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Despite growing evidence implicating thalamic functional connectivity atypicalities in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), it remains unclear how such alterations emerge early in human development. Because the thalamus plays a critical role in sensory processing and neocortical organization early in life, its connectivity with other cortical regions could be key for studying the early onset of core ASD symptoms. Here, we investigated emerging thalamocortical functional connectivity in infants at high (HL) and typical (TL) familial likelihood for ASD in early and late infancy. We report significant thalamo-limbic hyperconnectivity in 1.5-month-old HL infants, and thalamo-cortical hypoconnectivity in prefrontal and motor regions in 9-month-old HL infants. Importantly, early sensory over-responsivity (SOR) symptoms in HL infants predicted a direct trade-off in thalamic connectivity whereby stronger thalamic connectivity with primary sensory regions and basal ganglia was inversely related to connectivity with higher order cortices. This trade-off suggests that ASD may be characterized by early differences in thalamic gating. The patterns reported here could directly underlie atypical sensory processing and attention to social vs. nonsocial stimuli observed in ASD. These findings lend support to a theoretical framework of ASD whereby early disruptions in sensorimotor processing and attentional biases early in life may cascade into core ASD symptomatology.

This article analyses the ways in which young people with a migration background develop their own transnational engagement with their or their parents’ country of origin. Drawing on 17-months of multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork in the Netherlands and Ghana, we add to the emerging literature on ‘return’ mobilities by analysing young people of Ghanaian background, irrespective of whether they or their parents migrated, and by looking at an under-researched form of mobility that they engage in: that of attending funerals in Ghana. Funerals occupy a central role in Ghanaian society, and thus allow young people to gain knowledge about cultural practices, both by observing and embodying them, and develop their relationships with people in Ghana. Rather than reproducing their parents’ transnational attachments, young people recreate these according to their own needs, which involves dealing with tensions. Peer relationships—which have largely gone unnoticed in transnational migration studies—play a significant role in this process.

Speech comprehension is a complex process that draws on humans’ abilities to extract lexical information, parse syntax, and form semantic understanding. These sub-processes have traditionally been studied using separate neuroimaging experiments that attempt to isolate specific effects of interest. More recently it has become possible to study all stages of language comprehension in a single neuroimaging experiment using narrative natural language stimuli. The resulting data are richly varied at every level, enabling analyses that can probe everything from spectral representations to high-level representations of semantic meaning. We provide a dataset containing BOLD fMRI responses recorded while 8 subjects each listened to 27 complete, natural, narrative stories (~6 hours). This dataset includes pre-processed and raw MRIs, as well as hand-constructed 3D cortical surfaces for each participant. To address the challenges of analyzing naturalistic data, this dataset is accompanied by a python library containing basic code for creating voxelwise encoding models. Altogether, this dataset provides a large and novel resource for understanding speech and language processing in the human brain.

The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), adopted in 1994, establishes international maritime boundaries that are measured from the “normal baseline” where the ocean meets the coast. However, UNCLOS does not account for changes in the normal baseline that are expected to occur as a result of climate change-induced sea level rise. These uncertainties leave room for maritime territorial disputes that threaten the political and economic resources of small island developing states (SIDS) and developing coastal nations. Here, we discuss the impacts of sea level rise on maritime boundaries with a focus on equity for SIDS and developing coastal nations. These nations, though they contribute the least to climate change, experience its effects most drastically and are the least equipped to adapt. To safeguard against the inequities that are expected to result from rising sea levels, we recommend a science-informed, diplomatic effort to address this issue: that the International Maritime Organization introduce an international convention to establish static maritime baselines. This approach would freeze maritime boundaries, allowing all island and coastal nations to retain their existing oceanic zones and entitlements. Establishing a static baselines promises to mitigate the disproportionate effects of climate change on SIDS and represents a necessary step in the push for international equity in the face of climate change.

