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International audience; The concept of commons is part of the long history of the Moroccan peasantry. Traditionally, many natural resources, such as water for irrigation, collective lands and common pastures or the forests were governed by community principles derived from customary rules, like in the 'agdal' system for example. However, these collective systems have been greatly weakened over the years. Firstly, these organisations, inherited from the traditional hierarchical system of local politics, had produced sometimes unjust and inefficient systems of resource distribution to the advantage of the most powerful. Secondly, rural communities were From rural to urban areas: new trends and challenges for the commons in Morocco Recto running head : THE JOURNAL OF NORTH AFRICAN STUDIES Verso running head : B. ROMAGNY ET AL.

A partir des usages et representations que les services forestiers et les communautes du Maroc rural se font du cairn, monticule rocheux servant de borne, le propos de cet article est de montrer comment l’ontologie naturaliste vehiculee par le code forestier s’oppose a l’ontologie analogique locale sur le statut a donner a la frontiere entre espace cultive et foret. Pour le code forestier, le cairn se resume strictement a une borne de cadastre fidele a une optique de topographe dans le cadre d’une organisation technocratique de l’espace. L’usage que les communautes du Maroc rural se font des cairns est bien plus polyvoque. Si delimiter est une des fonctions attribuees au cairn, il est aussi percu comme une borne d’etape de saint, comme un point de rencontre entre le monde des humains (l’espace cultive) et celui des genies (la foret), comme un belvedere et comme un lieu rituel. Alors que le code forestier se limite a voir dans le cairn un outil pour transposer une rationalite de droits dans le territoire, les communautes l’inscrivent dans une semiotique de l’espace. Malgre ces ecarts de points de vue, dans la pratique les cairns de domanialisation de la foret s’averent etre des points de negociation des ontologies resultant des interactions complexes entre forestiers et paysans. Dans la region d’Essaouira, l’appropriation symbolique de l’intervention du forestier par les communautes berberophones se realise par l’investissement rituel du bornage domanial par les femmes. Au final, l’article tentera de demontrer que la negociation des ontologies autour du cairn a pour effet l’hybridation des modalites de gestion forestiere, et donc des politiques publiques. Abstract: Drawing on the representations and uses that rural communities and forest management services in Morocco entertain about the cairn, a rocky mound used as a marker, this article discusses the way in which the naturalist ontology of forest management codes contrasts with the local analogic ontology regarding the status given to the boundary between cultivated space and forest. In the forest management code, the cairn is a marker to be used in cadastral plans following a topographical and technocratic organisation of space. The way rural communities make use of the cairn is much more polysemic. If one of the purposes of the cairn is to establish boundaries, it is also seen as a saint stop-off, as a middle point between the human world (cultivated space) and that of the genies (forest), as a belvedere, and as a ritual space. While the forest management code considers the cairn as an instrument that transfers a rights-based rationality over the territory, the communities incorporate it in a semiotics of space. Notwithstanding these differences, in practice, the forest’s domain-marking cairns are ontological points of negotiation resulting from the encounter between forest rangers and peasants. In the Essaouira region, the symbolic appropriation by Berber-speaking communities of forest rangers’ interventions is realised through women’s ritual investment in domain-marking. This article illustrates how the negotiation of ontologies around the cairn engenders hybrid modalities of forest management and, thus, of public policies.

Mediterranean forests are found in the Mediterranean basin, California, the South African Cape Province, South and southwestern Australia and parts of Central Chile. They represent 1.8 % of the world forest areas of which the vast majority is found in the Mediterranean basin, where historical and paleogeographic episodes, long-term human influence and geographical and climatic contrasts have created ecosystemic diversity and heterogeneity. Even if evergreen is dominant, deciduous trees are also represented, with different forest types including dense stands with a closed canopy (forests sensu stricto) and pre-forestal or pre-steppic structures with lower trees density and height. The Mediterranean basin is also a hot spot of forest species and genetic diversity, with 290 woody species versus only 135 for non-Mediterranean Europe. However, the characteristics of the Mediterranean area (long-standing anthropogenic pressure, significant current human activity and broad biodiversity) make it one of the world’s regions most threatened by current changes. Four examples of Mediterranean forest types, present in south and north of the Mediterranean basin and more or less threatened, are developed in order to show that linking “hard sciences” and humanities and social sciences is necessary to understand these complex ecosystems. We show also that these forests, in spite of specific climatic constraints, can also be healthy and productive and play a major ecological and social role. Furthermore, even if the current human activity and global change constitute a risk for these exceptional ecosystems, Mediterranean forests represent a great asset and opportunities for the future of the Mediterranean basin.

