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O açaí é muito comercializado em produtos alimentícios, o que requer extremo cuidado em sua manipulação. Assim, o presente trabalho objetivou, avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de polpas de açaí congeladas e comercializadas na cidade de Araguari/MG. Foram coletadas 10 amostras de açaí no período de setembro a outubro de 2019. Foram determinados o pH; Número Mais Provável de coliformes totais e termotolerantes (NMP/mL); Unidades Formadoras de Colônia de bolores e leveduras (UFC/g) e a presença de Escherichia coli pelo método do caldo seletivo “RapidHiColiformBroth”. O pH médio das polpas foi 4,55 sendo confirmado a presença de bolores e leveduras em todas as amostras, com valores que variaram de 1 x 102 a 6,7 x 103 UFC/g, porém somente 3 estabelecimentos estavam em desacordo com a legislação (IN n.01, 07/01/2000 do MAPA). Para coliformes totais e termotolerantes; os valores foram de 3,6 x 100 a 4,3 x 101 NMP/mL em 5 a 6 amostras, mas todas ficaram dentro do padrão estabelecido (RDC n.12, 02/01/2001 ANVISA). Não houve presença de Escherichia coli. Com os resultados obtidos deve-se considerar que, é necessária uma vigilância mais rigorosa para conseguir a diminuição do risco de contaminação e a garantia da segurança alimentar dos consumidores.

Shift work has been associated with an increased risk of developing chronic non-communicable diseases, such as obesity. The reduction in overnight fasting and its physiological consequences seem to affect the metabolic health of shift workers, but little has been discussed regarding the feasibility and implications of maintaining a night-long fast during work. This narrative review aims to discuss the impact of eating behavior on the reduction of overnight fasting in shift workers, as well as possible nutritional strategies involving fasting that have been tested for shift workers, to contribute to the establishment of nutritional guidelines for them. We used various databases and search engines to retrieve relevant articles, reviews, and investigations. Despite the potential benefits of overnight fasting for other groups, few studies have investigated this approach in the context of shift work. Generally, it seems to be a feasible and metabolically beneficial strategy for shift workers. However, it is essential to investigate the potential risks and benefits of reducing the fasting time for shift workers, considering social, hedonic, and stress-related factors. Furthermore, randomized clinical trials are necessary to establish safe and feasible strategies for shift workers to practice different fasting windows.

A mismatch between circadian and social clocks leads to a circadian misalignment, which has been widely measured by social jetlag (SJL). There are several studies measuring SJL, but it has not been studied in pregnant women. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the occurrence of SJL throughout pregnancy and to verify whether there is an effect of pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) on SJL throughout pregnancy. The baseline of the present study was conducted with 205 1st trimester pregnant women of whom 100 were followed in their 2nd and 3rd trimester. SJL was calculated based on the absolute difference between mid-sleep time on workdays versus work-free days. The pre-pregnancy BMI and current BMI (kg/m2) were calculated. Linear regression and Generalised Estimating Equation (GEE) adjusted for confounders were used to determine the association between SJL and the gestational trimesters (time), and anthropometric variables. Most of the pregnant women (54.5%) presented SJL > 1 h in the first gestational trimester. We also found an isolated effect of the gestation trimester on the SJL mean. In this sense, pregnant women had a decrease in SJL from the second to the third trimester (1.33 ± 0.08 versus 1.12 ± 0.07, respectively; p = 0.012). GEE analyzes showed that pregnant women of a normal weight showed a decrease in SJL from the second to the third trimester (1.29 ± 0.11 and 0.93 ± 0.08, respectively, p = 0.032), but this was not found in the other groups of nutritional status (underweight, overweight and obesity). In addition, a positive association between SJL and pre-gestational BMI in the third trimester (β = 0.200, p = 0.046) was found. SJL is quite prevalent during the gestational period and excessive BMI both before and during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of having SJL > 1 h in the third and second trimesters, respectively. In addition, pregnant women of normal weight—but not underweight or overweight—had decreased SJL from the second to the third trimester.

