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Microsatellite instability (MSI) testing is tricky in gynaecological cancers (GC). Thus, we aimed to describe the instability patterns to improve MSI test interpretation in sporadic and hereditary GCs. Ninety-five cases, including uterine and ovarian cancers, with known genetic and immunohistochemical (IHC) features, were analysed for MSI by a mononucleotide repeats pentaplex (MRP). We identified 13 ambiguous cases that did not fully meet MSI criteria (‘borderline’ cases, B-MSI), which were mainly represented by MSH2/MSH6-deficient and Lynch syndrome cases. Also, we evaluated nine additional loci of candidate MSI markers that did not improve the detection of MSI cases, but might be useful for discordant or borderline samples. In conclusion, although MSI and IHC test are highly concordant, a subset of ambiguous MSI cases deserves a careful interpretation in particular when MSH2/MSH6 are involved.RPL22andSRPRtesting may be useful to integrate MRP panel for the analysis of critical cases.

Primary marginal zone B-cell MALT-type lymphomas of the uterine corpus are exceedingly rare entities, with only 6 cases reported in the literature to date. We present the additional case of a 70-yr-old white woman who underwent a laparoscopic total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for an asymptomatic ovarian cyst. At microscopic examination, endometrial samples showed a dense, nodular lymphocytic infiltrate, suggestive of a lymphoproliferative disorder. Morphology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular analysis supported the diagnosis of MALT-type lymphoma of the endometrium. Benign reactive conditions, such as endometritis and other small B-cell lymphomas were ruled out. Moreover, we investigated the pathogenesis of our case, focusing on Chlamydia trachomatis infection, chromosomal translocations affecting the NF-kB pathway, and discussing the role of autoimmunity in the development of MALT-type lymphomas.

ObjectiveRecent data from the literature indicate gynecological cancers (GCs) as sentinel cancers for a diagnosis of Lynch syndrome (LS). Clinical approaches to identifying LS have low sensitivity, whereas somatic tests on GCs may be a more sensitive and cost-effective strategy.MethodsA series of 78 GCs belonging to 74 patients sent to the Genetic Counselling Service were investigated using microsatellite instability, immunohistochemical expression of mismatch repair (MMR) genes, and MLH1 promoter methylation.ResultsThe presence of microsatellite instability was observed in 67.5% of GCs, and the absence of immunohistochemical expression of at least 1 of the 4 MMR proteins was observed in 71.4% of GCs, showing 96.1% concordance between the methods. Methylation analysis using methylation specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification performed on 35 samples revealed MLH1 promoter hypermethylation in 18 cases (54%). Molecular analysis identified 36 LS carriers of MMR variants (27 pathogenetic and 9 variants of uncertain significance), and, interestingly, 3 LS patients had MLH1 methylated GC.With regard to histological features, LS-related GCs included endocervical cancers and also histological types different from the endometrioid cancers. The presence of peritumoral lymphocytes in GCs was statistically associated with LS tumors.ConclusionsSomatic analysis is a useful strategy to distinguish sporadic from LS GC. Our data allow the identification of a subset of LS patients otherwise unrecognized on the basis of clinical or family history alone. In addition, our results indicate that some clinicopathological features including age of GC diagnosis; presence of peritumoral lymphocytes; isthmic, endocervical sites, and body mass index value could be useful criteria to select patients for genetic counseling.