Introduction Healthy sleep patterns are crucial for proper brain development in infancy. However, little is known about the relationship between early sleep disturbances and functional brain connectivity. The thalamus plays a critical role in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness, and undergoes rapid growth in the first year. Therefore, we examined how early thalamic connectivity relates to sleep-onset problems during the first 6 months of life. Methods All data were collected as part of the Baby Connectome Project (1U01MH110274). Forty-six infants (between 3-5 months old) underwent resting-state fMRI scans during natural sleep. The fMRI data were preprocessed and analyzed using FSL, and the bilateral thalamus was used in seed-based analyses. The Infant Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ) was used to create a measure of sleep initiation. Five IBQ items (21-25) were reverse-scored and averaged to generate the Infant Sleep-Onset Problems (ISOP) score, with higher scores indicating longer sleep latencies. ISOP scores across 3-6 months were used as regressors in whole-brain analyses. Results Preliminary results suggest a positive correlation between ISOP scores and connectivity between the thalamus and precuneus, such that greater sleep-onset problems were associated with stronger connectivity between the thalamus and precuneus. In contrast, there was a negative correlation between ISOP scores and connectivity between the thalamus and anterior cingulate cortex, such that fewer sleep-onset problems were associated with stronger connectivity between the thalamus and anterior cingulate cortex. Conclusion Our findings suggest that stronger thalamic connectivity with the precuneus, a region involved in the perception and integration of information, is related to greater sleep initiation difficulties. In contrast, stronger connectivity between the thalamus and anterior cingulate cortex, a region involved in attention allocation and emotional regulation, is associated with less sleep initiation problems. While these results are preliminary, they indicate that early sleep problems are associated with altered development of functional thalamo-cortical networks. Support (if any)

Human geography has become deeply interested in a range of research methods that focus on researchers’ corporeal engagement with their research sites. This interest has opened up an exciting set of research horizons, energising the discipline in a whole range of ways. Welcoming this engagement, this paper presents a series of meditations on the process of using the researcher’s corporeal learning as a research tool. Exploring two research projects, as well as the work of the photographer Nikki S Lee, it examines how the process of becoming corporeally capable might productively be framed as sets of ongoing experiments. Framing such engagements as experiments is a useful heuristic through which to think rigorously about what such research can claim as knowledge. More controversially, the paper argues that the heuristic of the experiment helps us to attend to the varying durations of becoming in ways that much existing work has discounted. Developing corporeal capacities – gaining a skill, becoming capable of doing a particular activity – involves becoming attuned to a range of thresholds, the crossing of which open up novel and frequently unexpected perspectives. Attunement to these thresholds does not arise simply through the process of mixing in and participating in a research site. It requires careful attention to the parameters of transformation involved in being able to participate. The paper explores how such parameters might be decided upon and calibrated as part of an ongoing engagement with a research site or event. Our aim is not to artificially restrict or constrain how human geographers approach their research design. Rather it is to encourage human geographers to show more courage in their use of corporeal based research methodologies.

Although many factors may motivate a migrant to own a house in their country of origin, significant practical labour is needed to maintain it, as both a material structure intended for shelter and as a symbolic object reflecting attachment to a place of origin. Most research in this area focuses on the significance accorded to transnational houses by their owners and families connoted by the 'myth of return', but little attention has been given to how the labour of ownership - constructing, maintaining, overseeing and improving the house - is accomplished. In the light of emerging studies on the care labour that remittance houses require, this article suggests a theoretical framework for studying networks of transnational house maintenance on three dimensions of care - trust, communication, and remittances - observed in networks for transnational family care provisions. A review of literature on transnational home ownership indicates that these dimensions are also present, with some differences in application.

While post-migrant generation Moroccans from Europe often are able to converse competently enough in Moroccan languages to bargain in shops during visits to Morocco, many report that they are not given the ‘local’, ‘right’ prices because they are ‘smelled’ as outsiders. During fieldwork following these diasporic visitors in Morocco, several participants strategically shopped for goods with a ‘local’ friend or family member who might negotiate on their behalf for the ‘right’ price. This strategy was seen as a way to circumvent or ameliorate the ways the diasporic client might be negatively categorized as an outsider, especially in terms of his or her language use. Yet, examining these events in recorded detail indicates that diasporic clients are often bargaining for themselves as competent speakers, but are sometimes not able to skillfully bargain politely. In these moments, proxy bargainers intervene when debate and tension increases during bargaining and diasporic visitors do not adequately perform politeness – specifically by deploying religious speech – to soften and minimize tension. Analysis of these interactions indicates how diasporic branching of linguistic practice contrasts communicative skills of mobile populations with subtle, place-based competences, and how the mismatch between these can negatively mark diasporic visitors.

