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One of the major challenges associated with applying operations research (OR) models to disrupting human trafficking networks is the limited amount of reliable data sources readily available for public use, since operations are intentionally hidden to prevent detection, and data from known operations are often incomplete. To help address this data gap, we propose a network generator for domestic sex trafficking networks by integrating OR concepts and qualitative research. Multiple sources regarding sex trafficking in the upper Midwest of the United States have been triangulated to ensure that networks produced by the generator are realistic, including law enforcement case file analysis, interviews with domain experts, and a survivor-centered advisory group with first-hand knowledge of sex trafficking. The output models the relationships between traffickers, so-called "bottoms", and victims. This generator allows operations researchers to access realistic sex trafficking network structures in a responsible manner that does not disclose identifiable details of the people involved. We demonstrate the use of output networks in exploring policy recommendations from max flow network interdiction with restructuring. To do so, we propose a novel conceptualization of flow as the ability of a trafficker to control their victims. Our results show the importance of understanding how sex traffickers react to disruptions, especially in terms of recruiting new victims.

Designing effective antileukemic immunotherapy will require understanding mechanisms underlying tumor control or resistance. Here, we report a mechanism of escape from immunologic targeting in an acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patient, who relapsed 1 year after immunotherapy with engineered T cells expressing a human leukocyte antigen A*02 (HLA-A2)–restricted T cell receptor (TCR) specific for a Wilms’ tumor antigen 1 epitope, WT1126–134(TTCR-C4). Resistance occurred despite persistence of functional therapeutic T cells and continuous expression of WT1 and HLA-A2 by the patient’s AML cells. Analysis of the recurrent AML revealed expression of the standard proteasome, but limited expression of the immunoproteasome, specifically the beta subunit 1i (β1i), which is required for presentation of WT1126–134. An analysis of a second patient treated with TTCR-C4demonstrated specific loss of AML cells coexpressing β1i and WT1. To determine whether the WT1 protein continued to be processed and presented in the absence of immunoproteasome processing, we identified and tested a TCR targeting an alternative, HLA-A2–restricted WT137–45epitope that was generated by immunoproteasome-deficient cells, including WT1-expressing solid tumor lines. T cells expressing this TCR (TTCR37–45) killed the first patients’ relapsed AML resistant to WT1126–134targeting, as well as other primary AML, in vitro. TTCR37–45controlled solid tumor lines lacking immunoproteasome subunits both in vitro and in an NSG mouse model. As proteasome composition can vary in AML, defining and preferentially targeting these proteasome-independent epitopes may maximize therapeutic efficacy and potentially circumvent AML immune evasion by proteasome-related immunoediting.

Falls are a serious public health problem, especially for older adults with chronic conditions. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the translational potential of physical activity-based balance interventions for older adults with common chronic conditions guided by the Reach, Effectiveness/Efficacy, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework. Databases were searched (2011-2021) to identify studies with physical activity-based fall prevention interventions for older adults with chronic conditions. Data were collected using the RE-AIM coding guide and Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool for evidence quality. The search yielded 122 articles, of which 14 distinct studies were included. The most reported RE-AIM dimensions across the studies were Reach (46.2%) and Implementation (40.5%), with Effectiveness/Efficacy (29.4%), Adoption (2.0%), and Maintenance (5.4%) being the least reported. Studies were largely conducted in controlled research environments with minimal staff involvement and without long-term follow-up periods. While studies found that physical activity-based programs were effective in improving balance, information on representativeness and adoption/maintenance of programs was lacking. Studies included sufficient details about the intervention (content, dosage, progression). External validity RE-AIM indicators were reported less frequently than internal validity indicators. The studies were of moderate quality overall. Studies often lacked information on indicators critical for understanding how to implement these programs. This review signals the need to investigate the translation of these interventions from controlled research settings to clinical settings to improve the public impact of fall prevention for this population.Falls are a serious public health problem, especially for older adults with chronic diseases who have a higher risk of falling. For this review paper, we gathered similar research articles that looked at the effects of balance exercise programs in older adults with a variety of chronic diseases and reviewed how likely they could be used in real-world settings using a guide. We found fourteen studies that met our criteria. The most common elements that authors included in their reports were how research subjects were identified and details about the exercise program design/delivery. The least common elements were the scientific outcomes of the program, how/where the program was incorporated, and the long-term effects of the program. While these balance exercise programs for older adults with chronic diseases were successful in these individual research studies, this general area of fall research is somewhat underdeveloped. Researchers should put more consideration into surroundings where these programs could take place and study how these programs could be successful in real-world settings long-term.