Studies have suggested that meal timing plays a role in nutritional health, but this subject has not been sufficiently studied in pregnant women. We analysed the effect that timing of food intake has on eating patterns, diet quality and weight gain in a prospective cohort study with 100 pregnant women. Data were collected once per trimester: 4th–12th, 20th–26th and 30th–37th weeks. Food intake was evaluated using three 24-h dietary recalls, which were used to assess eating patterns and diet quality. Distribution of energy and macronutrient intake throughout the day was considered eating patterns. Diet quality was assessed using the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index-Revised. Weight gain was evaluated during each trimester. Women were classified as early or late timing of the first and last eating episodes if these values were below or above the median of the population, respectively (first eating episode = 08.38 hours; last eating episode = 20.20 hours). Generalised estimating equation models adjusted for confounders were used to determine the effects of timing of the first and last eating episodes (groups) and gestational trimesters (time) (independent variable) on eating patterns, diet quality and weight gain (dependent variables). Early eaters of the first eating episode have a higher percentage of energy and carbohydrate intake in morning and a lower at evening meals. They also have a better diet quality for fruit components when compared with late eaters of the first eating episode. Our results emphasise the importance of considering meal timing in the nutritional antenatal guidelines to promote maternal–fetal health.

Background The effects of chronotype on dietary intake and weight gain during pregnancy has not been addressed by the literature. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of chronotype on eating patterns, energy, and macronutrient intake and distribution, as well as weight gain during pregnancy. Methods Prospective cohort study carried out with 100 pregnant women in the first, second, and third gestational trimester. The dietary intake was assessed by three 24-hour dietary recalls in each trimester, totaling 9 recalls. Energy and macronutrient intake and distribution were evaluated at meals throughout the day. Chronotype was derived from mid-sleep time on free days and the obtained scores were categorized into tertiles. Recommendations from the Institute of Medicine were used to assess the adequacy of weight gain. Generalized Estimating Equation models were used to determine the effects of chronotype and gestational trimesters on eating patterns, daily energy, macronutrient distribution, and weight gain. Results Pregnant women with MSF values indicative of eveningness have breakfast later and also have a higher energy and carbohydrate intake at dinner when compared to those ‘morning’ women. Pregnant ‘morning’ women showed a better diet quality in terms of milk and dairy and saturated fat. Also, despite the tendency for all tertiles to gain excess weight during pregnancy, we found that pregnant women with a tendency to eveningness had worse adequacy of gestational weight gain in the third trimester when compared to those pregnant women with a tendency to ‘morning' (2,24 ± 0,25 versus 1,22 ± 0,14, p Conclusions Pregnant women with a tendency to evening consume breakfast later in the day and present a greater consumption of energy and carbohydrates in the evening, as well as a worse standard of gestational weight gain in the third trimester. Our results emphasize the importance of considering chrononutrition variables in the nutritional antenatal guidelines to promote maternal-fetal health.

Background This cross-sectional study investigated the association between chronotype, food craving and weight gain in pregnant women. Methods In total, 245 pregnant women attending the public health service in Brazil were included. Chronotype was derived from the time of mid-sleep time on free days, with a further correction for calculated sleep debt, and higher scores on this variable indicate a tendency to eveningness. A Food Craving Questionnaire Trait and State assessment was performed, and weight gain was calculated. Generalised linear models were used to determine the association between the variables under analysis. Results Evening types presented higher anticipation of relief from negative states and feelings as a result of eating as a usual behaviour compared to morning (P = 0.013) and non-evening types (P = 0.028); less intense desire to eat as a sporadic behaviour compared to morning (P = 0.012) and non-evening types (P = 0.009); and less anticipation of positive reinforcement that may result from eating as a sporadic behaviour than non-evening types (P = 0.022). We also found a significant association between chronotype score and anticipation of relief from negative states and feelings as a result of eating (P = 0.004); anticipation of positive reinforcement that may result from eating (P = 0.013) as a usual behaviour; weight gain during the early gestational period (P = 0.024); and intense desire to eat (P = 0.045) as a sporadic behaviour. Conclusions We conclude that evening chronotype was associated with the food craving trait. Pregnant women who tend to eveningness are more likely to gain weight in the early gestational period.

Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of nighttime energy intake on daily energy and macronutrient distribution and weight gain during pregnancy. Methods This was a prospective cohort study carried out with 100 pregnant women and the data collection occurred once per trimester. A dietary intake was assessed by three 24-h dietary recalls in each trimester, totaling nine dietary recalls. The distribution of energy and macronutrient intake was evaluated at meals throughout the day in each trimester and overall pregnancy. Women were classified as having “lower” or “higher” nighttime intake (1900 to 0559) if consumption in this period were below or above the median of the population, respectively, for at least two trimesters. Recommendations from the Institute of Medicine were used to assess the adequacy of weight gain. Generalized estimating equation models were used to determine the effects of nighttime intake and gestational trimesters on daily energy distribution and weight gain. Results In overall pregnancy, the higher group consumed a higher percentage of energy and macronutrients in the evening meals, and less energy, proteins, and lipids in morning meals when compared with the lower group. Also, women in the higher group had greater excessive weight gain in the third trimester compared with the lower group. Conclusion Pregnant women with a higher energy intake at night had a lower percentage of energy, protein, and lipid intake in morning meals and a higher percentage of energy and macronutrient intake in the evening meals during pregnancy. A worse standard of gestational weight gain in the third trimester was also observed in pregnant women with a higher energy intake at night.

Animal studies strongly suggest that timed feeding can have beneficial physiological effects, including protection against the obesogenic and metabolic consequences of a high-fat diet. However, the relationship between variables related to the timing of eating and diet quality in pregnancy women, which is considered as a period of nutritional vulnerability, is still poorly described in the literature. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the associations between time-related eating patterns and chronotype with diet quality of pregnant women. This cross-sectional study was conducted with 100 pregnant women in the first gestational trimester (≤12 weeks of gestation). The information regarding food intake was obtained by three 24-Hour Dietary Recall (24HR). Time-related eating patterns, i.e., the interval between the first and the last meal (eating duration), nightly fasting, time of the first and last meals, and number of meals eating on a day were determined. Chronotype was derived using the mid-sleep time on free days on weekends, with a further correction for calculated sleep debt. Diet quality was evaluated using the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index-Revised (BHEI-R), validated for the Brazilian population. Linear regression modeling analyses adjusted for confounders were used to investigate the association between time-related eating patterns and chronotype with diet quality. The BHEI-R total score was negatively associated with time of the first meal (β = -0.355; p = 0.002; r

Chronic disruption of the synchronous relationship between endogenous and exogenous circadian timing is associated with the development of obesity and metabolic disease. Social jetlag is a measure of circadian misalignment and has been identified as a risk factor for overweight and related diseases. However, the mechanisms involved in this relationship remain underexplored. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between social jetlag and food consumption at late meal timing in patients with obesity-related chronic diseases. This study included 792 individuals (73% female; age 55.9 ± 12.4 years) in which the prevalence of social jetlag (>1h) was 24.4% (n = 194). Participants with social jetlag reported late meal timing for breakfast, early afternoon snack and dinner. Individuals with social jetlag also reported a higher intake of total calories (kcal), protein, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and servings of meat and eggs and sweets in relation to those without social jetlag. Regarding the consumption during each meal of the day, participants with social jetlag had consumed more calories, saturated fat and cholesterol during dinner; more protein, total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol during lunch; and more total fat and saturated fat during morning snack. In addition, individuals with social jetlag had a higher risk of inadequate consumption of total fat, saturated fat and cholesterol intake when compared with those without social jetlag. We conclude that social jetlag is associated with a poor diet and later meal times, which should be avoided in individuals with obesity-related chronic diseases. More studies are needed to confirm these findings.

The aim of this study was to compare anthropometry and food intake patterns in bus drivers working during the day and night. One hundred and fifty males (81 night workers and 69 day workers) participated in the study. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Measurements of height, weight, waist circumference (WC), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood glucose, and lipid profile were obtained. A significant difference between groups was observed for mean WC (98.5 ± 10.7 cm in day workers versus 103.2 ± 9.7 cm in night workers; p = 0.005). Night workers had higher prevalence of being overweight and obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m(2)) than day workers (78.2% day workers versus 90.2% night workers; p = 0.004) and increased WC (94 cm) (72.4% day workers versus 86.4% night workers; p = 0.03). Significant differences were found for meat consumption (2.3 servings ±0.9 for night workers versus 2.0 servings ±0.7 day workers, p = 0.04) and fruit intake (0.9 servings ±0.4 for night workers versus 0.7 servings for day workers ±0.5; p = 0.006). Night workers had a lower intake of vegetables than recommended compared to day workers (100 versus 92.7%, respectively, p = 0.01) and higher intake of oil (40.7 versus 24.6%, p = 0.03). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that night work was associated with being overweight (OR = 2.94, 95% IC: 1.14-7.66, p = 0.03) and abnormal values of WC (OR = 2.82, 95% IC: 1.20-6.69, p = 0.009) after adjusting for potential confounders. It is concluded that night workers had a higher prevalence and risk of being overweight/obese and increased WC compared with day workers. Night workers also presented a higher proportion of inappropriate intakes of food groups when compared to day workers, even though both groups were eating poor diets. These results demonstrate the need of lifestyle-intervention programs in these workers.