Since 1970, California has been facing the worst affordable housing crisis in the United States. In an attempted solution, government subsidies have driven housing development into untouched wildlands across the state. However, these developments are increasingly subject to destruction by wildfire due to global climate change and historical mismanagement of public lands. Since 1990, 41% of new housing across California has been developed in known fire zones. Wildfire prevention, combat, and damage costs approximately $18 billion annually, with $10 billion attributed to property damage. During 2020, California’s worst fire year on record, more than 4.4 million acres burned with costs to personal property estimated to exceed $20 billion. Therefore, residential zoning and housing policy are critical components to mitigate wildfire impact. To do so, we propose the implementation of a multipronged approach over the next decade: discontinue development in extremely high-risk fire zones, increase government buyouts in these high-risk areas to move people out of harm’s way, increase urban up-zoning to generate affordable housing, and increase retrofitting of existing at-risk homes to enhance structural and resident survival. This will be a historic economic, legislative, and logistic undertaking. However, despite the large up-front costs, an estimated $350 billion and 1,500 lives can be saved over the next decade through this approach. The consequences to life and property because of wildfire in California are too great for inaction or incremental progress. Swift and foundational change is required over the coming decade.

Tear gas is designated a chemical weapon by multiple treaties that prohibit its use in war. However, despite mounting reports suggesting that tear gas may endanger targets beyond transient discomfort, its domestic use as a crowd control mechanism has not been adequately studied, nor is its use regulated by any United States government agency. Without comprehensive and demographically-representative epidemiological studies, the continued use of tear gas on civilian protesters poses an unknown and potentially severe threat to public safety. Chemical substances employed on civilians for a desired effect are more akin to drugs than to weapons. We, therefore, propose that legislation be introduced to place tear gas under the regulatory purview of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in order to understand its effects on the health of all members of the public and to better regulate its deployment.

In 1932, the Tourism Syndicate of the French Protectorate government in Morocco published a guidebook for French tourists to follow the ‘ Route des Kasbas’ through southern Morocco. The trajectory described is still in many ways reproduced by contemporary guiding materials, delineating specific routes where this ‘heritage’ might be found in Morocco and what sorts of mobilities are necessary to seek it. Using these guiding resources from ‘the field’, along with our own ethnographic experiences as travelling researchers, we trace how colonial cartographical rationalities structured in this region along its ‘road’, through promotion by the French Protectorate government as a mobile site for tourism, and how that infrastructural and economic sedimentation persists in contemporary mobilities through it – including our own mobilities as tourism researchers. We question when and how it might be possible to escape this cartographic specificity for other spatialities of this road.

We highlight 2 cases of immunocompetent pediatric patients diagnosed with osteomyelitis and cellulitis attributed to Aeromonas hydrophila. One case had a direct water source; however, the second case occurred following a wild hog bite. Both required fluoroquinolone treatment and demonstrated the need to consider A. hydrophila in patients with water exposure, animal bites and initial antibiotic failure.

O-GalNAc glycans constitute a major part of the human glycome. They are difficult to study becauseof the complex interplay of 20 distinct glycosyltransferase isoenzymes that initiate this form ofglycosylation, the polypeptide GalNAc transferases (GalNAc-Ts). Despite proven disease relevance,correlating the activity of individual GalNAc-Ts with biological function remains challenging due to alack of tools to probe their substrate specificity in a complex biological environment. Here, wedevelop a “bump–hole” chemical reporter system for studying GalNAc-T activity in vitro. IndividualGalNAc-Ts were rationally engineered to contain an enlarged active site (hole) and probed with anewly-synthesized collection of 20 (bumped) UDP-GalNAc analogs to identify enzyme–substratepairs that retain peptide specificities but are otherwise completely orthogonal to native enzyme–substrate pairs. The approach was applicable to multiple GalNAc-T isoenzymes, including GalNAc-T1 and -T2 that prefer non-glycosylated peptide substrates and GalNAcT-10 that prefers a pre-glycosylated peptide substrate. A detailed investigation of enzyme kinetics and specificities revealed the robustness of the approach to faithfully report on GalNAc-T activity and paves the way forstudying substrate specificities in living systems.