In recent years, the role played by the stromal microenvironment has been given growing attention in order to achieve a full understanding of cancer initiation and progression. Because cancer is a tissue-based disease, the integrity of tissue architecture is a major constraint toward cancer growth. Indeed, a large contribution of the natural resistance to cancer stems from stromal microenvironment components, the dysregulation of which can facilitate cancer occurrence. For instance, recent experimental evidence has highlighted the involvement of stromal cells in ovarian carcinogenesis, as epitomized by ovarian xenografts obtained by a double KO of the murine Dicer and Pten genes. Likewise, we reported the role of an ancient extracellular RNase, called Ribonuclease T2 (RNASET2), within the ovarian stromal microenvironment. Indeed, hyperexpression of RNASET2 is able to control tumorigenesis by recruiting macrophages (mostly of the anticancer M1 subtype) at the tumor sites. We present biological data obtained by RNASET2 silencing in the poorly tumorigenetic and highly RNASET2-expressing human OVCAR3 cell line. RNASET2 knockdown was shown to stimulate in vivo tumor growth early after microinjection of OVCAR3 cells in nude mice. Moreover, we have investigated by molecular profiling the in vivo expression signature of human and mouse cell xenografts and disclosed the activation of pathways related to activation of the innate immune response and modulation of ECM components. Finally, we provide evidence for a role of RNASET2 in triggering an in vitro chemotactic response in macrophages. These results further highlight the critical role played by the microenvironment in RNASET2-mediated ovarian tumor suppression, which could eventually contribute to better clarify the pathogenesis of this disease., JRC.I.1-Chemical Assessment and Testing

A small radiolucent area in the mandible was discovered in a 58-year-old woman with no oral complaints. The patient’s history included only hypertension. The lesion was considered as an inflammatory cyst and was enucleated. Three months later, a CT revealed the presence of a cyst-like lesion in the mandible with thin expanded buccal cortical plate, localized erosion, and a polylobate appearance on the lingual aspect of the cortical plate. The histological diagnosis of the lesion was central giant-cell granuloma (CGCG). The lesion was thoroughly enucleated. Nevertheless, another X-ray carried out six months later revealed multiple bilateral osteolytic areas throughout the jaw. In addition, widespread cortical plate erosion was observed, as well as signs of root resorption and periodontal enlargement. There was no sign of neurological involvement, although the nerves appeared to be dislocated. After full blood chemistry analysis and detailed collection of radiographs, the final diagnosis was brown tumors in primary hyperparathyroidism. This case report demonstrates how dental clinicians may be the first-line specialists who identify a complex systemic disease before other clinicians. Finally, it highlights the role of cellular cannibalism in predicting the clinical aggressiveness of brown tumors as well as in other giant-cell lesions.

Ovarian carcinosarcomas (OCS), also known as malignant mixed mesodermal/Mullerian tumors, are rare neoplasms (1%-4% of all malignant ovarian tumors) composed of high-grade malignant epithelial and mesenchymal elements. OCS occurs in older women. It is associated with a poor outcome and is usually not involved in inherited cancer syndromes. We present 2 cases of OCS; one arising in a patient with a pathogenetic BRCA1 mutation and the other in a woman affected by Lynch Syndrome (LS) carrying a MSH6 germline mutation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that this second type of case has been reported. In this study, we investigated somatic impairment of the wild-type BRCA1 and MSH6 alleles in the OCS of these 2 patients. We also explored in both OCS, the occurrence of TP53 loss of function, which is a genetic alteration known to occur in BRCA-linked ovarian tumorigenesis but not in LS tumors. Moreover, we also provide further data about the histogenesis of OCS.

Serotonin-producing tumors of the pancreas are rare neuroendocrine neoplasms composed of EC cells which can be clinically nonfunctioning or associated with the carcinoid syndrome. They can arise in the pancreatic parenchyma or within the main pancreatic duct. They are generally well differentiated and can be associated with prominent stromal fibrosis. Some of their morphological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural features are different from those of intestinal serotonin-producing EC-cell tumors, although both tumor categories present similar chromosome 18 cytogenetic alterations. The survival analysis of reported cases shows that 60.5 % and 50.8 % of patients with pancreatic serotonin-producing tumors were alive 5 and 10 years after diagnosis, respectively. Patients with nonfunctioning neoplasms show a statistically significant better survival rate (p, 0.0029) than patients with functioning tumors associated with the carcinoid syndrome.