OBJECTIVES Cisgender girls and boys report trading sex for something of value at roughly equal proportions; yet, boys are understudied and underserved. We compare boys who reported trading sex to those who never traded sex to address this gap in knowledge and practice. METHODS The study is a secondary analysis of the Minnesota Student Survey, a triannual, census-style survey. The sample included 32 311 cisgender boy students in ninth and 11th grades who answered a question about sex trading. Bivariate descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic models were used to identify associated factors and determine the odds of trading sex on the basis of specific experiences. RESULTS We found that 1.2% of boys reported trading sex. In bivariate analyses, boys who reported trading sex were more likely than those who did not to: identify as Black or Indigenous; report a marginalized gender identity or sexual expression; have had sexual intercourse; have experienced sexual harassment and harassment on the basis of sexual identity and race, ethnicity, and national origin; and to have experienced homelessness, food insecurity, foster care, and substance treatment (P < .001). In multivariate models, we found increased odds of trading sex for some variables, including a marginalized sexual identity, identifying as Black, and experiences of unstable housing, foster care, substance treatment, sexual harassment, and harassment based on gender (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS These findings contribute new knowledge about boys who trade sex using a large, population-based sample and counter false assumptions and stereotypes. These data suggest new avenues of research, intervention, and prevention.

Background Dementia is a terminal illness marked by progressive cognitive decline. This study characterized trajectories of functional status and health care use for people with and without dementia at the end of their life. Methods We used the Health and Retirement Study linked with Medicare claims to generate a series of generalized linear models. Models predicted functional status and health care use for decedents with and without dementia during each month in the last 4 years of life (48 months). Results People with dementia have high, sustained functional impairments during the entire last 4 years of life. People with dementia have the same predicted average activities of daily living score (1.92) at 17 months before death (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.857, 1.989) as individuals without dementia at 6 months before death (95% CI: 1.842, 1.991). Dementia was associated with significantly less hospice during the final 3 months of life, with a 12.5% (95% CI: 11.046, 13.906) likelihood of hospice in the last month of life with dementia versus 17.3% (95% CI: 15.573, 18.982) without dementia. Dementia was also associated with less durable medical equipment (p < .001), less home health care (p < .005), and fewer office visits (p < .001). There were not significant differences in likelihood of hospitalization in the last 48 months with or without dementia. Conclusions People with dementia can functionally appear to be at end of life (EOL) for years before their death. Simultaneously, they receive less health care, particularly home health and hospice, in their last months. Models of care that target people with dementia should consider the unique and sustained burden of dementia at EOL.

Objectives. To describe the prevalence of sex trading by gender and by associations with mental health concerns and protective factors. Methods. We used data from 9th and 11th graders who completed the 2019 Minnesota Student Survey. The analytic sample (n = 67 806) included transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) youths and cisgender youths who reported trading sex. Data on 7 mental health measures and 4 school-related and health care–related protective factors were collected. Results. The prevalence of sex trading (5.9%) was 5 times higher among TGD students than cisgender students (1.2%). In addition, the prevalence of all mental health concerns was high among TGD students who traded sex (e.g., 75.9% reported a lifetime suicide attempt, as compared with 45.9% of cisgender students who traded sex). Fewer statistical differences were found across protective factors. When TGD students who traded sex were compared according to sex assigned at birth, no statistically significant differences were found. Conclusions. Our findings support strong calls for increased competence regarding gender and sex trading or exploitation in clinical and school-based settings to decrease health disparities among TGD youths. Public Health Implications. In this study, we have presented unique prevalence estimates of mental health disparities among TGD students in the United States who trade sex. Our results indicate that TGD students who trade sex are at risk for mental health symptoms and that sensitivity to both gender and sex trading or exploitation will be critical to meeting the needs of this group in clinical as well as school-based settings.

Objective Describe Greek life students' perspectives of party culture, safety, and College Sexual Violence (CSV) prevention. Participants 27 US undergraduates: 5 fraternity underclassmen, 6 fraternity upperclassmen, 10 sorority underclassmen, 6 sorority upperclassmen. Methods Students participated in one of four focus groups, separately by gender and academic year. Facilitation guide addressed partying, sexual violence, and safety. Results Greek life members described partying preferences, perceived safety threats, and actions they took to party safely. University efforts to support safe partying were not universally viewed as helpful. Conclusions Although Greek life students strive to create safe partying environments, there remain missed opportunities to mitigate risks related to CSV. The responsibility to ensure safe partying falls too heavily on students, resulting in universities missing opportunities to provide measures that promote safety while mitigating risks and potentially serious harms.

