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Literary translation is an essential component of international exchanges and cultural diplomacy. For minority and minoritized languages, in particular, it is not only a window to other audiences but also a source of legitimacy among their own readerships. In this sense, governments and institutions often provide funding for translations to counter the difficulties that smaller literatures have to access the competitive global market and avail of its opportunities. This article explores the current state of the internationalization of contemporary Galician narrative to the anglophone world at a moment in which the latter is experiencing a period of increasing openness to translation driven mostly by independent presses. Why is it that, despite the institutional supports in place, most Galician narrative is struggling to find readerships in the English-speaking world?

Gastrointestinal symptoms are common in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), related to infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) of intestinal cells through the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor in the brush border. Also, patients are treated with multiple antibiotics. Therefore, an increase in gut dysbiosis and in the prevalence of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is expected in patients with COVID-19.A PubMed search was conducted using the terms "gut microbiota," "gut mycobiota," "dysbiosis" AND "COVID-19"; "Clostridium difficile," "Clostridioides difficile" AND "COVID-19"; "probiotics," "bacteriotherapy AND COVID-19." Only case series, observational and experimental studies were included.A total of 384 papers were retrieved and 21 fulfilled selection criteria. Later, a new paper was identified, thus 22 papers were reviewed. Main findings: (1) gut bacterial dysbiosis has been found in fecal samples of COVID-19 patients, with enrichment of opportunistic organisms and decrease of beneficial commensals such as Faecalibacterium prausnitizii. Dysbiosis is related to inflammatory markers and illness severity. (2) There is evidence for abnormal gut barrier and bacterial translocation with a negative impact in the lungs. (3) Fungal dysbiosis correlating with pulmonary mycobiota, has also been found. (4) There is controversy in the CDI rates among COVID-19 patients versus controls and pandemic versus prepandemic era. (5) There is no available evidence yet to support bacteriotherapy in COVID-19. (6) Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been proposed for COVID-19, although there is no evidence to support it. Also, FMT can be safely used during the pandemic for CDI if strict screening protocols for donors and fecal product are implemented.In COVID-19 there is bacterial and fungal dysbiosis that correlates with systemic and pulmonary inflammation, and illness severity. Further investigations are warranted to determine the efficacy of bacteriotherapy and FMT for modulating gut dysbiosis in COVID-19.

The best approach to tuberculosis (TB) treatment in transplanted patients is still unknown. Current guidelines are based on evidence either extrapolated from other populations or observational. Rifampin-containing regimens have strong pharmacokinetic interactions with immunosuppressive regimens, with high rates of organ dysfunction and ∼20% mortality. This report describes the results obtained using non-rifampin-containing regimens to treat confirmed TB in adult patients with kidney/kidney-pancreas transplantation.Retrospective data analysis from confirmed TB cases in adult kidney/kidney-pancreas transplant recipients (2006-2019), treated "de novo" with non-rifampin-containing regimens.Fifty-seven patients had confirmed TB. Thirty patients were treated "de novo" with non-rifampin-containing regimens. These patients' mean age was 49.24 (±11.50) years. Induction immunosuppression was used in 22 patients. Maintenance immunosuppression was tacrolimus-mycophenolate-steroids in 13 (43%), sirolimus-mycophenolate-steroids in 6 (20%), and other immunosuppressive regimens in 11 (36%). Belatacept was used in four patients. TB localizations: pulmonary 43%; disseminated 23%; extrapulmonary 33%. Twenty-seven (90%) patients completed treatment with isoniazid, ethambutol, and levofloxacin (12 months, 23; 9 months, 3; 6 months, 1); 12 of these patients also received pyrazinamide for the first 2 months and were cured with functioning grafts. One patient (3%) lost the graft while on treatment. Two patients (7%) died while on TB treatment. Median (range) follow-up after completion of TB treatment was 32 (8-150) months. No TB relapses were observed.Results with non-rifampin-containing TB treatments in this case series were better (in terms of mortality and graft dysfunction) than those previously described with rifampin-containing regimens in transplanted patients.