International audience; Through economic and geographical cross-disciplinary approaches based on case studies illustrating the current endogenous and exogenous transformations of the use of common resources in Morocco, the aim of this article is to question the evolution of the notion of commons. Is it still relevant to refer to commons when rural communities have frequently lost the power to govern local natural common-pool resources, such as agricultural water, grasslands, or certain types of forests, to the benefit of the state or the private sector? We question the current role of national public authorities who have supported the rise of a production-driven organization, particularly in the context of the “Green Morocco Plan.” Thus, the preservation of natural resources, collective management systems, and traditional expertise have too often been neglected.; À travers les regards croisés de l’économie et de la géographie, et sur la base de plusieurs études de cas démonstratives des transformations en cours au Maroc des usages des ressources communautaires, à la fois endogènes et en lien avec des impulsions extérieures, l’objectif de cet article est d’interroger l’évolution de la notion de communs dans un contexte de crise de ces derniers. Est-il encore possible de parler de communs dans des situations où les communautés rurales se trouvent le plus souvent dessaisies, au profit de l’État et du secteur privé, des prérogatives qui étaient les leurs en matière de gouvernance locale de ressources collectives telles que l’eau agricole, les pâturages ou certaines forêts ? Cette réflexion nous amène à interroger le rôle actuel des pouvoirs publics marocains, notamment dans le cadre du Plan Maroc Vert, qui appuient l’émergence d’un mode d’organisation à vocation productiviste, négligeant trop souvent la préservation des ressources naturelles, des systèmes de gestion et des savoir-faire traditionnels collectifs.

Aims To explore the involvement of a distraction task in involuntary reflex pelvic floor muscle contraction following cough. Methods Informed consent was obtained from 33 healthy volunteers. Involuntary contraction of the external anal sphincter (EAS) was induced by means of coughing. Cough efforts were elicited by electronic order. The electromyographic (EMG) activity of the EAS was recorded during involuntary contraction elicited by coughing. The trials were carried out twice: combined (or not) with a mental distraction task; the paced auditory serial additional test (PASAT). Reaction time (RT) defined as latency between the stimulus and maximum EAS EMG activity (RT1), latency between the stimulus and external intercostal (EIC) muscle EMG activity (RT2), latency between EIC EMG activity and EAS EMG activity (RT3), duration of the contraction, and the area under the EAS EMG activity curve (perineal contraction) were measured. Results The distraction task altered anticipation of the PFM contraction: RT3 was −80.00 ms (IQR −107; −56) without the PASAT versus −56.67 ms (IQR: −94; −2) with the distraction task (ratio 0.71, P = 0.0045, Wilcoxon test). RT2 was altered during the distraction task: 583.33 ms (IQR: 344–775) without PASAT versus 652.71 ms (503–790) during PASAT (ratio 1.12, P = 0.031, Wilcoxon test). Finally, when the two conditions (respectively with and without the mental distraction task) were compared, there was a significant difference between the area under the EAS EMG activity curve (0.0115 mv sec vs. 0.0103 mv sec, ratio 0.90, P = 0.023). Conclusions The mental distraction task altered involuntary reflex contraction of the pelvic floor muscles. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:160–165, 2017. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Resume Il est generalement admis que la metallurgie est apparue au Maroc sous l’influence iberique au cours du deuxieme millenaire avant notre ere (3800–3200 BP). Partant de l’analyse des representations rupestres de haches « a tranchant en eventail » reparties en trois principaux types, nous proposons l’hypothese d’une invention independante et endogene de la metallurgie dans le sud marocain. Dans un premier temps, nous discuterons les implications chronologiques de cette proposition qui sera ensuite confrontee aux donnees historiques et ethnologiques disponibles. Plusieurs elements etayent l’hypothese d’un peuplement noir de chasseurs nomades etabli sur la rive nord du Sahara marocain. Ce peuplement probablement assimile par la societe paleoberbere des la fin du Neolithique serait l’inventeur de la hache « Metgourine » et de la metallurgie. Telle est notre hypothese etayee par un faisceau d’elements qui empruntent a differents domaines.

La notion de patrimoine connait aujourd’hui un succes croissant aupres des institutions nationales et internationales, inspirant au Maroc de nouvelles strategies publiques, le Pilier 2 du plan « Maroc vert » par exemple (BERRIANE, 2010). La mise en patrimoine de la nature et de la biodiversite, et plus recemment des savoirs traditionnels, s’affirme comme l’un des principaux outils du developpement durable et des politiques de conservation (CORMIER-SALEM et al., 2002, 2005). Le plateau du Yagour, perche a plus de 2 000 metres d’altitude dans le Haut-Atlas de Marrakech, permet de poser de maniere exemplaire la question patrimoniale dans les espaces ruraux des pays du Sud.

International audience; L'huile d'argan du Maroc, produite à partir d'un arbre géré séculairement par les populations locales au sein d'un écosystème forestier très domestiqué, a fait l'objet de nombreuses opérations de valorisation et de patrimonialisation. Partant de l'analyse des mobilisations par plusieurs catégories d'acteurs, des savoirs locaux relatifs à la gestion de l'arganier et de ses produits, nous discutons de la façon dont la confrontation des imaginaires, des cadres normatifs et des modèles de développement des uns et des autres ont conduit à se focaliser sur les savoirs liés à la production de l'huile en effaçant ceux de l'amont, moins visibles. Cela nous conduit à analyser comment des formes de reconnaissance des savoirs locaux peuvent conduire à séparer des connaissances interdépendantes, et induire des dynamiques sociocognitives et socioenvironnementales elles aussi dissociatives. Il importe alors d'évaluer l'impact que peuvent avoir ces mobilisations sélectives des savoirs sur les dynamiques et les résiliences des systèmes socioécologiques en présence.