We consider a new class of multi-period network interdiction problems, where interdiction and restructuring decisions are decided upon before the network is operated and implemented throughout the time horizon. We discuss how we apply this new problem to disrupting domestic sex trafficking networks, and introduce a variant where a second cooperating attacker has the ability to interdict victims and prevent the recruitment of prospective victims. This problem is modeled as a bilevel mixed integer linear program (BMILP), and is solved using column-and-constraint generation with partial information. We also simplify the BMILP when all interdictions are implemented before the network is operated. Modeling-based augmentations are proposed to significantly improve the solution time in a majority of instances tested. We apply our method to synthetic domestic sex trafficking networks, and discuss policy implications from our model. In particular, we show how preventing the recruitment of prospective victims may be as essential to disrupting sex trafficking as interdicting existing participants.

Introduction: Patients with ADTKD-MUC1 have one allele producing normal mucin-1 (MUC1) and one allele producing mutant MUC1, which remains intracellular. We hypothesized that ADTKD-MUC1 patients, who have only 1 secretory-competent wild-type MUC1 allele, should exhibit decreased plasma mucin-1 (MUC1) levels. To test this hypothesis, we repurposed the serum CA15-3 assay used to measure MUC1 in breast cancer to measure plasma MUC1 levels in ADTKD-MUC1. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed CA15-3 levels in a reference population of 6,850 individuals, in 85 individuals with ADTKD-MUC1, and in a control population including 135 individuals with ADTKD-UMOD and 114 healthy individuals. Results: Plasma CA15-3 levels (mean ± standard deviation) were 8.6 ± 4.3 U/mL in individuals with ADTKD-MUC1 and 14.6 ± 5.6 U/mL in controls (p < 0.001). While there was a significant difference in mean CA15-3 levels, there was substantial overlap between the 2 groups. Plasma CA15-3 levels were MUC1 patients, in 0/249 controls, and in 1% of the reference population. Plasma CA15-3 levels were >20 U/mL in 1/85 ADTKD-MUC1 patients, in 18% of control individuals, and in 25% of the reference population. Segregation of plasma CA15-3 levels by the rs4072037 genotype did not significantly improve differentiation between affected and unaffected individuals. CA15-3 levels were minimally affected by gender and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Discussion/Conclusions: Plasma CA15-3 levels in ADTKD-MUC1 patients are approximately 40% lower than levels in healthy individuals, though there is significant overlap between groups. Further investigations need to be performed to see if plasma CA15-3 levels would be useful in diagnosis, prognosis, or assessing response to new therapies in this disorder.

Purpose To evaluate self-referral from the Internet for genetic diagnosis of several rare inherited kidney diseases. Methods Retrospective study from 1996–2017 analyzing data from an academic referral center specializing in autosomal dominant tubulo-interstitial kidney disease (ADTKD). Individuals were referred by academic health care providers (HCPs) non-academic HCPs, or directly by patients/families. Results Over 21 years, there were 665 referrals, with 176(27%) directly from families, 269(40%) from academic HCPs, and 220(33%) from non-academic HCPs. 42(24%) of direct family referrals had positive genetic testing vs 73(27%) of families from academic HCPs and 55(25%) from non-academic HCPs (P=.72). 99% of direct family contacts were white and resided in zip code locations with a mean median income of $77,316±34,014 vs. US median income $49,445. Conclusions Undiagnosed families with Internet access bypassed their physicians and established direct contact with an academic center specializing in inherited kidney disease to achieve a diagnosis. Twenty-five per cent of all families diagnosed with ADTKD were the result of direct family referral and would otherwise have been un-diagnosed. If patients suspect a rare disorder that is un-diagnosed by their physicians, actively pursuing self-diagnosis using the Internet can be successful. Centers interested in rare disorders should consider improving direct access to families.

