). Spatio-temporal emission profiles were measured for relevant lines of atomic He, Ne, Xe, and ionic Xe in He-Xe and Ne-Xe systems with various Xe concentrations and total gas pressures. The surface-discharge behavior in coplanar PDPs has been clarified.

International audience

National audience; L'article restitue les observations d’un dispositif de médiation numérique organisé à l’adresse des parents pour mettre en discussion les enjeux des usages des écrans. Celles-ci se sont déroulées alors que la controverse publique sur les dangers des écrans bat son plein. L’on constate ainsi les dilemmes et les interrogations que les parents rencontrent, parfois leur désarroi devant les injonctions contradictoires auxquelles ils sont pratiquement surexposés. Dans ce contexte, l’invitation à une posture éducative et relationnelle face aux écrans fait l’objet de réceptions paradoxales.

International audience

Un livre collaboratif, édité en temps réel pendant les 2 jours du Edcamp ‘Les Humanités numériques pour l’éducation‘ à l’ICP – 1 et 2 septembre 2016. Edité par Michaël Bourgatte, Mikaël Ferloni & Laurent Tessier. ISBN : 979-10-92305-19-7.; International audience

International audience

International audience