International audience; Human bodies are processed by a configural processing mechanism. Evidence supporting this claim is the body inversion effect, in which inversion impairs recognition of bodies more than other objects. Biomechanical configuration, as well as both visual and embodied expertise, has been demonstrated to play an important role in this effect. Nevertheless, the important factor of body inversion effect may also be linked to gravity orientation since gravity is one of the most fundamental constraints of our biology, behavior, and perception on Earth. The visual presentation of an inverted body in a typical body inversion paradigm turns the observed body upside down but also inverts the implicit direction of visual gravity in the scene. The orientation of visual gravity is then in conflict with the direction of actual gravity and may influence configural processing. To test this hypothesis, we dissociated the orientations of the body and of visual gravity by manipulating body posture. In a pretest we showed that it was possible to turn an avatar upside down (inversion relative to retinal coordinates) without inverting the orientation of visual gravity when the avatar stands on his/her hands. We compared the inversion effect in typical conditions (with gravity conflict when the avatar is upside down) to the inversion effect in conditions with no conflict between visual and physical gravity. The results of our experiment revealed that the inversion effect, as measured by both error rate and reaction time, was strongly reduced when there was no gravity conflict. Our results suggest that when an observed body is upside down (inversion relative to participants' retinal coordinates) but the orientation of visual gravity is not, configural processing of bodies might still be possible. In this paper, we discuss the implications of an internal model of gravity in the configural processing of observed bodies.

This study addresses the relation between lexico-semantic body knowledge (i.e., body semantics) and spatial body representation (i.e., structural body representation) by analyzing naming performances as a function of body structural topography. One hundred and forty-one children ranging from 5 years 2 months to 10 years 5 months old were asked to provide a lexical label for isolated body part pictures. We compared the children's naming performances according to the location of the body parts (body parts vs. head features and also upper vs. lower limbs) or to their involvement in motor skills (distal segments, joints, and broader body parts). The results showed that the children's naming performance was better for facial body parts than for other body parts. Furthermore, it was found that the naming of body parts was better for body parts related to action. These findings suggest that the development of a spatial body representation shapes the elaboration of semantic body representation processing. Moreover, this influence was not limited to younger children. In our discussion of these results, we focus on the important role of action in the development of body representations and semantic organization.

Objectives To determine whether a strong urge to void could affect a person's attentional performance. To determine whether an attentional task could decrease a strong urge to void a prospective study was performed. Subjects and Methods Healthy adults were asked to perform two neuropsychological tests, the modified Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (mPASAT) and the Psychology Experiment Building Language Continuous Performance Test (pCPT), under two different conditions: no need to void, and a strong urge to void defined by a score of >70/100 mm on a visual analogue scale. Results In all, 21 healthy volunteers were included. There was no statistical difference between the mPASAT scores from the two sessions (P = 0.57). The mean total error score of the pCPT increased with the individual's urge to void (P = 0.043). The mean omission score decreased, but was not statistically different (P = 0.129), the commission error score increased with the urge to void (P = 0.017), with a shorter reaction time for the inter-stimuli intervals of 1 (P

AIM Distraction task (DT), which led to a modification of voluntary and involuntary reflex pelvic floor muscle (PFM) activation, might potentiate urinary incontinence, through an alteration of the temporal course between intra-abdominal pressure and PFM contraction. We evaluated whether cognitive rehabilitation (dual-task method) could prevent the effect of a mental distraction task on the reaction time of PFM contraction. METHODS Thirty-nine healthy volunteers underwent two sessions of electromyographic (EMG) PFM recordings separated by a 2-week interval. We recorded external anal sphincter EMG activity during voluntary and involuntary PFM contraction with and without a DT (Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task). Two main parameters were recorded: RT1 (latency between an order for PFM contraction and the onset of the external anal sphincter EMG activation during voluntary PFM contraction) and RT3 (latency between the onset of the involuntary external anal sphincter EMG activation and the onset of the external intercostal muscle EMG activation during involuntary PFM contraction). Volunteers were randomized (ratio 1:2) in two groups: dual task cognitive (an attentional test, the n-back test, and PFM exercises) rehabilitation program (n = 13) and control group (n = 26). The control group had no specific instructions and did not have to do PFM exercises. RESULTS Concerning voluntary PFM contraction, following a 2-week interval, in the study group RT1 in DT conditions decreased from 461.11 ms [357.14-557.41] to 290.74 ms [262.96-308.88] (ratio 0.63, P = 0.0063). In the control group, RT1 in DT conditions was not significantly different. Concerning involuntary PFM contraction, in the study group RT3 without a DT increased from −68.52 ms [−107.40; −40] to −127.78 ms [−163.06; −93.33] (ratio 1.86, P = 0.0327). In DT conditions, in the study group RT3 increased from −42.59 ms [−52.09; −6.66] to −59.25 ms [−119.44; −44.44] (ratio 1.39, P = 0.0478). CONCLUSION The alteration of the reaction time of PFM provoked by a distraction task can be prevented by specific cognitive rehabilitation.

