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Whatever their degree of involvement in the conflict, the First World War resulted in major transformations for all societies. Their Police and Gendarmerie forces provide a unique standpoint to understand the scope of such phenomena—both at “ground level” with individual experience and at the level of States. Pivotal in their contribution at the outbreak of war, law-enforcement forces also played a decisive role in maintaining wartime social stability and regulating transitions in the return to peace. Acting as cogs, their action nonetheless reveals the full mechanisms at work to ensure the rebuilding and reorganisation of destabilised communities.

Introducing the present volume, this contribution elaborates a framework of interpretation for the understanding of the First World War in a policing perspective. It underlines the necessity of analysing the conflict with a global approach enabling a clear perception of the involvement, rationales, identities and wartime transformations of law-enforcement forces. This requires both a wider chronological remit—from the late nineteenth century to the Interwar Years—and a geographical survey crossing traditional boundaries between neutral and belligerent nations, centres and peripheries, frontline and rear areas. Finally, a proper examination requires a consideration of the diversity of actors involved in the law-enforcement apparatus and of their multiple assignments—whether as further developments of pre-war continuums or as adaptations to the exceptional circumstances of the Great War.

This is a report of a laparoscopic double mesh sacrocolpopexy performed in the setting of a 73-year-old woman carrying a grafted kidney. The patient had a vaginal prolapse of the anterior and posterior floor without urinary incontinence. Despite immunosuppression due to anti-rejection treatments and the presence of kidney transplant in left iliac fossa, laparoscopic intervention with the introduction of prosthetic material was conducted. The intervention showed no major difficulty in its implementation and the postoperative course was uneventful. The long-term follow-up will confirm the tolerance of a prosthetic material.

Radical prostatectomy (RP) remains a standard for localized prostate cancer treatment. The objective of this study is to present this operating technique of the robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (PR-RA) and to evaluate oncological and functional results as well as on the surgical safety.A first series of 1679 patients consecutively operated in our institution with this technique from 2005 to 2010 and with a 5-year follow-up evaluated in 2014. The oncology monitoring is ensured with a PSA test every six months during the first three years and once a year the years after if the level remains undetectable.The oncologic outcomes show 17.4% for pT2 stages and 36.9% for pT3 stages positive margins. The level of biological recurrence is 21.27% with an average delay of 88 months as the time needed for the recurrence to occur. At 12 months, urinary continence (0-1pad/day) returned at 94% of all patients and potency with successful penetration for all men is 61.1% and 88.8% for men with sexual activity before surgery.The technique PRRA seems to be a reliable technique whose functional results studied from meta-analysis seem to be superior in terms of rapidity of recovery of the continence and erection in comparison with classical surgical or laparoscopic approach.

To present a series of 15 laparoscopic and robot-assisted Mitrofanoff and Yang-Monti vesicostomies in an adult population, and to assess the feasibility and safety of these minimally invasive approaches.Between 2009 and 2012, 15 patients underwent laparoscopic (n = 11) or robot-assisted (n = 4) construction of vesicostomy by a single surgeon (D.R.): Mitrofanoff appendicovesicostomy (n = 11) or double Yang-Monti ileal conduit (n = 4). Fourteen patients underwent concomitant augmentation enterocystoplasty. Indications for surgery included neurogenic bladder (n = 11) and urethral dysfunction (n = 4). The patients were evaluated postoperatively using cystography. Quality of life (QoL) was evaluated using an internally developed questionnaire.All surgeries were successfully completed with no conversions. Operating time was always5 h. The mean estimated blood loss was 150 mL and the mean follow-up was 22 months. Early postoperative complications included deep retrovesical abscess (n = 2) and upper urinary tract infections (n = 4), and one patient had peri-operative cardiac failure. Late postoperative complications included stomal stenosis (n = 2), persistent low-pressure bladder incontinence (n = 1) and recurrent infections (n = 1). Surgical excision of the conduit was necessary in one patient. Postoperatively, patients showed complete bladder emptying and no leak on follow-up cystography. According to our QoL questionnaire, 13/15 patients did not regret the surgery.While a longer follow-up is needed to assess the durability of our results, this series shows that the laparoscopic and robot-assisted approaches for the construction of continent urinary diversions are feasible and safe in an adult population.

International audience

L’objet de cet article est de montrer que le maintien de l’ordre ne se reduit pas au seul moment de la confrontation entre des fauteurs de troubles et la force publique. La police judiciaire et le renseignement administratif s’enchevetrent dans cette activite qui designe plus le cadre global de l’action des policiers avant la Premiere Guerre mondiale qu’un registre specialise et autonome. Or, la collision de la police judiciaire et de la police politique durant les episodes de maintien de l’ordre produit un effet inattendu en amenant les gendarmes et les policiers a transgresser les reglements presidant a leur activite.

Les Brigades mobiles regionales de police judiciaire, surnommees « Brigades du Tigre », furent creees, a la Belle Epoque, pour lutter contre les malfaiteurs les plus dangereux. Un echantillon de plus de trois cents dossiers parmi les affaires traitees par l’une de ces brigades a la veille de la Premiere Guerre mondiale revele l’ecart entre la finalite initiale et les pratiques effectives. L’essor de ces services s’est essentiellement fonde sur l’exercice de la police administrative, notamment l’identification des nomades.

Up to now, transverse quantum effects (usually labelled as "quantum imaging" effects) which are generated by nonlinear devices inserted in resonant optical cavities have been calculated using the "thin crystal approximation", i.e. taking into account the effect of diffraction only inside the empty part of the cavity, and neglecting its effect in the nonlinear propagation inside the nonlinear crystal. We introduce in the present paper a theoretical method which is not restricted by this approximation. It allows us in particular to treat configurations closer to the actual experimental ones, where the crystal length is comparable to the Rayleigh length of the cavity mode. We use this method in the case of the confocal OPO, where the thin crystal approximation predicts perfect squeezing on any area of the transverse plane, whatever its size and shape. We find that there exists in this case a "coherence length" which gives the minimum size of a detector on which perfect squeezing can be observed, and which gives therefore a limit to the improvement of optical resolution that can be obtained using such devices., Comment: soumis le 04.03.2005 a PRA

The authors report a case of high-flow priapism in an adolescent due to rupture of the deep penile artery after falling astride, confirmed by Doppler ultrasound on the third day after the accident, and treated successfully by highly selective embolization with no harmful effects on erectile function.

L’abondance des titres disponibles a empeche d’etendre ce coup d’œil sur l’actualite de l’histoire de l’exercice de la police – policing en anglais – aux precieux apports de l’historiographie etrangere et des autres sciences humaines et sociales. Ce panorama montre neanmoins la fecondite de quelques grands chantiers, consacres a la circulation internationale des savoirs, des dispositifs et des usages policiers, a l’emergence des systemes policiers (en cours d’analyse dans le cadre du programme ANR SYSPOE), aux polices coloniales, un terrain de recherche particulierement dynamique, a l’histoire sociale des hommes et des femmes qui donnent corps aux institutions policieres, aux gendarmes, desormais pris en compte, ainsi qu’aux interrelations entre ces militaires originaux, charges de fonctions policieres, et les personnels des polices civiles, interrelations dont l’etude permet de commencer a construire une veritable histoire de la force publique.