Highly expressed in the enterohepatic system, pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2) is a well-characterized nuclear receptor (NR) that regulates the expression of genes in the liver and intestines that encode key drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporter proteins in mammals. The net effect of PXR activation is to increase metabolism and clear drugs and xenobiotics from the body, producing a protective effect and mediating clinically significant drug interaction in patients on combination therapy. The complete understanding of PXR biology is thus important for the development of safe and effective therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, PXR activation is now known to specifically transrepress the inflammatory- and nutrient-signaling pathways of gene expression, thereby providing a mechanism for linking these signaling pathways together with enzymatic drug biotransformation pathways in the liver and intestines. Recent research efforts highlight numerous post-translational modifications (PTMs) which significantly influence the biological function of PXR. However, this thrust of research is still in its infancy. In the context of gene-environment interactions, we present a review of the recent literature that implicates PXR PTMs in regulating its clinically relevant biology. We also provide a discussion of how these PTMs likely interface with each other to respond to extracellular cues to appropriately modify PXR activity.

Introduction Autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease (ADTKD) is an increasingly recognized cause of chronic kidney disease. ADTKD pregnancy outcomes have not previously been described. Methods A cross-sectional survey was sent to women from ADTKD families. Results Information was obtained from 85 afffected women (164 term pregnancies) and 23 controls (50 pregnancies). Only 16.5% of genetically affected women knew they had ADTKD during pregnancy. Eighteen percent of ADTKD mothers had hypertension during pregnancy versus 12% in controls ( p = 0.54) and >40% in comparative studies of chronic kidney disease in pregnancy. Eleven percent of births of ADTKD mothers were Conclusions ADTKD pregnancies had lower rates of hypertension during pregnancy versus other forms of chronic kidney disease, which may have contributed to good maternal and fetal outcomes.

9549 Background: Merkel cell carcinoma is an aggressive neuroendocrine tumor of skin origin with most cases caused by the Merkel polyoma virus (MCPyV). While many patients benefit from PD-1/PD-L1 axis blockade, most patients do not respond or develop resistance. We sought to ask whether adoptive transfer of autologous T cells transduced with MCPyV specific T cells could lead to clinical responses in PD-1 inhibitor refractory patients. Methods: Five MCPyV positive, HLA-A02 patients with PD-1 inhibitor refractory metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma were treated with adoptive transfer of CD62L+ CD8+ and CD4+ autologous T cells transduced with a T cell receptor (TCR) targeting an HLA-A0201 restricted MCPyV epitope. Two different strategies were used to facilitate T cell expansion: In 3 patients, single fraction radiation was administered to a subset of lesions prior to T cell transfer. In 2 patients, lymphodepleting chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide and fludarabine was administered prior to T cell transfer. Anti PD-1/PD-L1 therapy was given 14 days after T cell infusion. Transgenic T cells were visualized in tumor biopsies by multiplex immunohistochemistry. Results: 5 patients were treated, with 4 patients receiving 100 million tetramer positive CD8+ T cells and one patient receiving 500 million cells. 3 patients received second infusions with between 300 million and 900 million tetramer positive cells. No dose limiting toxicities or cytokine release syndrome were observed. T cell persistence was lower in the 2 patients treated with lymphodepleting chemotherapy relative to the 3 patients treated with single fraction radiation. Transgenic T cells persisted at tumor sites greater than 1 month following transfer. 4 patients experienced progressive disease, and a single patient had a mixed response and greater than 1 year disease free interval following local therapy of an isolated site of progression. The responding patient was the only patient with class I MHC staining on tumor cells prior to treatment, and the site of local progression in that patient showed the presence of TCR transgenic T cells but loss of class I MHC expression. Conclusions: MCPyV specific transgenic T cells are safe, traffic to tumor sites, and can result in a clinical response, but their clinical activity may be limited by down-regulation of class I MHC expression on tumors. A future trial will address strategies to increase class I MHC expression on Merkel tumors. Clinical trial information: NCT03747484.