Introduction Autism features and various degrees of cognitive deficit are reported in patients with PCDH-19 mutations and epilepsy. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and, often, cognitive profile are usually assessed clinically. We studied autism phenotype and cognitive outcome in a series of patients using standardized tools for development and ASD. We aimed to describe the phenotype of ASD in this series and to understand whether ASD is strictly linked to intellectual disability (ID) or is present as a comorbidity. Methods Eight females aged 5 to 17 years old with PCDH-19 mutations and epilepsy were recruited. For ASD diagnosis, the Autism Diagnostic Interview — Revised (ADI-R) and the Autism Diagnosis Observation Schedule (ADOS) were administered. Patients underwent a neuropsychological examination with tests measuring global intellectual efficiency (WPPSI-III and WISC-IV), language, and executive and social cognition abilities. Parental adaptive behavioral questionnaires were also obtained (VABS, CBCL, and BRIEF). Results Six out of eight patients presented with ASD and ID. Two patients had neither ASD nor ID, and both had the latest age of onset for their epilepsy. All cognitive functions were deficient, but theory-of-mind abilities compared to other cognitive features were even impaired. Features of ASD lacked major repetitive and stereotyped behaviors and show some differences with the classical ASD features related to ID. Conclusion Our results show a large spectrum of ID and a very high rate of ASD in patients with epilepsy and PCDH-19 mutations. Autism spectrum disorder seems to be a genuine comorbidity, more than a consequence of ID. It highlights the importance of standardized psychiatric and cognitive evaluation in order to establish a tailored rehabilitation program.

International audience

Situee dans le Nord-Ouest tunisien, la Khroumirie est un massif montagneux de faible altitude (carte n° 1), qui presente un milieu original, caracterise par un couvert forestier important (photo n° 1) et un climat mediterraneen humide (jusqu’a plus de 1 500 mm de precipitations moyennes annuelles), au sein d’un pays principalement marque par les contraintes de l’aridite. Cela se traduit par des enjeux environnementaux particulierement importants, qui se focalisent sur des ressources naturelle...

Objective: Tactile localization on the skin involves both a somatotopic and a postural schema (body-schema) representation. The present study determines the extent to which body posture influences tactile perception in right-brain-damaged patients. Method: In a first set of experiments, patients were asked to detect single tactile stimulation delivered to their left or right hands or to both hands simultaneously (double stimulation) in different arm postures. Only patients who had no difficulty localizing single and double tactile stimulations when their hands were placed in anatomic position were tested. Participant's hands were crossed, one over the other, and the tactile stimuli were delivered either to the hand (beyond the crossing point, Experiment 1) or to the forearm (before the crossing point, Experiment 2). In Experiment 3, the left hand was placed in the right hemispace and the right hand in the left hemispace without crossing over (opposite condition). In a second set of experiments, patients were asked to detect stimulation delivered to the forefinger. The fingers were crossed, one over the other at the level of the middle phalanx, and stimuli were delivered either beyond or before the crossing point. Results: In all experimental conditions, control participants performed at ceiling. We observed a left-hand tactile extinction on double stimulation in the crossed condition. Conclusions: These results suggest that tactile stimuli can be encoded based on multiple specific body-part representations rather than on an integrated body-schema representation.

Denree prisee par des grands cuisiniers ou composant de cosmetiques de luxe, l’huile d’argan marocaine presentee commercialement comme un produit fabrique par les femmes, issue d’un arbre forestier et de pratiques purement sylvicoles, suscite depuis quelques annees un interet soudain de la part de divers marches. Cependant, malgre la celebrite de cette huile, vague est la representation que se font les consommateurs de son origine, hormis l’image d’Epinal d’un arbre a chevre endemique au Maroc, l’arganier (argania spinosa), dont les fruits a noix donnent une huile aux vertus miraculeuses. A l’aube de la creation d’une appellation d’origine sur l’huile d’argan, une reflexion scientifique ayant pour objet de cerner l’impact sur les pratiques et savoirs locaux provoque par l’explosion du marche de l’huile d’argan et par la multiplication des acteurs de developpement dans la « zone arganeraie » semble s’imposer. A partir de l’exemple des politiques de valorisation de la filiere huile d’argan, cette article demontre l’existence d’un processus de naturalisation des ecosystemes, d’abord symbolique puis pratique, engendre par l’action des developpeurs.