Literary translation plays a crucial role in the internationalisation of cultural and publishing markets. It constitutes a marker of status in the economic global system, therefore contributing to cultural diplomacy. As such, source-culture institutions often offer support policies to help disseminate their literatures abroad. Focusing on contemporary multilingual Spain, this paper investigates the translation policies of the Basque Country, Catalonia, Galicia and Valencia, where literature in Spanish coexists with the literatures written in the co-official languages in these regions, paying special attention to the translation grants funding schemes. Through the comprehensive study of the different stages of this funding scheme —from the design and publication of the translation grants to the allocation of funding, also including the participation of the four funding institutions at the Frankfurt Book Fair in 2018— we combine quantitative and qualitative methods with ethnographic research to offer unique insights into the extent to which translation grants from each of the source cultures can successfully contribute to the internationalisation of literatures in these stateless cultures and less translated languages. Our research also offers revealing information about the particularities of the collaboration between institutional funding bodies and the private publishing industry in these regions.

Netrin-1 is a neural guidance factor that regulates migration and positioning of neural crest-derived cells during embryonic development. Depending on the type of Netrin-1 receptor expression, cells are either attracted or repulsed by Netrin-1. Postnatal expression of Netrin-1 is detected in brain, colon, liver, and kidney, which are common sites of cancer metastasis, including melanoma. Thus, understanding the dynamics between Netrin-1 and its receptors could explain the attraction of melanoma towards these Netrin-1-expressing tissues. Here, we investigate whether the Netrin-1-attractive receptor Neogenin can affect migration of melanoma cells towards a Netrin-1 source. Results from Western blot (WB) analysis show higher expression of Neogenin in aggressive compared to non-aggressive melanoma cells. Cell migration experiments show increased migration of Neogenin-expressing aggressive melanoma cells towards exogenous, soluble recombinant human Netrin-1 and towards a Netrin-1-expressing cell line. Furthermore, WB reveals ERK1/2 activation and increased N-cadherin expression in Neogenin-expressing aggressive melanoma cells treated with rhNetrin-1. Moreover, treatment with anti-Neogenin blocking antibody caused decreased migration towards Netrin-1-expressing cells and reduced ERK1/2 activity in Neogenin-expressing aggressive melanoma cells. These results suggest Neogenin may play a role during migration of melanoma cells towards Netrin-1 via ERK1/2 signaling.

Objectives To evaluate the efficacy of oral colistin-neomycin in preventing multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales (MDR-E) infections in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. Methods Multicentre, open-label, parallel-group, controlled trial with balanced (1:1) randomization in five transplant units. SOT recipients were screened for MDR-E intestinal colonization (extended-spectrum β-lactamase or carbapenemase producing) before transplantation and +7 and + 14 days after transplantation and assigned 1:1 to receive treatment with colistin sulfate plus neomycin sulfate for 14 days (decolonization treatment (DT) group) or no treatment (no decolonization treatment (NDT) group). The primary outcome was diagnosis of an MDR-E infection. Safety outcomes were appearance of adverse effects, mainly diarrhoea, rash, nausea and vomiting. Patients were monitored weekly until 30 days after treatment. Intention-to-treat analysis was performed. Results MDR-E rectal colonization was assessed in 768 SOT recipients; 105 colonized patients were included in the clinical trial, 53 receiving DT and 52 NDT. No significant decrease in the risk of infection by MDR-E was observed in the DT group (9.4%, 5/53) compared to the NDT group (13.5%, 7/52) (relative risk 0.70; 95% confidence interval 0.24–2.08; p 0.517). Four patients (5.6%), three (5.6%) in the DT group and one (1.9%) in the NDT group, developed colistin resistance. Twelve patients (22.7%) in the DT group had diarrhoea, eight related to treatment (15.0%); one patient (1.8%) developed skin rash and another (1.8%) nausea and vomiting. Two patients (3.8%) in the NDT group developed diarrhoea. Conclusions DT does not reduce MDR-E infections in SOT. Colistin resistance and adverse effects such as diarrhoea are a potential issue that must be taken seriously.