To estimate the cost and time taken to evaluate adults with drug-resistant focal epilepsy for potentially curative surgery.We reviewed data on 100 consecutive individuals at a tertiary referral center evaluated for epilepsy surgery in 2017. The time elapsed between referral and either surgery or a definitive decision not to progress was measured. National Health Service tariffs applicable to our setting were used to estimate the total cost of evaluation for individuals following different routes through the pre-surgical pathway. After surgery, self-reported seizure freedom rates were obtained from each individual to assess the approximate cost of pre-surgical evaluation per additional person seizure-free.Of 100 individuals evaluated, 27 had surgery, 63 had a definitive decision not to have surgery, and ten were awaiting further investigations. The median duration of the pre-surgical evaluation was 29.7 months (IQR 18.6-44.1 months), with a median cost per person of £9138 (IQR £6984-£14,868). Those who proceeded to Stage Two investigations (including fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, ictal single-photon emission computerized tomography and intracranial electroencephalography) had a higher cost and extended evaluation length. After a median of 3.1 (IQR 2.3-3.7) years, 15/27 people who had surgery were seizure-free. This equated to an approximate cost of £123,500 spent per additional person seizure-free.Pre-surgical evaluation is long and costly, particularly for those who require icEEG. For those with drug-resistant focal epilepsy, surgery is, however, associated with a greater chance of seizure freedom. The suitability and risk-benefit ratio of surgery should be considered at each step of the pre-surgical pathway.

Recent advances in knowledge have led to the recognition of continental crust beneath the Comoros islands offshore East Africa and conflicting fracture zone patterns in isolated regions of the Indian ocean. Furthermore, whilst the presence of continental crust within the Davis Straight has been known for some time, its origin remains debated.Here, using gravity lineament analysis, plate kinematic modelling, seismic reflection interpretations, and 3D crustal thickness inversions (constrained by a new composite sedimentary thickness dataset), we investigate the origin of microcontinents and proto-subduction events in the Western Somali Basin, Indian Ocean, and the Labrador Sea. We find the role of plate motion changes, which induce transpression along active transform faults, play a critical role in the cleaving of the Comoros microcontinent and inducing previously poorly understood plate convergence and missing crustal sections along the Chain and Owen ridges. Furthermore, the temporal and spatial patterns of thrust and normal faulting in the Davis Straight indicates an analogous mechanism emplaced continental crust in this region, suggesting a generic and predictable mechanism may be applicable to the production of this type of microcontinent around the globe. The Davis Straight proto microcontinent (i.e., incompletely rifted microcontinent) began development during the 53 Ma spreading axis reorientation and ceased separation at 33 Ma, when the basin became extinct. We postulate that the extinction of ocean spreading in the Labrador Sea, and possibly also the Western Somali Basin, may have been influenced by increasing transpression across long-offset fracture zones and suggest further study of this phenomenon.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with ADTKD-MUC1 have one allele producing normal mucin-1 (MUC1) and one allele producing mutant MUC1, which remains intracellular. We hypothesized that ADTKD-MUC1 patients, who have only 1 secretory-competent wild-type MUC1 allele, should exhibit decreased plasma mucin-1 (MUC1) levels. To test this hypothesis, we repurposed the serum CA15-3 assay used to measure MUC1 in breast cancer to measure plasma MUC1 levels in ADTKD-MUC1. METHODS: This cross-sectional study analyzed CA15-3 levels in a reference population of 6,850 individuals, in 85 individuals with ADTKD-MUC1, and in a control population including 135 individuals with ADTKD-UMOD and 114 healthy individuals. RESULTS: Plasma CA15-3 levels (mean ± standard deviation) were 8.6 ± 4.3 U/mL in individuals with ADTKD-MUC1 and 14.6 ± 5.6 U/mL in controls (p < 0.001). While there was a significant difference in mean CA15-3 levels, there was substantial overlap between the 2 groups. Plasma CA15-3 levels were 20 U/mL in 1/85 ADTKD-MUC1 patients, in 18% of control individuals, and in 25% of the reference population. Segregation of plasma CA15-3 levels by the rs4072037 genotype did not significantly improve differentiation between affected and unaffected individuals. CA15-3 levels were minimally affected by gender and estimated glomerular filtration rate. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS: Plasma CA15-3 levels in ADTKD-MUC1 patients are approximately 40% lower than levels in healthy individuals, though there is significant overlap between groups. Further investigations need to be performed to see if plasma CA15-3 levels would be useful in diagnosis, prognosis, or assessing response to new therapies in this disorder.