Les communautes rurales des Ait Bouguemez ont toujours su mettre en œuvre et maintenir des formes variees de gestion collective d'un certain nombre de territoires et de ressources naturelles. Cependant, dans un contexte de fortes mutations, les modes d'organisation coutumiers sont confrontes aux institutions modernes ainsi qu'aux nouvelles strategies publiques de developpement rural. L'un des defis a relever dans de telles zones serait de reussir un processus de decentralisation permettant de conserver l'efficacite des modes de gestion traditionnels des ressources naturelles, tout en assurant une entente entre les interets qui animent les differents pouvoirs en jeu.

Introduction Le traitement visuel de postures corporelles presentees a l’endroit est plus rapide que le traitement de ces memes postures presentees a l’envers. Cet effet, nomme effet d’inversion des corps, serait lie a la perturbation d’un mecanisme de traitement configural specifique aux corps humains lorsqu’ils sont presentes a l’envers. La configuration biomecanique des corps presentes et l’expertise visuelle des participants ont ete avancees comme les principaux facteurs de l’effet d’inversion. Cependant, la presentation visuelle d’un corps a l’envers inverse non seulement le corps observe mais egalement la direction de la gravite de la scene qui est alors opposee a la gravite physique. L’inversion des corps induirait donc un conflit d’orientation de gravite qui pourrait affecter le traitement configural. Materiel et methodes Afin de tester cette hypothese, nous avons utilise le paradigme d’inversion en manipulant la posture des corps pour dissocier l’orientation de la gravite de la scene visuelle de celle des corps presentes. Resultats Lorsqu’il y avait un conflit de gravite, les participants ont reconnu les corps a l’endroit plus rapidement que les corps inverses (effet d’inversion classique). En revanche, ils ont reconnu les corps a l’envers aussi rapidement que les corps a l’endroit lorsqu’il n’y avait pas de conflit de gravite. Discussion–conclusion Nos resultats suggerent que lorsqu’un corps est inverse sans induire de conflit d’orientation de gravite, une analyse configurale des corps resterait possible. Le modele interne de gravite pourrait jouer un role non negligeable dans le traitement configural visuel des corps.

International audience; Objective: Numerous studies using dual-task paradigms (postural and cognitive) have shown that postural control requires cognitive resources. However, the influence of postural control on attention components has never been directly addressed. Method: Using the attention network test (ANT), which assesses specifically each of the 3 components of attention—alertness, orientation, and executive control—within a single paradigm, we investigated the effect of postural balance demand on these 3 components. Forty-two participants completed the ANT in 3 postural conditions: (a) supine, a very stable position; (b) sitting on a chair, an intermediate position; and (c) standing with feet lined up heel to toe, a very instable position known as the Romberg position. Results: Our results revealed that the difficulty of postural control does modulate alerting in such a way that it improves with the level of instability of the position. Regarding the orienting and executive control components of attention, performance was not different when participants were standing upright or seated, whereas in the supine position, performance dropped. Conclusions: The strong and specific interaction between postural control and the alerting system suggests that these mechanisms may share parts of the underlying neural circuits. We discuss the possible implication of the locus coeruleus, known to be involved in both postural balance and alerting. Also, our findings concerning orienting and executive control systems suggest that supine posture could have a specific effect on cognitive activities. These effects are discussed in terms of particularities resulting from the supine position.

We studied preparatory attention in patients suffering from frontotemporal dementia in the beginning stages of the disease, using an experimental test developed by LaBerge, Auclair, and Siéroff (2000). In this experimental test, a distracter can appear while subjects have to prepare to respond to a simple target. The probability that a distracter can appear in a trial is varied across three blocks. Normal controls show an increase of response times to targets (slope) as a function of the distracter probability, preparatory attention to the target is reduced by the increase of the distracter probability. Patients suffering from frontotemporal dementia show a slope of response times which is more than twice as large as the slope obtained by their matched controls. Such an abnormal increase of response times to targets is interpreted as a deficit in preparatory attention. Patients also show more omissions than controls. We suggest that this deficit in preparatory attention is related to the frontal lesion presented by the patients and can result in higher distractibility, a symptom frequently encountered in these patients.

International audience

International audience; Cette approche pluridisciplinaire (archéologie, écoanthropologie,paléoécologie, géographie) s'appuie sur la comparaison de plusieurssites de gravures (dans le Haut-Atlas et la vallée du Draa auMaroc, dans le Wadi Abu Subeira en Egypte) pour analyser l'évolutionsur le temps long de l'expression rupestre en relation avec celledes contextes socioécologiques. Les gravures rupestres, en tant quetémoignages historiques réservant souvent une large place aux représentationsanimales et aux activités se déroulant dans les margesdésertiques, sont pourtant en mesure d'apporter une contributionimportante à la compréhension des relations homme-environnementsur le temps long: adaptation, transformation, résilience des systèmessocioécologiques (Folke et al.. 2010). Le présent projet s'inscrit dansune perspective d'écoanthropologie historique (histoire écologique del'homme) à l'échelle de la région sud méditerranéenne et tire son originalitéd'une démarche interdisciplinaire. Il s'intéresse à la fois auxenvironnements passés et aux contextes contemporains souvent négligéspar les programmes archéologiques: les représentations localesde l'art rupestre et les traditions orales, les contextes agropastoraux etgéographiques actuels ...