espanolObjetivo. Nuestro estudio tiene como objetivo describir las caracteristicas clinicas y evolucion de los pacientes infectados por SARS-CoV-2 tratados con siltuximab, de acuerdo con el protocolo local, con objetivo de bloquear precozmente la actividad de la Interleukina-6 evitando la progresion de la cascada inflamatoria. Pacientes y metodos. Estudio retrospectivo de los primeros 31 pacientes con COVID-19 tratados con siltuximab en el Hospital Clinic de Barcelona y en el Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, en el periodo de marzo a abril, que tenian una PCR en frotis nasal positiva para SARS-CoV-2. Resultados. Fueron incluidos 31 pacientes tratados con siltuximab, con una mediana (RIC) de edad de 62 anos (56-71) y una prevalencia de varones del 71%. La comorbilidad mas frecuente fue la hipertension arterial (48%). La mediana de dosis administrada de siltuximab fue 800 mg con un rango de 785 mg a 900 mg. Siete pacientes recibieron siltuximab como terapia de rescate despues de una dosis de tocilizumab. Al final del estudio, un total de 26 (83.9) pacientes recibieron alta hospitalaria vivos. La tasa de mortalidad fue de 16.1%, sin embargo, solo 1 de los 24 pacientes que recibieron siltuximab como primera linea de tratamiento fallecio (4%). Conclusiones. Siltuximab es una alternativa bien tolerada al uso de tocilizumab como primera linea de tratamiento para pacientes con neumonia por COVID-19 dentro de los primeros 10 dias de sintomas y con proteina C-reactiva elevada. EnglishObjectives. The study aims to describe characteristics and clinical outcome of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection that received siltuximab according to a protocol that aimed to early block the activity of IL-6 to avoid the progression of the inflammatory flare. Patients and methods. Retrospective review of the first 31 patients with SARS-CoV-2 treated with siltuximab, in Hospital Clinic of Barcelona or Hospital Universitario Salamanca, from March to April 2020 with positive polymerase-chain reaction (PCR) from a nasopharyngeal swab. Results. The cohort included 31 cases that received siltuximab with a median (IQR) age of 62 (56-71) and 71% were males. The most frequent comorbidity was hypertension (48%). The median dose of siltuximab was 800 mg ranging between 785 and 900 mg. 7 patients received siltuximab as a salvage therapy after one dose of tocilizumab. At the end of the study, a total of 26 (83.9) patients had been discharged alive and the mortality rate was 16.1% but only 1 out of 24 that received siltuximab as a first line option (4%). Conclusions. Siltuximab is a well-tolerated alternative to tocilizumab when administered as a first line option in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia within the first 10 days from symptoms onset and high C-reactive protein.

EnglishThe reader of translations has gained increasing attention in Translation Studies in recent years, with more focused studies looking into the reception of translated works either through textual analysis of reviews (Zhao 2009, Bielsa 2013, D’Egidio 2015, Saldanha 2018) or the analysis of interviews and focus groups with real readers (Arnold 2016). The reception of works by anglophone readers, in particular, has raised interest among scholars who wish to understand the expectations and patterns of literary consumption by a hegemonic, central culture. This article explores how Galician writers Manuel Rivas and Domingo Villar’s work is perceived and re-constructed by ananglophone readership through an analysis of professional (press) reviews and semiprofessional (blog) reviews based on the homogenization-eterogenizationexoticismcontinuum posited by Saldanha (2018). galegoNos ultimos anos, os estudos de Traducion venen vendo un aumento no interese sobre o lectorado de traducions, presente en estudos centrados na recepcion de obras traducidas ben sexa a traves dunha analise textual de recensions (Zhao 2009, Bielsa 2013, D’Egidio 2015, Saldanha 2018) ou de estudos realizados a traves de entrevistas e grupos de lectura con lectores reais (Arnold 2016). En concreto, a recepcion de obra traducida no mundo anglofono ven xerando un interese particular entre academicos que buscan comprender as expectativas e os patrons de consumo literario no contexto dunha cultura central e hexemonica. Este artigo explora a recepcion das obras de Manuel Rivas e Domingo Villar no mundo anglofono e estuda como as recensions tanto profesionais (en prensa) como semiprofesionais (blogs) re-construena cultura galega segundo a nocion de continuo homoxenizacion-heteroxenizacion-exotismo formulada por Saldanha (2018).