Thymic Hyperplasia Developing After Treatment of Cushing’s Syndrome, Management and Literature Review Introduction/ Background: Rebound thymic hyperplasia (RTH) has been described after the resolution of hypercortisolism from multiple conditions. It can potentially lead to a variety of diagnostic dilemmas. We describe a case where thymic enlargement was seen after unilateral adrenalectomy for adrenal Cushing’s syndrome. Thymic hyperplasia developing after treatment of adrenal Cushing’s syndrome has been very rarely reported. Clinical Case: 43 year old female with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, morbid obesity, depression underwent left adrenalectomy for management of Cushing’s syndrome. Two years after adenoma resection, the patient underwent a CT angiogram of the chest as part of a work up for chest pain which revealed a new anterior mediastinal soft tissue attenuation mass (30–40 Hounsfield units) measuring 6.5cm x2.5cm x 3.7cm. It was found to be abutting the inferior margin of the left brachiocephalic vein and anterior margin of the aortic arch. MRI chest demonstarated mild homogeneous postcontrast enhancement and loss of signal on the opposed phase T1 sequence indicating microscopic fat, deemed to be consistent with thymic hyperplasia. Patient had a detailed discussion of risks versus benefits of biopsy/surgery/conservative management with thoracic surgeon and opted to be managed conservatively. MRI Chest done at 3 month follow up showed a decrease in the size of the mass to 5.8 x 2.4 x 5.cm. She has been on chronic hydrocortisone therapy since adrenalectomy and multiple attempts to wean her off of steroids have been unsuccessful. She continues to be followed closely in the outpatient setting for presumed RTH. Clinical Lesson/ Conclusion: This case highlights the importance of recognizing RTH in patients treated for Cushing’s syndrome. Rapid enlargement of the thymus post adrenalectomy can often lead to unnecessary biopsies and surgeries. The underlying mechanism though unclear has been attributed to depletion of thymic lymphocytes caused by high cortisol concentrations of the plasma leading to RTH when the cortisol level declines. Keywords: Thymic Hypertrophy, Cushing’s syndrome, Thymic hyperplasia

While generations of Moroccan-origin Europeans have been a focus of policymakers seeking to 'integrate' them in their countries of dwelling, less attention has been paid to how visiting 'home' in Morocco - a perpetuating practice among Moroccan families living in Europe - contributes to their life course trajectories. The summertime influx of Moroccan-origin families from across the globe creates the possibility to encounter a superdiverse community of Moroccans-from-elsewhere when visiting Morocco, many of whom share experiences of individual and collective 'integration' in their countries of dwelling, but diverge in their geographical and linguistic lived categorisations. This paper examines one formative type of integrative event that happens on summer holidays: flirtation. Differences in languages, European regional or national affiliations, or Moroccan ethnic and regional attachments all play roles in facilitating or hindering flirtatious encounters between diasporic Moroccans during the summer holidays. The resulting relationships (or lack thereof) demonstrate how diasporic superdiversity contributes to life course trajectories a process of social ordering and categorisation, simultaneously influencing configurations of diversity across Morocco and Europe.

The future of diaspora goes together with the future of diversity, and the different ways in which states and nations can reconfigure how their mobile, multifaceted members are accepted as belonging. The 2018 FIFA World Cup, like many international sporting events, crystallised some of debates about citizenship and belonging as applied to specific players and, notably for this event, to the ‘foreign-born’ men playing for the Moroccan team. Though public debates often focus on evaluating the ‘belonging’ of individuals who are chosen for elite events to represent the nation, that lens did not seem to be applied to the Moroccan team. By exploring how diversity and diaspora were debated in relation to players for European teams in this same tournament, I explore here how the Moroccan example represents perhaps a new direction for diaspora: one which connects descendants across multiple nations and states without character judgments about who can belong.