International audience

To determine whether a strong urge to void could affect a person's attentional performance. To determine whether an attentional task could decrease a strong urge to void a prospective study was performed.Healthy adults were asked to perform two neuropsychological tests, the modified Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (mPASAT) and the Psychology Experiment Building Language Continuous Performance Test (pCPT), under two different conditions: no need to void, and a strong urge to void defined by a score of70/100 mm on a visual analogue scale.In all, 21 healthy volunteers were included. There was no statistical difference between the mPASAT scores from the two sessions (P = 0.57). The mean total error score of the pCPT increased with the individual's urge to void (P = 0.043). The mean omission score decreased, but was not statistically different (P = 0.129), the commission error score increased with the urge to void (P = 0.017), with a shorter reaction time for the inter-stimuli intervals of 1 (P0.001) and 2 s (P = 0.036), suggesting a tendency to hurry.A strong urge to void can alter attentional performance, with a tendency to hurry, in healthy volunteers taking part in a sustained attention test pCPT involving the use of the anterior cingulate cortex.

Dans la montagne marocaine, les relations entre forestiers et paysans sont principalement analysées en termes d’opposition : entre une approche réglementaire et administrative d’une part, des stratégies paysannes et communautaires de résistance, d’autre part. Cette lecture bipolaire s’avère insuffisante pour appréhender la question forestière dans sa complexité et analyser la diversité des interactions entre forestiers et paysans. Ainsi, les espaces frontières, localisés aux confins des territoires des communautés rurales, objet de conflits d’usage entre les groupes et d’une dégradation des ressources importantes, sont investis par l’administration forestière. C’est dans ces espaces qu’elle y installe préférentiellement des reboisements protégés par des mises en défens pastorales, lesquelles sont interprétées par les villageois en référence au registre coutumier (agdal du forestier). Le but de cet article est de montrer que dans ces situations, le forestier est amené à endosser les habits du « saint» — personnage doté de la baraka divine intervenant traditionnellement dans l’arbitrage des conflits en milieu tribal — pour faire oeuvre de pacification du territoire. Loin d’être anecdotiques, les enjeux sociaux et écologiques des espaces frontières mériteraient une attention toute particulière de la part des services de l’État.

International audience; La notion de patrimoine connaît aujourd’hui un succès croissant auprès des institutions nationales et internationales, inspirant au Maroc denouvelles stratégies publiques, le Pilier 2 du plan « Maroc vert » par exemple (BERRIANE, 2010). La mise en patrimoine de la nature et dela biodiversité, et plus récemment des savoirs traditionnels, s’affirme comme l’un des principaux outils du développement durable et despolitiques de conservation (CORMIER-SALEM et al., 2002, 2005). Le plateau du Yagour, perché à plus de 2 000 mètres d’altitude dansle Haut-Atlas de Marrakech, permet de poser de manière exemplaire la question patrimoniale dans les espaces ruraux des pays du Sud.

International audience; We present a 16 year-old right-handed case who underwent a left temporo-occipital resection to treat intractable epilepsy. Pre- and post-surgical evaluations showed an average intellectual quotient, preserved abilities in language and visuo-spatial functions and increased reading and spelling deficits (difficulties with irregular words, homophones and phonologically valid spelling errors of irregularly spelled words, associated with preserved performances in non-words). This pattern of characteristic lexical route deficits highlights the major role of the temporo-occipital areas in reading acquisition. We discussed the consequences of temporo-occipital dysfunction on reading.

ID Base Horizon fdi:010057645; International audience; Among theoretical fields addressing the conceptualization of interrelationships between nature and society, patrimonial approaches remain relatively unexplored. Stressing the multiplication of local dynamics where elements of nature are redefined as "patrimonies" (ranging from local patrimonies to world heritage) by various social groups, this conceptual field tries to qualify these dynamics and their determiners to understand how they allow us to better address contemporary environmental challenges. Through a multidisciplinary approach in social sciences, centered on rural forests, we analyze the multiplication of patrimonial processes in forest development at various scales. First, we elaborate on the concept of patrimony and on patrimonial processes and present the current construction and dynamics of forest patrimonies. A crucial question concerns the links that form between the many spatial-temporal levels where these processes develop. Moreover, these patrimonial processes can be quite divergent, not only across scales from local to global, but also between "endogenous" (or bottom-up) and "exogenous" (or top-down) processes. We present two detailed examples in Morocco and Sumatra, where patrimonial constructions are developing simultaneously at various scales and through various actors who treat the forest in very different ways. Drawing from these examples, we discuss how and why the simultaneous development of different, often overlapping, patrimonial constructions along these scales allows collaboration or, conversely, can lead their holders into conflict. Lastly, we discuss the contribution of patrimonial concepts to resilience thinking and social-ecological systems theory.