EnglishThe reader of translations has gained increasing attention in Translation Studies in recent years, with more focused studies looking into the reception of translated works either through textual analysis of reviews (Zhao 2009, Bielsa 2013, D’Egidio 2015, Saldanha 2018) or the analysis of interviews and focus groups with real readers (Arnold 2016). The reception of works by anglophone readers, in particular, has raised interest among scholars who wish to understand the expectations and patterns of literary consumption by a hegemonic, central culture. This article explores how Galician writers Manuel Rivas and Domingo Villar’s work is perceived and re-constructed by an anglophone readership through an analysis of professional (press) reviews and semiprofessional (blog) reviews based on the homogenization- eterogenizationexoticismcontinuum posited by Saldanha (2018). galegoNos ultimos anos, os estudos de Traducion venen vendo un aumento no interese sobre o lectorado de traducions, presente en estudos centrados na recepcion de obras traducidas ben sexa a traves dunha analise textual de recensions (Zhao 2009, Bielsa 2013, D’Egidio 2015, Saldanha 2018) ou de estudos realizados a traves de entrevistas e grupos de lectura con lectores reais (Arnold 2016). En concreto, a recepcion de obra traducida no mundo anglofono ven xerando un interese particular entre academicos que buscan comprender as expectativas e os patrons de consumo literario no contexto dunha culturacentral e hexemonica. Este artigo explora a recepcion das obras de Manuel Rivas e Domingo Villar no mundo anglofono e estuda como as recensions tanto profesionais (en prensa) como semiprofesionais (blogs) re-construen a cultura galega segundo a nocion de continuo homoxenizacion-heteroxenizacion-exotismo formulada por Saldanha (2018).

Objectives. In some patients the immune response triggered by SARS-CoV-2 is unbalanced, presenting an acute respiratory distress syndrome which in many cases requires intensive care unit (ICU) admission. The limitation of ICU beds has been one of the major burdens in the management around the world; therefore, clinical strategies to avoid ICU admission are needed. We aimed to describe the influence of tocilizumab on the need of transfer to ICU or death in non-critically ill patients. Material and methods. A retrospective study of 171 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection that did not qualify as requiring transfer to ICU during the first 24h after admission to a conventional ward, were included. The criteria to receive tocilizumab was radiological impairment, oxygen demand or an increasing of inflammatory parameters, however, the ultimate decision was left to the attending physician judgement. The primary outcome was the need of ICU admission or death whichever came first. Results. A total of 77 patients received tocilizumab and 94 did not. The tocilizumab group had less ICU admissions (10.3% vs. 27.6%, P=0.005) and need of invasive ventilation (0 vs 13.8%, P=0.001). In the multivariable analysis, tocilizumab remained as a protective variable (OR: 0.03, CI 95%: 0.007-0.1, P=0.0001) of ICU admission or death. Conclusions. Tocilizumab in early stages of the inflammatory flare could reduce an important number of ICU admissions and mechanical ventilation. The mortality rate of 10.3% among patients receiving tocilizumab appears to be lower than other reports. This is a non-randomized study and the results should be interpreted with caution.