Much discussion in this journal is concerned with diverse societies, and the many forms of claiming, contesting, accommodating, negotiating and coping with heterogeneity in communal life (Bolt & van Kempen 2011; Smith & Guarnizo 2014). Some of these consider how spaces and environments facilitate or deter inter-ethnic contact, and the effects of that inter-ethnic contact on individuals’ behaviour and well-being (e.g., most recently, Heringa et al. 2014). While many studies in this journal focus on residential areas, inter-ethnic contacts can also take place in natural environments or greenspace, namely through outdoor recreation. Participation in outdoor recreation in greenspace may therefore be contingent on emergent negotiations of social belonging and identification, and the myriad possibilities for inclusive diversity or for exclusion that make up behaviour in the commons. In Europe, research on immigrants’ or ethnic groups’ outdoor recreation or leisure has mainly focused on participation and behaviour as influenced by cultural background and socio-economic position (Jay et al. 2012; Kloek et al. 2013a). Yet, like many other sites of ‘everyday multiculturalism’ (Wise & Velayutham 2009), participation – or lack of participation – in these zones of encounter with diverse others may also be influenced by negative encounters, or perceived discrimination. Attention to perceived discrimination has only recently been taken up in relation to outdoor recreation, especially in the US (e.g. Livengood & Stodolska 2004), but not much in Europe. Recently, members of our team executed one of the first quantitative studies on outdoor recreational patterns of immigrant and non-immigrant groups in Europe – specifically, in the Netherlands – with focus on participation, behaviour, and perceived discrimination. Particular attention was paid to the experience of perceived discrimination during outdoor recreation and the potential for perceived discrimination to constrain recreational practices. The questionnaire sample targeted Dutch from Chinese, Turkish and non-immigrant backgrounds. We hypothesised that Dutch-Turkish (officially referred to as ‘Turkish migrants’ in the Netherlands) would report perceptions of discrimination more than either of the other groups, as Dutch public discourse largely focuses negative attention on Turkish and Moroccan, that is, predominantly Muslim communities (see Dagevos et al. 2007). Muslims and Turkish or Moroccan communities are both often framed as a threat to the

Visits to friends and relatives are often part of circulatory migration mobilities between resident and ancestral homelands. These journeys are characteristic of the diasporic lives of post-migrant generations of Moroccans from Europe, where close proximity and relatively unimpeded mobility between homelands have enabled a tradition of vacationing at ‘home’. For many such individuals, this vacation visit involves repeatedly negotiating a sense of belonging in that homeland, as individuals who maintain relatively strong connections to that place but seem to continuously struggle as an ‘othered’ group. This article explores how their activities as visitors – ‘what they do’ while in Morocco – shape a sense of ‘who they are’ as partially belonging in this homeland space. Activities they do outside their familial homes are often in parallel to practices of tourists – like shopping. Using microanalysis of bargaining – which is one of the most frequently repeated interactions these visitors have with resident Moroccans outside their own families – I demonstrate how they are categorically positioned as ‘non-local’ or ‘mobile’ versions of ‘being-Moroccan’. Specifically, in this case study example from a larger corpus of similar examples, the diasporic participant practices ‘being-Moroccan’ in a way that is distinctly mobile, and – despite her efforts to the contrary – unmistakably categorically marked as coming ‘from elsewhere’. This analysis is an effort to explore how ‘othering’ between residents and diasporic VFR is subtly enmeshed in the ordinary activities of daily life. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Morocco has long been a mythic land, firmly rooted in the European colonial imagination. For more than a century it has been appropriated by travellers, explorers, writers and artists. It is just these images and imaginings that are now being reconstructed for nostalgic consumption. In Moroccan Dreams, Claudio Minca examines this aestheticised re-enactment of the colonial, exploring the ways in which Moroccans themselves have become complicit in the re-writing of their homes and lives. Richly illustrated, the book provides a fascinating journey that will engage and delight all those enamoured of Morocco and its extraordinary geographies.

Questions of ‘coveredness’ in Islamic codes of dress, particularly as they apply to women, are often framed through the symbolic statements that they enable or disable, or through discourses on public versus private spaces. Rather than focus on these disciplining dimensions, this article explores observations about embodied practices for clothing oneself ‘modestly’, and some of the paradoxes thereof, which emerged in the context of research about diasporic mobilities of European-Moroccans in Morocco. Drawing heavily on Karen Barad and a materialist phenomenological approach to corporeality, this approach produces an understanding of how moral bodies materialize with and through clothing. By observing and following the mobilities of participants across spaces dominated by ‘Muslim’ and ‘Western’ regimes of modesty, certain dissonances of their practices in these differentiated spaces indicate ways bodies, clothing and moralities are intra-actively entangled. Proposing ethnography as a diffractive apparatus, the analysis incorporates participant reports, as well as embodied learning through ethnographic time. By approaching this ‘disciplining’ diffractively, all agents–knowledgeable bodies, malleable clothes and spatially moral gazes–are considered as intra-actively influencing each other, mattering into ‘modesty’ where ‘subjected’ bodies, as well as clothing and regimes of modesty are adapting.