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico Introdução: O ganho de peso excessivo durante o período gestacional tem sido associado com desfechos adversos sobre a saúde perinatal, assim como a má qualidade do sono, que é relato frequente nesse período. Objetivos: Avaliar as associações entre o padrão de sono - tempo e qualidade - e o aumento de peso durante a gestação. Material e métodos: Estudo prospectivo e longitudinal realizado com 63 gestantes atendidas nas unidades de atendimento pré-natal do serviço público de saúde na cidade de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil. O padrão de sono subjetivo (duração e qualidade determinadas pelo Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh - PSQI); variáveis antropométricas (peso e altura, para o cálculo do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) e classificação do estado nutricional) foram considerados no primeiro, segundo e terceiro trimestres gestacionais A análise Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) foi utilizada para examinar a associação entre duração e qualidade do sono e o IMC ao longo do tempo de gestação, ajustando-se pelos fatores de confusão, idade, nível de atividade física, educação, IMC inicial, distúrbios do sono prévios (PSQI> 10) e a ingestão calórica usual. Resultados: Na análise do GEE, foi observada uma interação do efeito do tempo da gestação e clusters de qualidade do sono sobre o IMC (p < 0,05), indicando que gestantes com melhor padrão de sono ganham mais peso do segundo para o terceiro trimestre gestacional, enquanto que aquelas com pior padrão de sono ganham mais peso do primeiro para o segundo. A análise do GEE não encontrou efeito do tempo de sono sobre o ganho de peso. Contudo, foi encontrado que gestantes que mantiveram-se na mesma faixa de peso durante a gestação aumentaram o tempo de sono do primeiro para o terceiro trimestre, enquanto que gestantes que ascenderam a faixa de peso dormiram o mesmo tempo nesse período (mediana = 1,0 [0,0 – 2,0] e mediana = 0,0 [-2,0 – 1,0], respectivamente, p=0,039). Conclusão: A pior qualidade do sono parece levar a uma inadequada distribuição do ganho de peso durante a gestação. Estudos futuros que confirmem tais achados podem auxiliar na elaboração de estratégias voltadas à melhoria da saúde das gestantes. Background: Excessive weight gain during pregnancy has been associated with adverse outcomes to perinatal health, as well as low sleep quality, which is frequently reported during pregnancy. Objective: Therefore, the focus of this study was to evaluate the associations between sleep patterns – time and quality – and the increase in weight during pregnancy. Methods: A prospective and longitudinal study was conducted with 63 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics of the public health service of the city of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Pregnant women were evaluated at the first, second and third trimester for subjective sleep patterns [duration and quality determined by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)] and anthropometric variables (weight and height, for body mass index (BMI). Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to examine the association between sleep duration, quality, and BMI over the pregnancy period, while adjusting for confounders (age, physical activity and energy intake). Results: In the GEE analysis, an effect of interaction between time of pregnancy and clusters of sleep quality was observed on the BMI (p < 0.05), which indicates that pregnant with higher quality sleep patterns gain more weight from the second to third trimester, while those with the worst quality sleep patterns gain more weight during the first to second trimester. The analysis of the GEE did not find a single effect of sleep duration or sleep quality on weight gain. However, it was found that pregnant that maintained the same BMI category over the pregnancy period increased their sleep duration from the first to third trimester, while those that ascended the BMI category slept the same amount of time during this period (median = 1.0 [0.0 – 2.0] e median = 0.0 [-2.0 – 1.0], respectively, p = 0.039). Conclusions: The authors concluded that a worse quality of sleep seems to lead to an inadequate weight gain distribution during the period of pregnancy. Future studies that confirm these findings may help in the development of strategies aimed at improving the health of pregnant women. Dissertação (Mestrado)