[Background] This study describes the genotypic and phenotypic characterization of novel human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) genetic variants of a cohort of 94 clinically resistant HCMV patients., [Methods and results] Antiviral-resistant mutations were detected in the UL97, UL54, and UL56 target genes of 25 of 94 (26.6%) patients. The genotype-phenotype correlation study resolved the status of 5 uncharacterized UL54 deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase (G441S, A543V, F460S, R512C, A928T) and 2 UL56 terminase (F345L, P800L) mutations found in clinical isolates. A928T conferred high, triple resistance to ganciclovir, foscarnet, and cidofovir, and A543V had 10-fold reduced susceptibility to cidofovir. Viral growth assays showed G441S, A543V, F345L, and P800L impaired viral growth capacities compared with wild-type AD169 HCMV. Three-dimensional modeling predicted A543V and A928T phenotypes but not R512C, reinforcing the need for individual characterization of mutations by recombinant phenotyping., [Conclusions] Extending mutation databases is crucial to optimize treatments and to improve the assessment of patients with resistant/refractory HCMV infection., The research was carried out in the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain and was funded by “Fondo de Investigación en Salud (FIS) PI 17/0150 of the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación del Gobierno de España”, the Agency for Health Technology Assessment, and “Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad”, by “Fundació La Marató” 201824 (21/267), by “Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red” (CIBER) CB21/13/0081 and “Agencia de Gestión de Ayudas Universitarias y de Investigación” (AGAUR).

Introduction The objective of this study was to describe two challenging cases of intravascular foreign body infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens requiring complex antimicrobial regimens including cefiderocol and successfully treated without implant removal. Methods Clinical charts and microbiological reports of the clinical cases. Results Case 1 included a left ventricular assist device (HEARTMATE 3™Abbot®) infection due to Achromobacter xylosoxidans, while case 2 included a portal prosthesis infection due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. As the pathogens were multidrug-resistant (MDR), both cases required antimicrobial regimens with cefiderocol; treatment was successful without implant removal. Importantly, case 1 presented a probable, drug-induced thrombocytopenia, a non-previously described side effect related to cefiderocol. Conclusion Cefiderocol may be an additional, promising drug to the available arsenal, even for challenging foreign body infections caused by MDR Gram-negative pathogens.

Objectives To describe the burden, epidemiology and outcomes of co-infections and superinfections occurring in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods We performed an observational cohort study of all consecutive patients admitted for ≥48 hours to the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona for COVID-19 (28 February to 22 April 2020) who were discharged or dead. We describe demographic, epidemiologic, laboratory and microbiologic results, as well as outcome data retrieved from electronic health records. Results Of a total of 989 consecutive patients with COVID-19, 72 (7.2%) had 88 other microbiologically confirmed infections: 74 were bacterial, seven fungal and seven viral. Community-acquired co-infection at COVID-19 diagnosis was uncommon (31/989, 3.1%) and mainly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. A total of 51 hospital-acquired bacterial superinfections, mostly caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, were diagnosed in 43 patients (4.7%), with a mean (SD) time from hospital admission to superinfection diagnosis of 10.6 (6.6) days. Overall mortality was 9.8% (97/989). Patients with community-acquired co-infections and hospital-acquired superinfections had worse outcomes. Conclusions Co-infection at COVID-19 diagnosis is uncommon. Few patients developed superinfections during hospitalization. These findings are different compared to those of other viral pandemics. As it relates to hospitalized patients with COVID-19, such findings could prove essential in defining the role of empiric antimicrobial therapy or stewardship strategies.

Hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) experiencing respiratory symptoms have different complications (inflammatory, co-infection, and thrombotic) that are identifiable by analytics patterns. Personalized treatment decisions decreased early mortality (odds ratio [OR] .144; 95% confidence interval [CI] .03–.686; P = .015). Increasing age (OR 1.06; P = .038) and therapeutic effort limitation (OR 9.684; P

Background: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of skin cancer and can represent a therapeutic challenge in patients with locally advanced disease. Vismodegib is a hedgehog pathway inhibitor approved by the FDA for use in this type of tumor. We present a case series to describe our experience with the use of vismodegib. Methods: A retrospective study that included patients treated with vismodegib at our dermatology unit was conducted. Monthly follow-up was performed, and we registered the clinical evolution and adverse reactions. Results: A total of six patients with locally advanced BCCs were included (50% males and 50% females), with a mean age of 78.5 years old. The treatment was administered over a mean of 5 months. A complete response was observed in four cases and partial response in two cases. No recurrence was detected, with a median follow-up duration after discontinuation of 18 months. Most patients (83%) had at least one adverse event, and two needed dose adjustment temporarily or permanently to continue. The main adverse effect was muscle spasms (66.7%). The main limitation of our study was the small sample, which was not representative of the general population. Conclusions: Vismodegib is a safe and effective treatment for locally advanced BCC, and its role in unresectable BCC seems to be an important option in these challenging cases.