In this article, we argue that destitution economies of migration control are specific circuits of exchange and value constituted by migration control practices that produce migrant and refugee destitution. Comparative analysis of three case studies, including border encampment in Thailand, deprivation in U.S. immigration detention centers, and deterrence through destitution in the United Kingdom, demonstrate that circuits of value depend on the detachment of workers from citizenship and simultaneously produce both migrant destitution and new forms of value production. Within destitution economies, migration and asylum’s particular juridico-political position as domestic, foreign, and securitized allows legal regimes to produce migrants and asylum seekers as distinct economic subjects: forsaken recipients of aid. Although they might also work for pay, we argue that destitute migrants and asylum seekers have value for others through the grinding labor of living in poverty. That is, in their categorization as migrants and asylum seekers, they occupy a particular position in relation to economic circuits. These economic circuits of migration control, in turn, rely on the destitution of mobile people. Our approach advances political geographies of migration, bordering, and exclusion as well as economic geographies of marketization and value, arguing that the predominance of political analysis and critique of immigration and asylum regimes obscures how those regimes produce circuits of value in and through law, state practices, and exclusion. Furthermore, law, state power, and forced mobility constitute circuits of value and marketization. Conceptualizing these migration control practices as destitution economies illuminates novel transformations of the political and economic geographies of migration, borders, and inequality.

Purpose Youth who trade sex for something of value experience enduring harm and risk of being trafficked. This study provides empirically-based prevalence estimates to guide policy and practice. Methods This secondary analysis of 2019 population-level surveillance data from high school students in Minnesota (N = 71,007) uses descriptive statistics and chi-square tests to analyze self-reports of trading sex by demographics, relevant experiences, and health indicators. Results The prevalence of trading sex among high school students in Minnesota was 1.4%. Cisgender boys and girls had similar rates; transgender students were much higher (5.9%). Rates varied significantly across race/ethnicity (e.g., Native youth, 3.1%), school location, and economic indicators. Students indicating other relevant experiences, such as having been treated for alcohol or drug use (15.1%), reported elevated rates of trading sex. Conclusions Trading sex is a public health issue that affects high school students. The results show disparate rates of trading sex based on race/ethnicity and gender, with elevated rates among youth who engage in other risky behaviors and experienced other adverse experiences.

Introduction: Autosomal dominant tubulo-interstitial kidney disease due to UMOD mutations (ADTKD-UMOD) is a rare condition associated with high variability in the age of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). The minor allele of rs4293393, located in the promoter of the UMOD gene, is present in 19% of the population and downregulates uromodulin production by approximately 50% and might affect the age of ESKD. The goal of this study was to better understand the genetic and clinical characteristics of ADTKD-UMOD and to perform a Mendelian randomization study to determine if the minor allele of rs4293393 was associated with better kidney survival. Methods: An international group of collaborators collected clinical and genetic data on 722 affected individuals from 249 families with 125 mutations, including 28 new mutations. The median age of ESKD was 47 years. Men were at a much higher risk of progression to ESKD (hazard ratio 1.78, P < 0.001). Results: The allele frequency of the minor rs4293393 allele was only 11.6% versus the 19% expected (P < 0.01), resulting in Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium and precluding a Mendelian randomization experiment. An in vitro score reflecting the severity of the trafficking defect of uromodulin mutants was found to be a promising predictor of the age of ESKD. Conclusion: We report the clinical characteristics associated with 125 UMOD mutations. Male gender and a new in vitro score predict age of ESKD. publishersversion published

This article explores how the multiplication of labour migration categories relies upon strategic territorialisations of borders to differentiate between workers' nationalities, worksites, and skills in Finland. We argue that for certain categories of workers, migration policies encourage workers to become mobile in ways that make them more precarious. We analyse worksites that show the different ways that labour is made mobile: the internationalization of higher education; Finnair's labour outsourcing and offshoring practices; and the recruitment of forest berry-pickers from Thailand. We first trace contentious migration politics in Finland, revealing conflicts over labour protections, universal labour rights, the state's obligations to create employment, economic competitiveness, national identity, and the precarisation of work. We show how practices of legal, procedural, and spatial differentiation particularise the conditions of work and argue that, even for skilled workers, the strategic territorialisation of borders works to differentiate between workers and work sites. This differentiation works to make labour mobile in multiple ways and, due to the selective territorialisation of labour protections, the political geographies of migration in Finland tend towards the precarisation of labour for skilled and unskilled workers alike.

Out-of-school-time activities engage students in formal and informal learning that can help to close lingering achievement and opportunity gaps among culturally and linguistically diverse learners ...