International audience; Patrimony and resilience appear today as key concepts for understanding the dynamics of systems confronted with natural hazards. Nevertheless, the theoretical comparison between these concepts drawn from different epistemic approaches is lacking. Our aim is to interrelate resilience and patrimony concepts on the basis of a real example: the Agdal, a traditional forest management system in the Moroccan High Atlas. The role played by the Agdal in safeguarding the patterns of forest resource use by village communities from both external and internal conflicts, from natural hazards, and by securing a long-term supply of resource diversity is highlighted. This role shows the patrimonial character of the forest Agdal for the village communities and suggests an adaptive perspective. The patrimonial construction of the forest gives rise to management systems that allow a major place to experience social and environmental feedback, contributing to strengthened social-ecological system resilience and adaptability in the High Atlas Mountains. The notion of patrimony as a tool of resilience opens up a new interdisciplinary line of research.

Introduction De nombreuses etudes utilisant un paradigme de double tâche (posture-cognition) ont suggere que le controle postural requiert des ressources attentionnelles. Les tâches cognitives utilisees dans ces etudes allaient d’un simple comptage a rebours a des tâches plus complexes (e.g. : tâche de Stroop modifiee). Cependant, l’influence du controle postural sur les capacites attentionnelles n’a jamais ete testee directement. L’objectif de cette etude etait d’investiguer l’impact du controle postural sur les differentes composantes attentionnelles en utilisant une tâche attentionnelle specifique. Materiel et methode Nous avons utilise l’Attention Network Test (ANT) qui evalue, a l’aide d’un paradigme unique, les 3 composantes attentionnelles : l’alerte, l’orientation et le controle executif. Quarante-deux participants ont realise l’ANT dans trois conditions posturales : une position tres stable (sujets allonges sur le dos) ; une position intermediaire (assis sur une chaise) et une position tres instable (debout, les pieds alignes l’un derriere l’autre). Resultats Les resultats ont revele que la modulation de la difficulte du controle postural a graduellement influence l’etat d’alerte des participants. Concernant les composantes attentionnelles d’orientation et de controle executif, les resultats ont montre que les performances etaient similaires lorsque les participants etaient debout ou assis alors qu’en position couchee les performances etaient specifiquement reduites. Conclusion Le fort impact du controle postural sur le systeme d’alerte suggere que ces deux processus pourraient partager des circuits neuronaux. De plus, les resultats observes sur les composantes d’orientation et de controle executif suggerent que la position allongee a un effet intrinseque et specifique sur les activites cognitives.

International audience; no abstract

On the south shore of the western Mediterranean Basin, mountain forest ecosystems are degraded, mainly due to their overexploitation. Topographic, edaphic and climatic conditions create stressful growing conditions and sensitive ecosystems. Nonetheless, in these ecosystems, forests remain an important resource for the subsistence of local populations. Historically the vulnerability of this resource has prompted mankind to establish traditional control forms of forest and pastoral areas. These common resource management systems are still functioning in the Moroccan High Atlas Mountains under the name of agdal which refers to the territory, the resources and access rules laid down by the local population in order to manage the territory. The estimation of land cover changes was a suitable method to evaluate the effectiveness of these community-based systems for forest conservation. In this paper we highlight the impact of this traditional management on woodland dynamics in a mountainous area (Nit Bouguemez Valley) through the use of remote sensing approaches, associated with forest structure characterisation and the analysis of social mechanisms. A diachronic analysis based on the comparison of aerial photographs (dated 1964) with a recent Spot 5 satellite image (from 2002, 2.5 m resolution) was performed. Estimation of changes in canopy cover percentage was achieved using a graphic chart as a base for the photo-interpretation, and a subsequent validation by field sampling. A map of canopy cover changes between 1964 and 2002 was produced. Ecological measurements of trees were also achieved on field plots. The results indicate that in the past 38 years, forest ecosystems have been affected by a relative decrease of 20.7% of the total forest area, and 8.7% for the mean canopy cover percentage. However, strong disparities in forest dynamics arose according to the agdal or non-agdal status of the forest. Significant progression in canopy cover is noted in controlled agdal areas but large degradation has occurred outside. Regarding the stand ecological conditions, we observed significant differences in the stand structure, according to the management mode. We suggest through this study increased recognition of customary forest regulations, which may be adapted and extrapolated to other communities. However, from an ecological point of view, the agdal system alone is not sufficient to reach a viable management mode in the long term.