This paper analyzes how leisure practices of diasporic visitors cut viscous trails of car-based consumption through Morocco. During ethnography of summer holidays with Moroccan-origin visitors from Europe, research participants were often observed consuming elite leisure spaces in ways that were predicated on both their familiarity with Morocco as a homeland and their access to a car. Microanalysis of emergent dynamics of group distinction and cohesion achieved through car-propelled leisure consumption indicates how these visitors may be intentionally avoiding certain kinds of publics, which may unintentionally accumulate towards deeper economic divisions between themselves and a broader Moroccan consuming public.

Louis H-G Lyautey’s legacy as colonial regent of Morocco and as an innovator in French urban planning resonates through his transformation of Rabat according to entirely new spatial logics of modernity. While his plans produced conditions for structural difficulty in indigenous housing, they also enabled the preservation of historic monuments as spaces for tourist consumption – that are now, post-Independence, considered part of Moroccan national history. The grand colonial vision of Lyautey is in many ways perpetuated in contemporary developments of the region, in particular through the current Bouregreg Valley project that will dramatically redesign the landscape of the capital in the next few years. While the project involves massive neoliberal flows of global capital, its goals reflect much of Lyautey’s lasting influence on mapping heritage and Moroccan modernity, and the path of the European tourist through the Moroccan landscape.

Muslim women are often cited as subject to restriction in their mobility through public space, especially in European contexts, in comparison with non-Muslim community members. Yet any woman might face restriction in her access to leisure outside the home through geographies of risk and fear, as well as geographies of care and responsibility. In this article, we describe the ways in which Moroccan Muslim women resident in Europe negotiate access to leisure outside the home, in both Europe and Morocco, demonstrating that they practice mobilities framed by safety, risk and responsibility combined with individual volition to be participants in public spaces. Using examples from interviews and ethnographic fieldwork, we discuss a notion of ‘viscosity’ as safe public space that acts as an extension of the home, where women feel comfortable enacting their daily lives and engaging in leisure practices. By comparing data from the Netherlands and Morocco, we highlight the role of Muslim-dominant and Christian-dominant public spheres in these negotiations of leisure. The ways women inhabit such spaces reflect individual concerns about personal safety, as well as maintaining respectful relations with family and being protected from unknown dangers, in ways that reflect not only religious beliefs but also geographies of risk related to other factors. Inhabiting such spaces implicates how they become part of the community at large, as visibly present participants, by negotiating many factors beyond religious beliefs as part of their access to public leisure spaces

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Marketplace exchange is implicitly both economic and social. Participants in marketplace encounters assemble into multidimensional categories of familiarity and difference, both through the material culture object for sale and through the interaction between vendors and clients within their transactions. This paper brings attention to the latter through microanalysis of one example from a corpus of recorded marketplace interactions of Moroccan diasporic visitors from Europe with marketplace vendors. This example illustrates a repeatedly observed bargaining strategy: to explicitly or implicitly claim the category of ‘a son/daughter of this country’ (weld/bint el-bled) as an argument to lower prices. While vendors did not straightforwardly refute this category of ‘descendant’, they often did respond by introducing other–sometimes seemingly contradictory–categorical differentiations they found relevant to finding a price. This article explores how vendors and diasporic customers negotiate these categories, and how categorization become significant for the emergent value of the goods under negotiation. Through turn-by-turn analysis, I demonstrate how interlocutors engage with ideas of ‘Moroccanness’ beyond ethnonational discourses of belonging, in that ‘doing being Moroccan’ while bargaining becomes a negotiation of being ‘Moroccan’ geographically, socially and economically, as resident in or out of Morocco.

There are large disparities in cigarette smoking rates by socioeconomic status (SES) in many countries. There is mixed evidence about the relative effectiveness of smoking cessation media campaigns in promoting quitting between lower and higher SES populations, and studies suggest that some types of ad content may have differential effects by SES. We analyzed data from five waves of the New York Media Tracking Survey Online (MTSO), a web survey involving over 7000 adult smokers conducted between 2007 and 2009, to assess SES variation in response to smoking cessation ads. Smokers with low levels of education and income less often recalled ads focused on how to quit, and perceived them as less effective, than ads using graphic imagery or personal testimonials to convey why to quit. Contrary to predictions offered by the Stages of Change Model, we found no evidence that variation in readiness to quit smoking explained patterns of response by education. Results offer guidance for theorists and campaign planners in developing campaigns that are likely to promote cessation among less educated populations.