Background Treatment of pulmonary recurrence from colorectal cancer involving the main bronchus usually entails palliation using interventional bronchoscopy, because the prognosis is generally very poor. Surgical experience has clarified that in this setting pneumonectomy should only be performed in carefully selected patients showing favorable prognostic profiles (defined by low carcinoembryonic antigen serum levels pre-thoracotomy), solitary and completely resectable pulmonary metastasis, and long disease-free intervals. In the few long-term survivors after pneumonectomy for late-recurrent colorectal cancer, the disease has a relatively indolent metastatic course and genetic and epigenetic profiling may provide further insight regarding tumor evolution. Case presentation We describe a rare case of late hilar-endobronchial and lymph nodal recurrence of rectal cancer, sequential to hepatic metastasectomy, that we successfully treated with pneumonectomy and chemotherapy (leucovorin, 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin regimen); the patient achieved 7-year relapse-free survival after lung metastasectomy and 24-year overall survival after primary rectal cancer resection. To our knowledge, this is the longest survival reported after sequential liver resection and pneumonectomy for recurrent colorectal cancer. In our case the primary rectal cancer and its recurrences showed identical immunohistochemical patterns. The primary rectal cancer and the matched metastases (hepatic, pulmonary and lymph nodal) demonstrated no KRAS, NRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA mutations, a microsatellite stable phenotype, and no tumor protein p53 alterations or recurrent copy number alterations on chromosome 8. High genetic concordances between the paired primary tumor and metastases suggest that the key tumor biological traits remained relatively conserved in the three metastatic sites. Minor differences in gene specific hypermethylation were observed between the primary tumor and lung and nodal metastases. These differences suggest that epigenetic mechanisms may be causally involved in the microenvironmental regulation of cancer metastasis. Conclusion The exceptionally long survival of the patient in our case study involving favorable clinical features was related to an excellent response to surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy; however, genetic or epigenetic factors that remain unidentified cannot be excluded as contributory factors. Our findings support the concept of a common clonal origin of the primary cancer and synchronous and late metastases, and suggest that aberrant DNA methylation may regulate tumor dormancy mechanisms.

Introduction Dermoids of the Eustachian tube are rare benign developmental tumours that typically occur in female children. General consensus of classification and nomenclature has still not been reached. The treatment of choice consists of a radical surgical excision. Several approaches have been described and few cases are reported in literature. A gross total resection is now safely achievable through an endoscopic mini-invasive approach. Materials and methods We have reported a case of dermoid pedicled in the left Eustachian tube and resected with a pure endoscopic transnasal approach. A review of the literature was performed. Case study The aim of this paper is to present the first case of pure endoscopic transnasal resection in a 4-day-old infant as emergency treatment of Eustachian tube dermoid presenting an acute respiratory failure at birth. Conclusion The endoscopic transnasal resection is a safe and feasible technique in selected dermoids of the Eustachian tube, when the middle ear is not involved. This approach could be used also in new-born children, decreasing the morbidity of the classic surgical treatment and avoiding the risk of craniofacial alterations.

We report a rare case of an ovarian mucinous cystadenoma in which there were peculiar neuroendocrine micronests composed of gastrin-immunoreactive cells. There was no clinical evidence of hypergastrinemia. The mucinous component of the neoplasm was represented by columnar cells mostly expressing a gastric phenotype with MUC5AC and claudin 18 positivity, which was consistent with the presence of interspersed gastrin cells. The tumoral stroma displayed areas of luteinization with cells intensely positive for α-inhibin, MART-1 and calretinin.

We investigated whether endometrial cancer (EC) cells can express fibrinogen. Consecutive patients treated for EC were enrolled (cases). A control group of women who had hysterectomy for benign conditions was identified in a case:control ratio of 4:1. Immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were performed to identify the presence of fibrinogen and the mRNA of its three chains (α, β, γ) in the tissue specimens from both cases and controls. Sixteen EC cases and 4 benign controls were included. Immunohistochemistry failed in one case of EC. In 12/15 (80%) cases versus 0 controls, a moderate-to-intense positivity for fibrinogen was observed (p = 0.09; OR: 32.1; 95%CI: 1.4-752.9). Six (37.5%) women among the cases versus 0 controls expressed RNA for at least one chain of fibrinogen (p = 0.25). All the cases (6/6, 100%) with positive RT-PCR had moderate-to-intense positive immunohistochemistry. Molecular and immunohistochemistry show that some cases of EC have the capability to express fibrinogen and the mRNA of at least one of its chains.