Molecular methods for the detection of mammalian coat color phenotypes have expanded greatly within the past decade. Many phenotypes are associated with a single nucleotide polymorphism mutation in the genetic sequence. Traditionally, these mutations are detected through sequencing, hybridization assays or mini-sequencing. However, these techniques can be expensive and tedious. Previously, CE-SSCP using the F-108 polymer was able to distinguish SNPs for the melanocortin-1 receptor (mc1r) coat color gene in horses (Equus caballus) that differed by one nucleotide substitution. The objective of this study was to expand the detection of coat color SNPs in horses. The genes for the solute carrier family member 2 (slc45a2/matp), type III receptor protein-tyrosine kinase (kit) and mc1r genes using CE-SSCP and F-108 polymer were compared to mini-sequencing with the SNaPshotTM kit. The F-108 polymer reproducibly resolved homozygous and heterozygous individuals for the mc1r and kit markers, but was unable to resolve heterozygous individuals for slc45a2 at 38oC. The need for temperatures

Research shows that homeless youth are uniquely vulnerable to commercial sexual exploitation (CSE). But what are young adult perspectives on definitions and pathways of CSE? We analyze focus group data from participatory research with a homeless youth-serving agency. Participants were a ethnically diverse sample/ethnically diverse sample of twenty four female-identifying young adults (ages 18–23) receiving services. Some perceptions of the participants were consistent with previously documented pathways into CSE. But, important novel themes emerged, including: sexual exploitation as a continuum of sexually explicit interactions (i.e. stripping, fetish, survival sex, trafficking); ever-present conversations and decision-making about CSE in homeless youth and young adult culture; and the paradoxical issue that service-seeking around homelessness and overt identification of CSE victims can target them for greater victimization.

The articles collected here show how the terms transnational, everyday lives and citizenship inflect each other in different ways, depending on the site and context in question. In this afterword, we want to explore how these three terms change each other and the implications of ‘transnational lived citizenship ’. The articles mark out important theoretical arguments for conceptualizing the spatialities of transnational identity, migrant life and emotional citizenship.

When animals make choices about food sources, potential mates or nest sites, they encounter options either simultaneously or sequentially. As human choices can be altered depending on whether they encounter options simultaneously or sequentially, it seems plausible that animal choices may also be influenced by the way in which they encounter options. Here, we examined whether birds’ choices were affected by the way in which they learned about possible options. In one treatment, we presented hummingbirds with each of three foraging options (5, 20 or 30 % sucrose solution) either sequentially or simultaneously before presenting birds with a choice of all three options simultaneously. When the birds had learned about options simultaneously, they had stronger preferences for the best option (30 %) than when they had learned about the options sequentially. These data are consistent with the stronger preferences for simultaneously encountered options in the mate choice literature. In both situations, it is possible that this effect comes about because it is easier to discriminate among multiple options presented simultaneously and/or because there are costs of failing to accept an option when those options are presented/encountered sequentially.

This article conceptualizes carceral economies of migration control. First, I argue that ‘privatization’ signals a reorganization of authority, rather than a relocation of ownership from public to private domains. Second, I argue for greater attention to the socio-technical practices of valuation specific to migration control through which commodification becomes possible. Third, this reorganization of authority has produced (1) status value, a form of value specific to immigration policing’s juridico-political position; and (2) valuation practices that translate, commensurate and circulate migrant life as a marketizable entity.

Summary Accurate measurement of clonal genotypes, mutational processes, and replication states from individual tumor-cell genomes will facilitate improved understanding of tumor evolution. We have developed DLP+, a scalable single-cell whole-genome sequencing platform implemented using commodity instruments, image-based object recognition, and open source computational methods. Using DLP+, we have generated a resource of 51,926 single-cell genomes and matched cell images from diverse cell types including cell lines, xenografts, and diagnostic samples with limited material. From this resource we have defined variation in mitotic mis-segregation rates across tissue types and genotypes. Analysis of matched genomic and image measurements revealed correlations between cellular morphology and genome ploidy states. Aggregation of cells sharing copy number profiles allowed for calculation of single-nucleotide resolution clonal genotypes and inference of clonal phylogenies and avoided the limitations of bulk deconvolution. Finally, joint analysis over the above features defined clone-specific chromosomal aneuploidy in polyclonal populations., Graphical Abstract, Highlights • Scaled method and resource of > 50K single-cell whole genomes from diverse cell types • Clonal merging can resolve clone specific mutations to single-nucleotide level • Image analysis of single cells permits correlation of morphology and genome features • Clonal replication states and rare aneuploidy patterns of single cells measured, A high-throughput method for amplication-free single-cell whole-genome sequencing can be scaled up to analyze tens of thousands of cells from different tissues and clinical sample types and identifies replication states, aneuploidies, and subclonal mutations.