Human observers use prior constraints to disambiguate a scene; in particular, light is preferentially seen as coming from above but also slightly from the left. One explanation of this lateral bias could be a cerebral hemispheric difference. The aim of the present study was to determine the preferred light source position for neglect patients. For this purpose, we used the ambiguous shaded "Polo Mint" stimulus, a ring divided into eight equal sectors. All sectors but one were the same shape, convex or concave, as determined by the light source position. Participants had to report the side (left or right) of the odd sector or, in a separate experiment, to report its shape (convex or concave). Eight patients with spatial neglect (left neglect N=7, right neglect N=1) after a right or left temporo-parietal or thalamic lesion and 14 control participants ran the experiment. Left neglect patients showed a significantly different light bias from the bias observed for controls and for the right neglect patient (i.e., a reduction of the left bias or a right bias rather than a left bias). We conclude that some disabilities presented by patients with spatial neglect may be due to difficulties processing information that is not present in the visual field or imagined in the representational scene.

Texte intégral accessible à partir de cairn.info; National audience; Denrée prisée par des grands cuisiniers ou composant de cosmétiques de luxe, l’huile d’argan marocaine présentée commercialement comme un produit fabriqué par les femmes, issue d’un arbre forestier et de pratiques purement sylvicoles, suscite depuis quelques années un intérêt soudain de la part de divers marchés. Cependant, malgré la célébrité de cette huile, vague est la représentation que se font les consommateurs de son origine, hormis l’image d’Épinal d’un arbre à chèvre endémique au Maroc, l’arganier (argania spinosa), dont les fruits à noix donnent une huile aux vertus miraculeuses. À l’aube de la création d’une appellation d’origine sur l’huile d’argan, une réflexion scientifique ayant pour objet de cerner l’impact sur les pratiques et savoirs locaux provoqué par l’explosion du marché de l’huile d’argan et par la multiplication des acteurs de développement dans la « zone arganeraie » semble s’imposer. À partir de l’exemple des politiques de valorisation de la filière huile d’argan, cette article démontre l’existence d’un processus de naturalisation des écosystèmes, d’abord symbolique puis pratique, engendré par l’action des développeur

Introduction Le choix de l’objet d’étude, « les stratégies familiales », procède d’une réflexion sur l’importance de l’agriculture dans l’économie des familles rurales tunisiennes et, d’une manière plus générale, sur les conditions de reproduction de celles-ci. Dans un monde rural en profonde et rapide transformation, de nombreux travaux convergent pour montrer le rôle décroissant de l’agriculture, en terme d’emploi et de revenu, l’importance grandissante des sources de revenus non agricoles ...

Three experiments studied the influence of spatial attention on familiar and unfamiliar letter string identification. Siéroff and Posner's (1988) cueing procedure was used: A cue indicated in advance either the beginning (left) or the end (right) of a foveally presented letter string that participants were instructed to read aloud. Results showed that the precue had a stronger influence on pseudoword than on word identification. Similar results were obtained when participants were instructed to report the identity of the cue or not. For pseudowords, a cueing effect was obtained regardless of length (6, 8, and 10 letters), whereas only 10-letter words showed such an effect, though to a lesser degree than pseudowords of the same length. However, results showed that shorter words were also influenced by the cue location when the exposure duration was reduced. Results are compatible with an early role of spatial attention in letter string processing, but they also suggest that the lexical status of a letter string can directly influence the distribution of attention before the identification process is completely achieved. Although orienting of spatial attention seems heavily involved in a pseudoword identification, some spatial attention mechanism could also take place in the case of familiar words. The results are discussed within two theoretical frameworks concerning the involvement of spatial attention in word identification: The “replacement” theory and the “redistribution” theory.

This study investigated attention to a spatial location using a new spatial preparation task. Participants responded to a target dot presented in the center of a display and ignored a distractor dot presented to the right or left of the center. In an attempt to vary the level of preparatory attention directed to the target, the distractor dot was presented prior to the onset time of the target and the relative frequency of distractor dots to target dots within a block of trials was varied. The results from the first three experiments showed that when instructions induce weak preparatory attention to the target location, response times to a target on target-only trials increase substantially as the percentage of trials containing a distractor increases from 0 to 75%. In Experiments 2 and 3, instructions and display saliency were used to induce strong preparatory attention to the target location, resulting in almost constant response times across distractor percentages. Experiment 4 varied percentage of target trials in the absence of distractors, with the result that response times decreased as target trial percentage increased. Accounts of these data by early “activity-based” and late “criterion-based” attention theories are compared, and the early theory is given a more detailed description within the context of a cognitive neuroscience theory of attention.

a Laboratoire de Psychologie Experimentale, Paris Descartes University (Paris 5) et CNRS UMR 8581, 71 Avenue Edouard Vaillant, 92774 Boulogne, Billancourt Cedex, France b Laboratoire Cognition et Developpement, Paris Descartes University (Paris 5) et CNRS UMR 8581, 71 Avenue Edouard Vaillant, 92774 Boulogne, Billancourt Cedex, France c Service de Neuropediatrie, Hopital Necker, Paris, France d Simon’s Rock College of Bard, Great Barrington, MA, USA

Mention d'édition : Edition : IRD, Société d'écologie humaine, EDISUD; National audience

http://www.pyrenees-pireneus.com/ENVIR-Agriculture-Ecologisation.pdf; National audience