El objetivo de esta investigación determinar qué manera se relaciona la gestión presupuestal y el cumplimiento de metas en un organismo público descentralizado en Lima. Su estructura metodológica está conformada, por un enfoque cuantitativo, de tipo básica, porque no hará cambios en la realidad social, además de diseño no experimental de alcance correlacional, debido que se relacionó ambas variables, teniendo como un tipo de muestreo aleatorio simple que será de 136 trabajadores de un organismo público descentralizados, se construyó un instrumento agrupando 20 ítems en cada variable correlacional gestión presupuestal y cumplimiento de metas en Lima, el resultado de la investigación fue por intermedio del estadígrafo de Rho de Spearman es igual a ,714 esto nos indica que existe una correlación positiva alta considerable entre la variable gestión presupuestal y la variable cumplimento de metas. Lima Norte Escuela de Posgrado Reforma y Modernización del Estado Biodiversidad, cambio climático y calidad ambiental Fortalecimiento de la democracia, ciudadanía y cultura de paz Paz, justicia e instituciones sólidas

BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has become one of the most effective therapies for the treatment of actinic keratosis, allowing the removal of more than one lesion in a single session. However, the pain sustained by the patient during treatment and local skin reactions can limit its use. OBJECTIVES To determine the efficacy and safety of combined PDT (daylight PDT followed by conventional PDT) vs conventional PDT 12 weeks after treatment. METHODS The study was performed as a randomized, single-center, non-inferiority clinical trial with two parallel groups. A total of 51 patients with grade I and II AKs on the scalp or face were randomized. Twenty-five patients received one session of combined PDT (combPDT), and 26 patients received one session of conventional PDT (cPDT). The primary endpoint was the reduction of AKs, 12 weeks after treatment. The secondary endpoint was the reduction in pain and local skin reaction. RESULTS The reduction rate of grade I and II AKs was similar in combPDT and cPDT, showing no statistically significant differences between both groups, 76.67% vs 86.63% [P = .094] and 80.48% vs 83.08% [P = .679], respectively. However, pain was significantly lower in the combPDT group (2.56 vs 5, P

La reconstrucción del párpado inferior sigue siendo un reto, especialmente la reparación de defectos que abarcan más de la mitad de su superficie horizontal. El colgajo de Hughes del párpado superior ipsilateral es la técnica quirúrgica de elección para los tumores de gran tamaño del párpado inferior. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con carcinoma basocelular superficial de párpado inferior izquierdo que fue intervenida con extirpación del tumor con margen de seguridad y reparación del defecto primario mediante este colgajo. Describimos la técnica de Hughes paso a paso, sus potenciales complicaciones, así como los puntos clave en su ejecución para conseguir unos resultados satisfactorios., Lower eyelid reconstrution remains a challenge, especially the repair of defects that cover more than a half of its horizontal surface. The Hughes flap of the ipsilateral upper eyelid is the surgical technique of choice for large tumors of the lower eyelid. We present the case of a patient with superficial basal cell carcinoma of the lower left eyelid who underwent surgery with excision of the tumor with margin of safety and repair of the primary defect using this flap. We describe the Hughes technique step by step, its potential complications, as well as the key points in its execution to achieve satisfactory results.

Reseña del libro de Hannah Arendt, Verdad y mentira en política, traducción de R. Ramos Fontecoba, Editorial Página Indómita, Barcelona, 2017, 147 pp.